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“Money makes greedy” is a platitudinous observation and of almost universal validity. It applies ... more “Money makes greedy” is a platitudinous observation and of almost universal validity. It applies to individuals, corporations as well as states. Greed is a powerful motive and its satisfaction is frequently at odds with what is ethically and legally admissible, in particular if satisfied by crime. This leads to the second platitude: “Crime should not pay”. This is the basic principle to deny law breakers the ill-gotten gains they obtained from their deeds. In addition, there are many subsidiary reasons for reclaiming those illegal profits. In the past decades these subsidiary reasons have attracted more attention than the simple crime-should-not-pay principle for which reason we bring this to the fore in this introduction.These subsidiary reasons for attacking crime-money concern unwanted law enforcement and economic effects of leaving the crime-monies with the offenders. In terms of law enforcement it may lead to an erosion of the rule of law while saved crime-money remains available for re-investments in new criminal undertakings. Following the IMF and later the FATF (gu)estimates), there are internationally strong beliefs about the staggering volume of crime-money earned each year of which an unspecified part is ‘available for laundering’. Such strong beliefs cannot but strengthen the threat image as well as the expectations about the potential volume of recoverable crime-monies. How far are such expectations free of greed? Naturally, from the perspective of restorative justice ill-gotten profits should be returned to the victims and the public in general. However, there are indications that law enforcement recovery enthusiasm is also fuelled by greed or bounty hunting. Extravagant manifestations of asset recovery in the US should be taken as a serious warning that the greed of the authorities may grow on a par with that of criminals. Criminal assets recovery policy turned into a budget target undertaking instead of applying the principles of restoring justice Is the Dutch criminal asset recovery policy exempt of such tendencies? Not a priori, though examples of US-style excessive confiscations are lacking. Nevertheless, this does not rule out a greedy policy driven by unrealistically high expectations leading to unfounded criminal assets recovery targets. Is that only window dressing or has it also practical consequences? This chapter investigates the practice of the Dutch criminal asset recovery system, its turnover, yield and its extra coercive powers against the background of (high) expectations and related targets.

European Company Law, 2005

Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 1999

ABSTRACT

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

This chapter addresses the question whether a corporation that is considered “too big to be gover... more This chapter addresses the question whether a corporation that is considered “too big to be governed” might also be “too big to be responsible”. In today’s day and age, a large multinational company’s finances may exceed the finances of a (small) country. Such a firm’s economic position in principle means “power”. In the meantime, the business operations and the societal position of these companies can affect people and planet. In light of this, the aim of this chapter is to find out if “economic power” is an argument to hold large listed companies (LLCs) liable under private law and/or criminal law for violations of local and international norms that protect people and planet. The central question is twofold: Can “economic power” provide for a legal basis for holding LLCs responsible for fundamental rights protection, and if so, how? And, subsequently, can LLCs be held liable both under private law and criminal law for not taking responsibility for fundamental rights protection? To...

Learning from across and within Legal Systems, 2015

De institutionele fundamenten van onze Westerse maatschappij zijn aan structurele veranderingen o... more De institutionele fundamenten van onze Westerse maatschappij zijn aan structurele veranderingen onderhevig. Ingrijpende ontwikkelingen als liberalisering, secularisering ,Europeanisering, globalisering, en zeker ook privatisering, stellen onze belangrijkste instituties - overheid, maatschappelijke organisaties en het bedrijfsleven - voor nieuwe uitdagingen. Dit roept vragen op naar de houdbaarheid van onze ideeën over de verdeling van publieke en private taken en de bijbehorende verantwoordelijkheden in een veranderende maatschappij en een globaliserende wereld: in hoeverre heeft het uitvoeren van wat in feite een (semi-)publieke taak is, consequenties voor de verantwoordelijke partij (burger, bedrijf of multinational)? Specifiek rijst de vraag naar de (grenzen van) aansprakelijkheid - civielrechtelijk, strafrechtelijk, bestuursrechtelijk en/of internationaalrechtelijk - van de betrokken maatschappelijke actoren voor schade die wordt aangericht als gevolg van het niet of niet juist ...

Wrakingsverzoeken worden steeds vaker ingediend, maar níet vaker gehonoreerd. Dit suggereert dat ... more Wrakingsverzoeken worden steeds vaker ingediend, maar níet vaker gehonoreerd. Dit suggereert dat het middel ‘oneigenlijk’ wordt ingezet. De effectiviteit van de regeling komt echter onder druk te staan als miskend wordt dat deze een correctiemechanisme is voor uitzonderlijke gevallen. Oneigenlijk gebruik knaagt derhalve aan de fundamenten van onze rechtspleging. Auteurs maken een rechtsvergelijkende analyse van de wrakingsprocedures in een tiental andere rechtsstelsels als inspiratie ter verbetering van het eigen recht. Uit deze analyse vloeien een aantal aanbevelingen voort met betrekking tot mogelijke contouren voor een aangepaste Nederlandse regeling. De contouren van deze nieuwe wrakingsregeling bevatten aan de ene kant prikkels om het oneigenlijk gebruik te temperen terwijl tegelijkertijd de legitimiteit van het instrument, en daarmee het maatschappelijk draagvlak, wordt vergroot. The number of cases in which Dutch judges are challenged is growing, but the number of disqualific...

A comparative legal study into the possibilities for revising the Dutch procedure for disqualific... more A comparative legal study into the possibilities for revising the Dutch procedure for disqualification of judges.

Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 1999

ABSTRACT

“Money makes greedy” is a platitudinous observation and of almost universal validity. It applies ... more “Money makes greedy” is a platitudinous observation and of almost universal validity. It applies to individuals, corporations as well as states. Greed is a powerful motive and its satisfaction is frequently at odds with what is ethically and legally admissible, in particular if satisfied by crime. This leads to the second platitude: “Crime should not pay”. This is the basic principle to deny law breakers the ill-gotten gains they obtained from their deeds. In addition, there are many subsidiary reasons for reclaiming those illegal profits. In the past decades these subsidiary reasons have attracted more attention than the simple crime-should-not-pay principle for which reason we bring this to the fore in this introduction.These subsidiary reasons for attacking crime-money concern unwanted law enforcement and economic effects of leaving the crime-monies with the offenders. In terms of law enforcement it may lead to an erosion of the rule of law while saved crime-money remains available for re-investments in new criminal undertakings. Following the IMF and later the FATF (gu)estimates), there are internationally strong beliefs about the staggering volume of crime-money earned each year of which an unspecified part is ‘available for laundering’. Such strong beliefs cannot but strengthen the threat image as well as the expectations about the potential volume of recoverable crime-monies. How far are such expectations free of greed? Naturally, from the perspective of restorative justice ill-gotten profits should be returned to the victims and the public in general. However, there are indications that law enforcement recovery enthusiasm is also fuelled by greed or bounty hunting. Extravagant manifestations of asset recovery in the US should be taken as a serious warning that the greed of the authorities may grow on a par with that of criminals. Criminal assets recovery policy turned into a budget target undertaking instead of applying the principles of restoring justice Is the Dutch criminal asset recovery policy exempt of such tendencies? Not a priori, though examples of US-style excessive confiscations are lacking. Nevertheless, this does not rule out a greedy policy driven by unrealistically high expectations leading to unfounded criminal assets recovery targets. Is that only window dressing or has it also practical consequences? This chapter investigates the practice of the Dutch criminal asset recovery system, its turnover, yield and its extra coercive powers against the background of (high) expectations and related targets.

European Company Law, 2005

Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 1999

ABSTRACT

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

This chapter addresses the question whether a corporation that is considered “too big to be gover... more This chapter addresses the question whether a corporation that is considered “too big to be governed” might also be “too big to be responsible”. In today’s day and age, a large multinational company’s finances may exceed the finances of a (small) country. Such a firm’s economic position in principle means “power”. In the meantime, the business operations and the societal position of these companies can affect people and planet. In light of this, the aim of this chapter is to find out if “economic power” is an argument to hold large listed companies (LLCs) liable under private law and/or criminal law for violations of local and international norms that protect people and planet. The central question is twofold: Can “economic power” provide for a legal basis for holding LLCs responsible for fundamental rights protection, and if so, how? And, subsequently, can LLCs be held liable both under private law and criminal law for not taking responsibility for fundamental rights protection? To...

Learning from across and within Legal Systems, 2015

De institutionele fundamenten van onze Westerse maatschappij zijn aan structurele veranderingen o... more De institutionele fundamenten van onze Westerse maatschappij zijn aan structurele veranderingen onderhevig. Ingrijpende ontwikkelingen als liberalisering, secularisering ,Europeanisering, globalisering, en zeker ook privatisering, stellen onze belangrijkste instituties - overheid, maatschappelijke organisaties en het bedrijfsleven - voor nieuwe uitdagingen. Dit roept vragen op naar de houdbaarheid van onze ideeën over de verdeling van publieke en private taken en de bijbehorende verantwoordelijkheden in een veranderende maatschappij en een globaliserende wereld: in hoeverre heeft het uitvoeren van wat in feite een (semi-)publieke taak is, consequenties voor de verantwoordelijke partij (burger, bedrijf of multinational)? Specifiek rijst de vraag naar de (grenzen van) aansprakelijkheid - civielrechtelijk, strafrechtelijk, bestuursrechtelijk en/of internationaalrechtelijk - van de betrokken maatschappelijke actoren voor schade die wordt aangericht als gevolg van het niet of niet juist ...

Wrakingsverzoeken worden steeds vaker ingediend, maar níet vaker gehonoreerd. Dit suggereert dat ... more Wrakingsverzoeken worden steeds vaker ingediend, maar níet vaker gehonoreerd. Dit suggereert dat het middel ‘oneigenlijk’ wordt ingezet. De effectiviteit van de regeling komt echter onder druk te staan als miskend wordt dat deze een correctiemechanisme is voor uitzonderlijke gevallen. Oneigenlijk gebruik knaagt derhalve aan de fundamenten van onze rechtspleging. Auteurs maken een rechtsvergelijkende analyse van de wrakingsprocedures in een tiental andere rechtsstelsels als inspiratie ter verbetering van het eigen recht. Uit deze analyse vloeien een aantal aanbevelingen voort met betrekking tot mogelijke contouren voor een aangepaste Nederlandse regeling. De contouren van deze nieuwe wrakingsregeling bevatten aan de ene kant prikkels om het oneigenlijk gebruik te temperen terwijl tegelijkertijd de legitimiteit van het instrument, en daarmee het maatschappelijk draagvlak, wordt vergroot. The number of cases in which Dutch judges are challenged is growing, but the number of disqualific...

A comparative legal study into the possibilities for revising the Dutch procedure for disqualific... more A comparative legal study into the possibilities for revising the Dutch procedure for disqualification of judges.

Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 1999

ABSTRACT