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In this paper, an experimental setup to estimate the biomass of caged bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynn... more In this paper, an experimental setup to estimate the biomass of caged bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Spanish Mediterranean coast is presented. Aims are to monitor individual tuna during all stages of growth, to control the transfer of fish caught in purse seines to towing cages and to be able to estimate the total number of specimens and the biomass transferred. To do this, we propose a combined system of acoustic and optical techniques (both non-intrusive), in order to obtain direct values of acoustical target strength (TS) and information on the orientation of tuna inside the acoustic beam and their size. To achieve complete information, ventral and dorsal acoustic measurements are done using in a first attempt a multiplexed scientific echosounder with two 200 KHz split-beam transducers, while a stereoscopic video system provides optical information and allows estimating the size and the weight of the specimens. Preliminary results indicate that this combined use of techniques provides precise information to determine the TS as a function of fish orientation and for proper monitoring of tuna in floating cages. RÉSUMÉ Le présent document décrit une expérience visant à estimer la biomasse du thon rouge mis en cages (Thunnus thynnus) sur la côte méditerranéenne espagnole. Le but recherché est de faire un suivi de chaque thon pendant tous les stages de la croissance, de contrôler le transfert des poissons capturés par les senneurs vers les cages des remorqueurs et de pouvoir estimer le nombre total de spécimens et la biomasse transférée. A cette fin, nous proposons un système combiné de techniques acoustiques et optiques (les deux non invasives), en vue d'obtenir des valeurs directes de la force acoustique cible (TS) et des informations sur l'orientation des thons à l'intérieur du rayon acoustique, ainsi que sur leur taille. Afin d'obtenir des informations complètes, des mesures acoustiques ventrales et dorsales sont réalisées à l'aide, tout d'abord, d'un échosondeur scientifique multiplexe doté de deux transducteurs de type split beam de 200 KHz, tandis qu'un système vidéo stéréoscopique fournit des informations optiques et permet d'estimer la taille et le poids des spécimens. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent que cet emploi combiné de techniques fournit des informations précises visant à déterminer la force cible comme une fonction de l'orientation des poissons et à effectuer un suivi adéquat des thons dans les cages flottantes.
The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable too... more The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable tool in marine aquaculture cages. The strong attenuation of the acoustical beam in a very dense school and the varying behaviour of the fishes inside the cages reveal it as a very complex problem. In order to cover the total lack of studies of the acoustical properties of Mediterranean species like the gilt-head sea bream (Sparus auratus, Linnaeus 1758), we have considered the use of broadband signals to measure the total target strength (TTS) and acoustical absorption following the method introduced by de Rosny and Roux [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 (6), June 2001]. We show the compared results between signals and different analysis criteria in order be confident on the frequencial signatures depending on the fish size.
Biomass estimation, both weight distribution and fish density, are clue factors for fish farming ... more Biomass estimation, both weight distribution and fish density, are clue factors for fish farming management. We present the experimental results of the acoustical estimates for both variables in Mediterranean intensive aquaculture floating cages. Sea bass and gilthead sea bream cages have been studied using scientific split beam echosounders with transducers placed at the sea surface. Dorsal measurements of the acoustical target strenght (TS) of isolated fish tracks in the upper limit of the dense caged schools correlate with strong fish mean size differences. Mean acoustical volume backscattering strength monitoring reveals pen manipulations and fish stock changes, with good agreement in fish density estimations for the studied conditions.
The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about... more The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about its environmental acoustic impacts have been developed at the same time the industry expands, most of them related to the high level impulsive noise produced during the pile diving process in construction stage. Nevertheless, the study of the impact of the operational noise of turbines is very limited. We investigate the behavioural response of Bluefin tuna when exposed to the operation noise of a turbine. We analysed tuna reaction in terms of three parameters: depth of the school, swimming pattern and changes in the swimming direction. The experiment was developed in a fixed commercial tuna cage in the Mediterranean Sea. The usual behaviour of Bluefin tuna in captivity conditions was previously analysed using a continuous monitorization. Variations in depth were observed when feeding boat approaches, which could be interpreted as a consequence of the acoustical stimulus. The turbine no...
We present the experimental demonstration of self-collimation (subdiffractive propagation) of an ... more We present the experimental demonstration of self-collimation (subdiffractive propagation) of an ultrasonic beam inside a three-dimensional sonic crystal. The crystal is formed by two crossed steel cylinders structures in a woodpile-like geometry disposed in water. Measurements of the 3D field distribution show that a narrow beam which diffractively spreads in the absence of the sonic crystal is strongly collimated in propagation inside the crystal, demonstrating the 3D self-collimation effect.
In the frame of the European project SELFDOTT (From capture based to self-sustained aquaculture a... more In the frame of the European project SELFDOTT (From capture based to self-sustained aquaculture and domestication of bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus) an experimental setup to estimate the biomass of caged bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) farms in the Spanish Mediterranean coast is presented. The aim is to monitor individuals during all stages of growth. To do this, we propose a combined system of acoustic and optical techniques (both non-intrusive), in order to obtain values of target strength of the specimens and information on the orientation of tuna in the acoustic beam and the fish size. To achieve a complete information, an experiment has been designed that allows us to get the acoustic measurements ventral and dorsal individuals accommodated in the cage (using in a first attempt a multiplexed echosounder with two 200KHz split-beam transducers), while stereoscopic systems provides visual information and allows estimate the size and weight of the specimens captured by the system. Pr...
The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about... more The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about its environmental acoustic impacts have been developed at the same time the industry expands, most of them related to the high level impulsive noise produced during the pile diving process associated to the construction stage. Nevertheless, the study of the impact of the operational noise of turbines is very limited. In this paper we investigate the behavioural response of Bluefin tuna when exposed to the operation noise of a turbine. We analysed tuna reaction in terms of three parameters: depth of the school, swimming pattern and changes in the swimming direction. The experiment was developed in a fixed commercial tuna cage in the Mediterranean Sea. The usual behaviour of Bluefin tuna in captivity conditions was previously analysed using a continuous monitorization. Variations in depth were observed when feeding boat approaches, which could be interpreted as a consequence of the acoust...
The aim of this study is to establish a relationship between target strength (TS) and total body ... more The aim of this study is to establish a relationship between target strength (TS) and total body length of 12 the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), in order to monitor its growth in sea cages. Five classes of 13 commercial size gilthead sea bream are characterized, comprising lengths from 20 to 25 cm, 14
The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable too... more The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable tool in marine aquaculture cages. The strong attenuation of the acoustical beam in a very dense school and the varying behaviour of the fishes inside the cages reveal it as a very complex problem. In order to cover the total lack of studies of the acoustical properties
Physical Review B, 2009
A theoretical and experimental study of the propagation of sound beams in and behind two-dimensio... more A theoretical and experimental study of the propagation of sound beams in and behind two-dimensional sonic crystals at frequencies close to the band edges is presented. Beam focusing is predicted and discussed. We evaluate, by analytical numerical methods, the main focusing characteristics, such as the focal distance, the width of beam waist, and the beam quality at the waist. The field distribution is shown to depend strongly on the beam size and frequency. Experiments were performed on narrow sources radiating in ultrasound regime, although the results are extendable to arbitrary frequencies.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2008
Posidonia fields in the" Cabo de Gata&am... more Posidonia fields in the" Cabo de Gata" marine natural park, located in the south‐east mediterranean spanish coast, have been mapped by means of two different acoustical tools: a vertical single‐beam scientific echosounder and a side‐scan sonar. The measured transects have been dived and recorded with a video camera in order to validate the predictions from the extracted acoustical data. We compare both the results obtained from the application of commercial software for bottom classification, and the processing with ...
Applied Physics Letters, 2011
Simultaneous self-collimation of sound beams with different frequencies, corresponding to fundame... more Simultaneous self-collimation of sound beams with different frequencies, corresponding to fundamental wave and to its second harmonic, is proposed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The result is obtained when the isofrequency contours for each harmonics, corresponding to different propagation bands, develop flat segments along the same direction. The effect can be utilized for managing (enhancement and control) of nonlinear frequency mixing of narrow sound beams.
Applied Physics Letters, 2009
In this paper, an experimental setup to estimate the biomass of caged bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynn... more In this paper, an experimental setup to estimate the biomass of caged bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Spanish Mediterranean coast is presented. Aims are to monitor individual tuna during all stages of growth, to control the transfer of fish caught in purse seines to towing cages and to be able to estimate the total number of specimens and the biomass transferred. To do this, we propose a combined system of acoustic and optical techniques (both non-intrusive), in order to obtain direct values of acoustical target strength (TS) and information on the orientation of tuna inside the acoustic beam and their size. To achieve complete information, ventral and dorsal acoustic measurements are done using in a first attempt a multiplexed scientific echosounder with two 200 KHz split-beam transducers, while a stereoscopic video system provides optical information and allows estimating the size and the weight of the specimens. Preliminary results indicate that this combined use of techniques provides precise information to determine the TS as a function of fish orientation and for proper monitoring of tuna in floating cages. RÉSUMÉ Le présent document décrit une expérience visant à estimer la biomasse du thon rouge mis en cages (Thunnus thynnus) sur la côte méditerranéenne espagnole. Le but recherché est de faire un suivi de chaque thon pendant tous les stages de la croissance, de contrôler le transfert des poissons capturés par les senneurs vers les cages des remorqueurs et de pouvoir estimer le nombre total de spécimens et la biomasse transférée. A cette fin, nous proposons un système combiné de techniques acoustiques et optiques (les deux non invasives), en vue d'obtenir des valeurs directes de la force acoustique cible (TS) et des informations sur l'orientation des thons à l'intérieur du rayon acoustique, ainsi que sur leur taille. Afin d'obtenir des informations complètes, des mesures acoustiques ventrales et dorsales sont réalisées à l'aide, tout d'abord, d'un échosondeur scientifique multiplexe doté de deux transducteurs de type split beam de 200 KHz, tandis qu'un système vidéo stéréoscopique fournit des informations optiques et permet d'estimer la taille et le poids des spécimens. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent que cet emploi combiné de techniques fournit des informations précises visant à déterminer la force cible comme une fonction de l'orientation des poissons et à effectuer un suivi adéquat des thons dans les cages flottantes.
The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable too... more The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable tool in marine aquaculture cages. The strong attenuation of the acoustical beam in a very dense school and the varying behaviour of the fishes inside the cages reveal it as a very complex problem. In order to cover the total lack of studies of the acoustical properties of Mediterranean species like the gilt-head sea bream (Sparus auratus, Linnaeus 1758), we have considered the use of broadband signals to measure the total target strength (TTS) and acoustical absorption following the method introduced by de Rosny and Roux [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 (6), June 2001]. We show the compared results between signals and different analysis criteria in order be confident on the frequencial signatures depending on the fish size.
Biomass estimation, both weight distribution and fish density, are clue factors for fish farming ... more Biomass estimation, both weight distribution and fish density, are clue factors for fish farming management. We present the experimental results of the acoustical estimates for both variables in Mediterranean intensive aquaculture floating cages. Sea bass and gilthead sea bream cages have been studied using scientific split beam echosounders with transducers placed at the sea surface. Dorsal measurements of the acoustical target strenght (TS) of isolated fish tracks in the upper limit of the dense caged schools correlate with strong fish mean size differences. Mean acoustical volume backscattering strength monitoring reveals pen manipulations and fish stock changes, with good agreement in fish density estimations for the studied conditions.
The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about... more The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about its environmental acoustic impacts have been developed at the same time the industry expands, most of them related to the high level impulsive noise produced during the pile diving process in construction stage. Nevertheless, the study of the impact of the operational noise of turbines is very limited. We investigate the behavioural response of Bluefin tuna when exposed to the operation noise of a turbine. We analysed tuna reaction in terms of three parameters: depth of the school, swimming pattern and changes in the swimming direction. The experiment was developed in a fixed commercial tuna cage in the Mediterranean Sea. The usual behaviour of Bluefin tuna in captivity conditions was previously analysed using a continuous monitorization. Variations in depth were observed when feeding boat approaches, which could be interpreted as a consequence of the acoustical stimulus. The turbine no...
We present the experimental demonstration of self-collimation (subdiffractive propagation) of an ... more We present the experimental demonstration of self-collimation (subdiffractive propagation) of an ultrasonic beam inside a three-dimensional sonic crystal. The crystal is formed by two crossed steel cylinders structures in a woodpile-like geometry disposed in water. Measurements of the 3D field distribution show that a narrow beam which diffractively spreads in the absence of the sonic crystal is strongly collimated in propagation inside the crystal, demonstrating the 3D self-collimation effect.
In the frame of the European project SELFDOTT (From capture based to self-sustained aquaculture a... more In the frame of the European project SELFDOTT (From capture based to self-sustained aquaculture and domestication of bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus) an experimental setup to estimate the biomass of caged bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) farms in the Spanish Mediterranean coast is presented. The aim is to monitor individuals during all stages of growth. To do this, we propose a combined system of acoustic and optical techniques (both non-intrusive), in order to obtain values of target strength of the specimens and information on the orientation of tuna in the acoustic beam and the fish size. To achieve a complete information, an experiment has been designed that allows us to get the acoustic measurements ventral and dorsal individuals accommodated in the cage (using in a first attempt a multiplexed echosounder with two 200KHz split-beam transducers), while stereoscopic systems provides visual information and allows estimate the size and weight of the specimens captured by the system. Pr...
The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about... more The number of offshore wind farms is growing up quickly in the lasts years. Several studies about its environmental acoustic impacts have been developed at the same time the industry expands, most of them related to the high level impulsive noise produced during the pile diving process associated to the construction stage. Nevertheless, the study of the impact of the operational noise of turbines is very limited. In this paper we investigate the behavioural response of Bluefin tuna when exposed to the operation noise of a turbine. We analysed tuna reaction in terms of three parameters: depth of the school, swimming pattern and changes in the swimming direction. The experiment was developed in a fixed commercial tuna cage in the Mediterranean Sea. The usual behaviour of Bluefin tuna in captivity conditions was previously analysed using a continuous monitorization. Variations in depth were observed when feeding boat approaches, which could be interpreted as a consequence of the acoust...
The aim of this study is to establish a relationship between target strength (TS) and total body ... more The aim of this study is to establish a relationship between target strength (TS) and total body length of 12 the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), in order to monitor its growth in sea cages. Five classes of 13 commercial size gilthead sea bream are characterized, comprising lengths from 20 to 25 cm, 14
The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable too... more The biomass control through acoustical techniques is a desired but not immediately achievable tool in marine aquaculture cages. The strong attenuation of the acoustical beam in a very dense school and the varying behaviour of the fishes inside the cages reveal it as a very complex problem. In order to cover the total lack of studies of the acoustical properties
Physical Review B, 2009
A theoretical and experimental study of the propagation of sound beams in and behind two-dimensio... more A theoretical and experimental study of the propagation of sound beams in and behind two-dimensional sonic crystals at frequencies close to the band edges is presented. Beam focusing is predicted and discussed. We evaluate, by analytical numerical methods, the main focusing characteristics, such as the focal distance, the width of beam waist, and the beam quality at the waist. The field distribution is shown to depend strongly on the beam size and frequency. Experiments were performed on narrow sources radiating in ultrasound regime, although the results are extendable to arbitrary frequencies.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2008
Posidonia fields in the" Cabo de Gata&am... more Posidonia fields in the" Cabo de Gata" marine natural park, located in the south‐east mediterranean spanish coast, have been mapped by means of two different acoustical tools: a vertical single‐beam scientific echosounder and a side‐scan sonar. The measured transects have been dived and recorded with a video camera in order to validate the predictions from the extracted acoustical data. We compare both the results obtained from the application of commercial software for bottom classification, and the processing with ...
Applied Physics Letters, 2011
Simultaneous self-collimation of sound beams with different frequencies, corresponding to fundame... more Simultaneous self-collimation of sound beams with different frequencies, corresponding to fundamental wave and to its second harmonic, is proposed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The result is obtained when the isofrequency contours for each harmonics, corresponding to different propagation bands, develop flat segments along the same direction. The effect can be utilized for managing (enhancement and control) of nonlinear frequency mixing of narrow sound beams.
Applied Physics Letters, 2009