Ezzat A Fattah - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ezzat A Fattah

Terrorism, 1979

Literature on terrorists and terrorism is abundant, but very little is written on the victim. Whe... more Literature on terrorists and terrorism is abundant, but very little is written on the victim. Whether the studies are published by psychologists or political scientists, by psychiatrists or sociologists, data on the victim are conspicuous by their absence. There is hardly any mention of how victims of terrorism are chosen, their characteristics, the role they play, if any, in preparing

The Plight of Crime Victims in Modern Society, 1989

TUE VICTIMIZA TION OF CUILDREN Children are easy victims. They are weak, frail, and extremely vul... more TUE VICTIMIZA TION OF CUILDREN Children are easy victims. They are weak, frail, and extremely vulnerable. Under certain age, they are incapable of defending themselves, retaliating or even complaining and constitute, therefore, ideal targets for victimization. Victimization of children is as old as mankind itself. Infanticide was probably one of the earliest crimes. It is the ultimate victimization; the annihilation of a helpless, unaware and unsuspecting victim. This horrible, primitive crime has not yet disappeared and probably never will. It is still practised with relative frequency in some illiterate and underdeveloped communities though its incidence has sharply declined in modern, technological societies as a result of the widespread practices of aborti on and birth control. Abortion renders infanticide unnecessary by making it possible for the mother to get rid of the baby before it is born. Though infanticide is probably the most serious crime to be committed against a child, it is but one single form of child victimization. Throughout history and until the present day children have been and are being subjected to a wide variety of abuses, neglect and maltreatments. Bakan (1971) reminds us that: Children have been whipped, beaten, starved, drowned, smashed against walls and floors, held in ice water baths, exposed to extremes of outdoor temperatures, burned with hot irons and steam pipes. Children have been tied and kept in upright positions for long periods. They have been systematically exposed to electric shock; forced to swallow pepper, soil, feces, urine, vinegar, alcohol, and other odious material; buried alive; had scalding water poured over genitals; had their limbs held in open fire; placed in roadways where automobiles would run over them; 177

Crime: Fact and Fiction, Rhetoric and Reality 3 Why study crime? 3 The rhetoric of crime 5 Is cri... more Crime: Fact and Fiction, Rhetoric and Reality 3 Why study crime? 3 The rhetoric of crime 5 Is crime increasing? 8 Rising crime rates: myth or reality? 11 The fascination of crime 12 The sensationalization and dramatization of crime 13 The glamorization of crime 19 The politicization of crime 20 The commercialization of crime 23 Part I Unresolved Conceptual and Methodological Issues 27

For many centuries, redress to the victim has been the primary, even the sole, objective of justi... more For many centuries, redress to the victim has been the primary, even the sole, objective of justice. Restorative justice continues to be the dominant practice in small, rural, agrarian societies and in cultures that have not been influenced by the religious principles of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Anthropologists who studied the mechanisms of conflict resolution in non-state societies have observed a development that seems to be universal. The primitive and rather instinctive reactions of vengeance and retaliation, which inevitably result in weakening the group and eternalizing the feud, always gave way to the constructive and reconciliatory practices of composition, restitution and compensation. In these societies, untouched by western thought and practices, punishment for the sake of punishment, as a means of atonement and expiation, is totally unknown. Justice has utilitarian goals.

Criminologie, 1993

The purpose of the paper is to present some reflexions on the cultural relativity of victimizatio... more The purpose of the paper is to present some reflexions on the cultural relativity of victimization. It argues against the widely held belief among victimologists that victimization can be universally defined. Like crime, victimization can be seen as a cultural construct. The paper presents many examples illustrating the cultural relativity of victimization. Children's work, child abuse and neglect, violence, abortion, sexual behavior etc. are given as examples to emphasize the variability in the definition from one society to another. The author concludes by proposing comparative research covering various aspects of victimization.

Temida, 2016

The tragic accidental death of Nils Christie was a huge loss to the scholarly worlds of criminolo... more The tragic accidental death of Nils Christie was a huge loss to the scholarly worlds of criminology and victimology. An old dear friend and highly esteemed colleague, Christie has been hailed as one of the most innovative criminological thinkers of the 20th century. He left an outlasting legacy to both criminology and victimology. His contributions are characterized by their creativity, their originality and their clarity. To remedy what he saw as a terrible injustice done to crime victims he outlined a court procedure that restores the participants? right to their own conflict, a procedure that provided the theoretical underpinnings of the restorative justice movement. He drew attention to the fact that victimization is not an objectively defined phenomenon but is a personal, relative and highly subjective experience. He insisted that mental images of those subjected to the same victimizing act could be and usually are quite varied. Criminology and victimology owe much to Nils Chri...

Crime & Delinquency, 1984

The behavior of victims during victimization and responses to confrontational victimization have ... more The behavior of victims during victimization and responses to confrontational victimization have received scant attention from researchers. Very little research has been done to determine how victims react to face-to-face victimization, why they react the way they do, and why, in identical or similar situations, some persons are more likely to suffer physical harm than are others. Future research will make it possible to associate specific victim and situational characteristics with different types of responses and to link different responses with different outcomes. Only then will it be possible to assess the advantages and dangers associated with specific responses in predefined situations and to develop some guidelines for potential victims.

Contemporary Sociology, 1974

International handbook of violence research, 2003

Page 65. CHAPTER II-4.4 Violence against the Socially Expendable EZZAT A. FATTAH I. INTRODUCTION ... more Page 65. CHAPTER II-4.4 Violence against the Socially Expendable EZZAT A. FATTAH I. INTRODUCTION Violent victimization is not evenly distributed within society. ... 767 Page 66. 768EZZAT A. FATTAH assistance, did not receive a single call from the members of the public! ...

International Review of Victimology, 1989

Abstract: The surveys revealed striking similarities between the offender and victim populations.... more Abstract: The surveys revealed striking similarities between the offender and victim populations. Examples of these similarities are given and their possible explanations are discussed. The empirical findings on crime victims are contrasted to the rhetoric of victim ...

Criminologie, 2000

Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y ... more Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne.

Criminologie, 2000

Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spéc... more Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spécifiques ont été éclipsées, dans les années 1970, par des enquêtes de victimisation à grande échelle, l’approche micro cédant alors la place à une approche macro. Le but premier de ces enquêtes consistait à déterminer le volume de victimisation, à identifier la population de victimes, ainsi qu’à établir leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Chacune de ces enquêtes donne une mine d’informations sur les victimes et permet une analyse minutieuse des modèles et des tendances spatiotemporelles pour des types variés de victimisation. Lors des trois dernières décennies du xxe siècle, cependant, la victimologie a subi une métamorphose très importante mais aussi inquiétante. La transformation idéologique de la victimologie a été nuisible à l’enrichissement et au progrès de la victimologie scientifique. La mutation idéologique de la victimologie est manifeste dans les conférences et les sympo...

Criminologie, 2000

Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spéc... more Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spécifiques ont été éclipsées, dans les années 1970, par des enquêtes de victimisation à grande échelle, l’approche micro cédant alors la place à une approche macro. Le but premier de ces enquêtes consistait à déterminer le volume de victimisation, à identifier la population de victimes, ainsi qu’à établir leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Chacune de ces enquêtes donne une mine d’informations sur les victimes et permet une analyse minutieuse des modèles et des tendances spatiotemporelles pour des types variés de victimisation. Lors des trois dernières décennies du xxe siècle, cependant, la victimologie a subi une métamorphose très importante mais aussi inquiétante. La transformation idéologique de la victimologie a été nuisible à l’enrichissement et au progrès de la victimologie scientifique. La mutation idéologique de la victimologie est manifeste dans les conférences et les sympo...

The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 1980

The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 1980

New York, 1989

... place holder. ...

During the preparation of this issue, which compares developments in crime and criminal justice i... more During the preparation of this issue, which compares developments in crime and criminal justice in the US and Europe, a letter of Christian Pfeiffer to General Attorney Janet Reno came across our desk. The letter (dated t994) can be seen as a criminological informed cri de coeur about American criminal policy. Although the author is fully responsible for style and contents of the letter, this voice of worry can be heard at other places and in other occasions. After ample discussion the editorial committee decided to publish the letter, if we could trigger comments on it from other criminal justice experts. This was the case. We are very happy to publish the letter together with five comments from American and European colleagues. In this way we hope to stimulate discussion and communication on preferred directions and solutions in criminal justice policy, which is in coherence with our editorial aims. A letter to Mrs. J. Reno, Attorney General of the United States of America by Christian Pfeiffer I Dear Mrs. Reno, Shortly before you gave your speech at the ASC Conference in Miami on November 11, 1994, I introduced myself to you as a participant from Germany. I am writing to you today because I would like to address the items which you emphasized at the beginning of your speech, i.e., the necessity of an international exchange of research results and of practical experience in the quest for answers to the problem of criminality. Your talk greatly encouraged me to write this letter. You were quite clear about the fact that you are open to uliconventional ideas and that you are seeking close cooperation between people involved in criminal policy, law enforcement and criminology research in the interest of effectively combating criminality.

Ageing and Society, 1986

ABSTRACTElderly people have a relatively low likelihood of becoming a victim of crime, compared w... more ABSTRACTElderly people have a relatively low likelihood of becoming a victim of crime, compared with other age groups. Theft rather than violence constitutes the bulk of offences against them. Criminological research indicates that it is not vulnerability but lifestyle and the amount of time spent out of the home which are pre-disposing factors. However, when offences occur they have a disproportionately high personal impact. Ways of reducing both exposure and impact are discussed. These include (1) Hardening the targets (2) Creating more protective environments (3) Encouraging self-help (4) Entrancing awareness of crime and prevention techniques (5) Risk avoidance.

Terrorism, 1979

Literature on terrorists and terrorism is abundant, but very little is written on the victim. Whe... more Literature on terrorists and terrorism is abundant, but very little is written on the victim. Whether the studies are published by psychologists or political scientists, by psychiatrists or sociologists, data on the victim are conspicuous by their absence. There is hardly any mention of how victims of terrorism are chosen, their characteristics, the role they play, if any, in preparing

The Plight of Crime Victims in Modern Society, 1989

TUE VICTIMIZA TION OF CUILDREN Children are easy victims. They are weak, frail, and extremely vul... more TUE VICTIMIZA TION OF CUILDREN Children are easy victims. They are weak, frail, and extremely vulnerable. Under certain age, they are incapable of defending themselves, retaliating or even complaining and constitute, therefore, ideal targets for victimization. Victimization of children is as old as mankind itself. Infanticide was probably one of the earliest crimes. It is the ultimate victimization; the annihilation of a helpless, unaware and unsuspecting victim. This horrible, primitive crime has not yet disappeared and probably never will. It is still practised with relative frequency in some illiterate and underdeveloped communities though its incidence has sharply declined in modern, technological societies as a result of the widespread practices of aborti on and birth control. Abortion renders infanticide unnecessary by making it possible for the mother to get rid of the baby before it is born. Though infanticide is probably the most serious crime to be committed against a child, it is but one single form of child victimization. Throughout history and until the present day children have been and are being subjected to a wide variety of abuses, neglect and maltreatments. Bakan (1971) reminds us that: Children have been whipped, beaten, starved, drowned, smashed against walls and floors, held in ice water baths, exposed to extremes of outdoor temperatures, burned with hot irons and steam pipes. Children have been tied and kept in upright positions for long periods. They have been systematically exposed to electric shock; forced to swallow pepper, soil, feces, urine, vinegar, alcohol, and other odious material; buried alive; had scalding water poured over genitals; had their limbs held in open fire; placed in roadways where automobiles would run over them; 177

Crime: Fact and Fiction, Rhetoric and Reality 3 Why study crime? 3 The rhetoric of crime 5 Is cri... more Crime: Fact and Fiction, Rhetoric and Reality 3 Why study crime? 3 The rhetoric of crime 5 Is crime increasing? 8 Rising crime rates: myth or reality? 11 The fascination of crime 12 The sensationalization and dramatization of crime 13 The glamorization of crime 19 The politicization of crime 20 The commercialization of crime 23 Part I Unresolved Conceptual and Methodological Issues 27

For many centuries, redress to the victim has been the primary, even the sole, objective of justi... more For many centuries, redress to the victim has been the primary, even the sole, objective of justice. Restorative justice continues to be the dominant practice in small, rural, agrarian societies and in cultures that have not been influenced by the religious principles of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Anthropologists who studied the mechanisms of conflict resolution in non-state societies have observed a development that seems to be universal. The primitive and rather instinctive reactions of vengeance and retaliation, which inevitably result in weakening the group and eternalizing the feud, always gave way to the constructive and reconciliatory practices of composition, restitution and compensation. In these societies, untouched by western thought and practices, punishment for the sake of punishment, as a means of atonement and expiation, is totally unknown. Justice has utilitarian goals.

Criminologie, 1993

The purpose of the paper is to present some reflexions on the cultural relativity of victimizatio... more The purpose of the paper is to present some reflexions on the cultural relativity of victimization. It argues against the widely held belief among victimologists that victimization can be universally defined. Like crime, victimization can be seen as a cultural construct. The paper presents many examples illustrating the cultural relativity of victimization. Children's work, child abuse and neglect, violence, abortion, sexual behavior etc. are given as examples to emphasize the variability in the definition from one society to another. The author concludes by proposing comparative research covering various aspects of victimization.

Temida, 2016

The tragic accidental death of Nils Christie was a huge loss to the scholarly worlds of criminolo... more The tragic accidental death of Nils Christie was a huge loss to the scholarly worlds of criminology and victimology. An old dear friend and highly esteemed colleague, Christie has been hailed as one of the most innovative criminological thinkers of the 20th century. He left an outlasting legacy to both criminology and victimology. His contributions are characterized by their creativity, their originality and their clarity. To remedy what he saw as a terrible injustice done to crime victims he outlined a court procedure that restores the participants? right to their own conflict, a procedure that provided the theoretical underpinnings of the restorative justice movement. He drew attention to the fact that victimization is not an objectively defined phenomenon but is a personal, relative and highly subjective experience. He insisted that mental images of those subjected to the same victimizing act could be and usually are quite varied. Criminology and victimology owe much to Nils Chri...

Crime & Delinquency, 1984

The behavior of victims during victimization and responses to confrontational victimization have ... more The behavior of victims during victimization and responses to confrontational victimization have received scant attention from researchers. Very little research has been done to determine how victims react to face-to-face victimization, why they react the way they do, and why, in identical or similar situations, some persons are more likely to suffer physical harm than are others. Future research will make it possible to associate specific victim and situational characteristics with different types of responses and to link different responses with different outcomes. Only then will it be possible to assess the advantages and dangers associated with specific responses in predefined situations and to develop some guidelines for potential victims.

Contemporary Sociology, 1974

International handbook of violence research, 2003

Page 65. CHAPTER II-4.4 Violence against the Socially Expendable EZZAT A. FATTAH I. INTRODUCTION ... more Page 65. CHAPTER II-4.4 Violence against the Socially Expendable EZZAT A. FATTAH I. INTRODUCTION Violent victimization is not evenly distributed within society. ... 767 Page 66. 768EZZAT A. FATTAH assistance, did not receive a single call from the members of the public! ...

International Review of Victimology, 1989

Abstract: The surveys revealed striking similarities between the offender and victim populations.... more Abstract: The surveys revealed striking similarities between the offender and victim populations. Examples of these similarities are given and their possible explanations are discussed. The empirical findings on crime victims are contrasted to the rhetoric of victim ...

Criminologie, 2000

Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y ... more Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne.

Criminologie, 2000

Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spéc... more Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spécifiques ont été éclipsées, dans les années 1970, par des enquêtes de victimisation à grande échelle, l’approche micro cédant alors la place à une approche macro. Le but premier de ces enquêtes consistait à déterminer le volume de victimisation, à identifier la population de victimes, ainsi qu’à établir leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Chacune de ces enquêtes donne une mine d’informations sur les victimes et permet une analyse minutieuse des modèles et des tendances spatiotemporelles pour des types variés de victimisation. Lors des trois dernières décennies du xxe siècle, cependant, la victimologie a subi une métamorphose très importante mais aussi inquiétante. La transformation idéologique de la victimologie a été nuisible à l’enrichissement et au progrès de la victimologie scientifique. La mutation idéologique de la victimologie est manifeste dans les conférences et les sympo...

Criminologie, 2000

Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spéc... more Populaires à la naissance de la victimologie, les études individuelles de victimes de crimes spécifiques ont été éclipsées, dans les années 1970, par des enquêtes de victimisation à grande échelle, l’approche micro cédant alors la place à une approche macro. Le but premier de ces enquêtes consistait à déterminer le volume de victimisation, à identifier la population de victimes, ainsi qu’à établir leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Chacune de ces enquêtes donne une mine d’informations sur les victimes et permet une analyse minutieuse des modèles et des tendances spatiotemporelles pour des types variés de victimisation. Lors des trois dernières décennies du xxe siècle, cependant, la victimologie a subi une métamorphose très importante mais aussi inquiétante. La transformation idéologique de la victimologie a été nuisible à l’enrichissement et au progrès de la victimologie scientifique. La mutation idéologique de la victimologie est manifeste dans les conférences et les sympo...

The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 1980

The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 1980

New York, 1989

... place holder. ...

During the preparation of this issue, which compares developments in crime and criminal justice i... more During the preparation of this issue, which compares developments in crime and criminal justice in the US and Europe, a letter of Christian Pfeiffer to General Attorney Janet Reno came across our desk. The letter (dated t994) can be seen as a criminological informed cri de coeur about American criminal policy. Although the author is fully responsible for style and contents of the letter, this voice of worry can be heard at other places and in other occasions. After ample discussion the editorial committee decided to publish the letter, if we could trigger comments on it from other criminal justice experts. This was the case. We are very happy to publish the letter together with five comments from American and European colleagues. In this way we hope to stimulate discussion and communication on preferred directions and solutions in criminal justice policy, which is in coherence with our editorial aims. A letter to Mrs. J. Reno, Attorney General of the United States of America by Christian Pfeiffer I Dear Mrs. Reno, Shortly before you gave your speech at the ASC Conference in Miami on November 11, 1994, I introduced myself to you as a participant from Germany. I am writing to you today because I would like to address the items which you emphasized at the beginning of your speech, i.e., the necessity of an international exchange of research results and of practical experience in the quest for answers to the problem of criminality. Your talk greatly encouraged me to write this letter. You were quite clear about the fact that you are open to uliconventional ideas and that you are seeking close cooperation between people involved in criminal policy, law enforcement and criminology research in the interest of effectively combating criminality.

Ageing and Society, 1986

ABSTRACTElderly people have a relatively low likelihood of becoming a victim of crime, compared w... more ABSTRACTElderly people have a relatively low likelihood of becoming a victim of crime, compared with other age groups. Theft rather than violence constitutes the bulk of offences against them. Criminological research indicates that it is not vulnerability but lifestyle and the amount of time spent out of the home which are pre-disposing factors. However, when offences occur they have a disproportionately high personal impact. Ways of reducing both exposure and impact are discussed. These include (1) Hardening the targets (2) Creating more protective environments (3) Encouraging self-help (4) Entrancing awareness of crime and prevention techniques (5) Risk avoidance.