Eugene Normand - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Eugene Normand
Selected Topics in Electronics and Systems, 2004
Single event effects in electronics caused by the atmospheric neutrons have been an issue for sys... more Single event effects in electronics caused by the atmospheric neutrons have been an issue for systems using large blocks of random access memory (RAM) in avionics applications as well as those on the ground. At ground level there are two main sources of single event effects, alpha particles from the packaging materials as well as the neutrons, but at aircraft altitudes, where the neutron flux is about 300 times higher than the ground, the alpha particles make a negligible contribution. We review the trends over the last 5-10 years in the response of COTS computer systems to single event effects, taking into the response of devices as well as fault tolerant measures incorporated into the systems.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2004
The figure of merit (FOM) method developed by Petersen (1998) is extended in two different direct... more The figure of merit (FOM) method developed by Petersen (1998) is extended in two different directions, to single-event latchup (SEL) by protons and to single-event upset (SEU) by atmospheric neutrons. In applying the FOM method to latchup, 30 different CMOS devices are examined, all with heavy ion SEL data, which are grouped into three categories based on whether they were tested with high energy protons/neutrons, and whether the protons also caused SEL. The plot of FOM as a function of the limiting proton SEL cross section leads to an empirically derived FOM value that serves as a screening criterion for whether devices with heavy ion SEL data are likely to be susceptible to proton SEL. By applying Petersen's method to SEU from atmospheric neutrons, a simple relationship is derived for the SEU rate from these neutrons, and the variation of this rate with altitude and latitude is given.
Both modeling techniques and a variety of measurements and observations were used to characterize... more Both modeling techniques and a variety of measurements and observations were used to characterize the environmental conditions experienced by the specimens flown on the MISSE-3 (Materials International Space Station Experiment) and MISSE-4 space flight experiments. On August 3, 2006, astronauts Jeff Williams and Thomas Reiter attached MISSE-3 and -4 to the Quest airlock on ISS, where these experiments were exposed to atomic oxygen (AO), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particulate radiation, thermal cycling, meteoroid/space debris impact, and the induced environment of an active space station. They had been flown to ISS during the July 2006 STS-121 mission. The two suitcases were oriented so that one side faced the ram direction and one side remained shielded from the atomic oxygen. On August 18,2007, astronauts Clay Anderson and Dave Williams retrieved MISSE-3 and-4 and returned them to Earth at the end of the STS-118 mission. Quantitative values are provided when possible for selected ...
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Space Nuclear Power Systems 1989, 1992
An investigation is conducted of the effects on installation personnel and electronic equipment o... more An investigation is conducted of the effects on installation personnel and electronic equipment of radiation emitted by a spacecraft radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). The initial dose assessment indicates that RTGs should be installed as late as possible in the ground operational flow, in order to minimize dose equivalents for the workers. In the case of the electronics, neutron-induced single-event upsets
Solomon Maimon, later to be the rabbi of Congregation Sephardic Bikur Holim in Seattle, WA, playe... more Solomon Maimon, later to be the rabbi of Congregation Sephardic Bikur Holim in Seattle, WA, played on the JV basketball team of Garfield high school. He recalls a game in 1935 when his team played against their rivals, Franklin HS, which was lead by one of their star athletes, Fred Hutchinson, later a major league baseball player and manager. The future rabbi was not intimidated by the future major leaguer.
In 1943, Solomon Maimon, a rabbinic student at Yeshiva University, was sent to serve as an interi... more In 1943, Solomon Maimon, a rabbinic student at Yeshiva University, was sent to serve as an interim rabbi for a small Sephardic congregation in Montreal, Canada. While there he met an older man, Samuel Bronfman, the founder of Seagram’s Distillery, who told him the story of how he came up with the formula for Crown Royal, his company’s world-renowned whiskey.
Eleven year old Solomon Maimon had an idea. It was the summer of 1930 in Seattle and he had hear... more Eleven year old Solomon Maimon had an idea. It was the summer of 1930 in Seattle and he had heard of a famous movie that arrived in the city at the end of July, All Quiet on the Western Front and he wanted to take his father, Rabbi Abraham Maimon, to see it.
The Syrian Jewish community in the United States (mainly the New York area), has been the largest... more The Syrian Jewish community in the United States (mainly the New York area), has been the largest component of the American Sephardic community for much of the 20th century. It is therefore not surprising that the Syrian community has influenced the Sephardic community in Seattle (which is about only 10-15 % of its size) during this same time period. The nature of the influence has varied, but it has generally revolved around issues of religious practice, social contacts and educational opportunities. The Syrian community, located mainly in the Brooklyn, New York and Deal, New Jersey areas, has always been known for its strict adherence to Jewish religious observance. Thus, observant Seattle Sephardim who moved to the New York area for educational reasons (both religious and secular education), have often encountered Syrian Jews.
A lot more stories about raki, the anise flavored alcoholic drink favored by Sephardic Jews origi... more A lot more stories about raki, the anise flavored alcoholic drink favored by Sephardic Jews originating from the Middle East, have been collected. These are mainly from Sephardic Jews originally from Turkey whose families now live in Seattle, WA. Many of these Sephardic Jews have strong impressions of raki, some from the time when they were children, most from their adult years. In almost all case, these are very vivid memories that have remained with them for decades.
A group of eleven members of the Jewish community of Seattle, took a two-week individualized gui... more A group of eleven members of the Jewish community of Seattle, took a two-week
individualized guided tour of Turkey in September, 2005. Of these, eight were members of Congregation Sephardic Bikur Holim (SBH) who were therefore fulfilling their dreams by visiting the land of their ancestors. In addition to Istanbul, the tour included stops in three Turkish cities having special meaning to the SBH members, namely Bursa, Tekirdag and Marmara. Bursa is the birthplace of the parents of several SBH members and Tekirdag is the city where the families of those same SBH members as well as of two others also lived. The mother of one tour member grew up in the town of Marmara on the island of Marmara within the Sea of Marmara, so the tour also stopped at Marmara.
This paper reports 14 MeV neutron induced single-event effects results for a variety of microelec... more This paper reports 14 MeV neutron induced single-event effects results for a variety of microelectronic devices that include an ADC, operational amplifiers, optocoupler, flash memory, PowerPC microprocessor, SRAM, and SDRAM. Data were collected to evaluate these devices for possible use in NASA spacecraft.
2000 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop. Workshop Record. Held in conjunction with IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (Cat. No.00TH8527), 2000
A spacecraft orbiting the Earth through trapped radiation belts will be subject to an induced eff... more A spacecraft orbiting the Earth through trapped radiation belts will be subject to an induced effect as well as to the direct irradiation by the protons and electrons of the trapped belts. This induced effect is activation of the spacecraft materials by the trapped belt protons. This activation ...
Selected Topics in Electronics and Systems, 2004
Single event effects in electronics caused by the atmospheric neutrons have been an issue for sys... more Single event effects in electronics caused by the atmospheric neutrons have been an issue for systems using large blocks of random access memory (RAM) in avionics applications as well as those on the ground. At ground level there are two main sources of single event effects, alpha particles from the packaging materials as well as the neutrons, but at aircraft altitudes, where the neutron flux is about 300 times higher than the ground, the alpha particles make a negligible contribution. We review the trends over the last 5-10 years in the response of COTS computer systems to single event effects, taking into the response of devices as well as fault tolerant measures incorporated into the systems.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2004
The figure of merit (FOM) method developed by Petersen (1998) is extended in two different direct... more The figure of merit (FOM) method developed by Petersen (1998) is extended in two different directions, to single-event latchup (SEL) by protons and to single-event upset (SEU) by atmospheric neutrons. In applying the FOM method to latchup, 30 different CMOS devices are examined, all with heavy ion SEL data, which are grouped into three categories based on whether they were tested with high energy protons/neutrons, and whether the protons also caused SEL. The plot of FOM as a function of the limiting proton SEL cross section leads to an empirically derived FOM value that serves as a screening criterion for whether devices with heavy ion SEL data are likely to be susceptible to proton SEL. By applying Petersen's method to SEU from atmospheric neutrons, a simple relationship is derived for the SEU rate from these neutrons, and the variation of this rate with altitude and latitude is given.
Both modeling techniques and a variety of measurements and observations were used to characterize... more Both modeling techniques and a variety of measurements and observations were used to characterize the environmental conditions experienced by the specimens flown on the MISSE-3 (Materials International Space Station Experiment) and MISSE-4 space flight experiments. On August 3, 2006, astronauts Jeff Williams and Thomas Reiter attached MISSE-3 and -4 to the Quest airlock on ISS, where these experiments were exposed to atomic oxygen (AO), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particulate radiation, thermal cycling, meteoroid/space debris impact, and the induced environment of an active space station. They had been flown to ISS during the July 2006 STS-121 mission. The two suitcases were oriented so that one side faced the ram direction and one side remained shielded from the atomic oxygen. On August 18,2007, astronauts Clay Anderson and Dave Williams retrieved MISSE-3 and-4 and returned them to Earth at the end of the STS-118 mission. Quantitative values are provided when possible for selected ...
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Space Nuclear Power Systems 1989, 1992
An investigation is conducted of the effects on installation personnel and electronic equipment o... more An investigation is conducted of the effects on installation personnel and electronic equipment of radiation emitted by a spacecraft radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). The initial dose assessment indicates that RTGs should be installed as late as possible in the ground operational flow, in order to minimize dose equivalents for the workers. In the case of the electronics, neutron-induced single-event upsets
Solomon Maimon, later to be the rabbi of Congregation Sephardic Bikur Holim in Seattle, WA, playe... more Solomon Maimon, later to be the rabbi of Congregation Sephardic Bikur Holim in Seattle, WA, played on the JV basketball team of Garfield high school. He recalls a game in 1935 when his team played against their rivals, Franklin HS, which was lead by one of their star athletes, Fred Hutchinson, later a major league baseball player and manager. The future rabbi was not intimidated by the future major leaguer.
In 1943, Solomon Maimon, a rabbinic student at Yeshiva University, was sent to serve as an interi... more In 1943, Solomon Maimon, a rabbinic student at Yeshiva University, was sent to serve as an interim rabbi for a small Sephardic congregation in Montreal, Canada. While there he met an older man, Samuel Bronfman, the founder of Seagram’s Distillery, who told him the story of how he came up with the formula for Crown Royal, his company’s world-renowned whiskey.
Eleven year old Solomon Maimon had an idea. It was the summer of 1930 in Seattle and he had hear... more Eleven year old Solomon Maimon had an idea. It was the summer of 1930 in Seattle and he had heard of a famous movie that arrived in the city at the end of July, All Quiet on the Western Front and he wanted to take his father, Rabbi Abraham Maimon, to see it.
The Syrian Jewish community in the United States (mainly the New York area), has been the largest... more The Syrian Jewish community in the United States (mainly the New York area), has been the largest component of the American Sephardic community for much of the 20th century. It is therefore not surprising that the Syrian community has influenced the Sephardic community in Seattle (which is about only 10-15 % of its size) during this same time period. The nature of the influence has varied, but it has generally revolved around issues of religious practice, social contacts and educational opportunities. The Syrian community, located mainly in the Brooklyn, New York and Deal, New Jersey areas, has always been known for its strict adherence to Jewish religious observance. Thus, observant Seattle Sephardim who moved to the New York area for educational reasons (both religious and secular education), have often encountered Syrian Jews.
A lot more stories about raki, the anise flavored alcoholic drink favored by Sephardic Jews origi... more A lot more stories about raki, the anise flavored alcoholic drink favored by Sephardic Jews originating from the Middle East, have been collected. These are mainly from Sephardic Jews originally from Turkey whose families now live in Seattle, WA. Many of these Sephardic Jews have strong impressions of raki, some from the time when they were children, most from their adult years. In almost all case, these are very vivid memories that have remained with them for decades.
A group of eleven members of the Jewish community of Seattle, took a two-week individualized gui... more A group of eleven members of the Jewish community of Seattle, took a two-week
individualized guided tour of Turkey in September, 2005. Of these, eight were members of Congregation Sephardic Bikur Holim (SBH) who were therefore fulfilling their dreams by visiting the land of their ancestors. In addition to Istanbul, the tour included stops in three Turkish cities having special meaning to the SBH members, namely Bursa, Tekirdag and Marmara. Bursa is the birthplace of the parents of several SBH members and Tekirdag is the city where the families of those same SBH members as well as of two others also lived. The mother of one tour member grew up in the town of Marmara on the island of Marmara within the Sea of Marmara, so the tour also stopped at Marmara.
This paper reports 14 MeV neutron induced single-event effects results for a variety of microelec... more This paper reports 14 MeV neutron induced single-event effects results for a variety of microelectronic devices that include an ADC, operational amplifiers, optocoupler, flash memory, PowerPC microprocessor, SRAM, and SDRAM. Data were collected to evaluate these devices for possible use in NASA spacecraft.
2000 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop. Workshop Record. Held in conjunction with IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (Cat. No.00TH8527), 2000
A spacecraft orbiting the Earth through trapped radiation belts will be subject to an induced eff... more A spacecraft orbiting the Earth through trapped radiation belts will be subject to an induced effect as well as to the direct irradiation by the protons and electrons of the trapped belts. This induced effect is activation of the spacecraft materials by the trapped belt protons. This activation ...