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Thesis Chapters by Felicia Nwalutu

© Felicia Nwalutu This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland f... more © Felicia Nwalutu

This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 1983. Gender is used here as a social and not a biological category and refers to the social and organization of the relationship between men and women and between culturally defined norms of femininity and masculinity. Politics is defined as the process by which resources and values (human, material and spiritual) are allocated within a social unit (in this case Ibibio) for the purpose of meeting the needs and desires of its members.
In the reconstruction of Ibibio history, this thesis explores the position of Ibibio women and relates it to the theories on gender.
As an integral background to the whole study, Ibibio pre-colonial society is analyzed and found to be dynamic; the factors of change included the slave trade and wars. There was an overall dual gender division of labor but it was always mediated by a flexible gender construct, such that gender conception and perception were flexible and suspended in secret societies as Ekpe, idiong, Ekpo, Inan, Ebiowo etc. membership of social organizations and cults was also differentiated along gender lines, but again suspended for women above a certain age.
The colonial period introduced major changes within the society, as a result of the coming of Christianity, western education, foreign economic activities and institutions, new political associations and a different gender ideology. Overtime, the Ibibio traditional flexible gender construction began to hang along the line of the British role rigid gender conception. For instance, virtually all the colonial officials were men, so too, their counterparts, in the European private firms. The Nigerians who were involved in the colonial administration were also men. Women were ignored by and excluded from the colonial administration. This meant that roles were strictly gendered; breaking gender rules therefore carried a stigma.
The marginalization of women led to various anti-colonial mass-demonstrations by women in defiance of their economic, political and social rights and interest, from 1903 to 1957, which are fully documented in the thesis. The dominant pattern presented in these case histories of women’s political action and organization was that of gender segregation. These changes are analyzed and their impact on Ibibioland assessed. Ibibio women in decolonization were excluded from politics Ibibio station union took the lead. Ibibio women in second republic followed the same pattern and under the military, the women were again excluded from politics in comparism with other societies especially Igbo and Efiks.
However, with civil war in Nigeria 1967-1970, gender lines became more flexible than during the colonial and post-colonial period with women participating in ‘new’ ventures that had been assumed to the domain of men. This work is concluded in chapter eight which extends gender analysis to other Nigerian and African societies.

PhD Thesis, 1998

© Felicia Nwalutu This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from... more © Felicia Nwalutu

This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 1983. Gender is used here as a social and not a biological category and refers to the social and organization of the relationship between men and women and between culturally defined norms of femininity and masculinity. Politics is defined as the process by which resources and values (human, material and spiritual) are allocated within a social unit (in this case Ibibio) for the purpose of meeting the needs and desires of its members.
In the reconstruction of Ibibio history, this thesis explores the position of Ibibio women and relates it to the theories on gender.
As an integral background to the whole study, Ibibio pre-colonial society is analyzed and found to be dynamic; the factors of change included the slave trade and wars. There was an overall dual gender division of labor but it was always mediated by a flexible gender construct, such that gender conception and perception were flexible and suspended in secret societies as Ekpe, idiong, Ekpo, Inan, Ebiowo etc. membership of social organizations and cults was also differentiated along gender lines, but again suspended for women above a certain age.
The colonial period introduced major changes within the society, as a result of the coming of Christianity, western education, foreign economic activities and institutions, new political associations and a different gender ideology. Overtime, the Ibibio traditional flexible gender construction began to hang along the line of the British role rigid gender conception. For instance, virtually all the colonial officials were men, so too, their counterparts, in the European private firms. The Nigerians who were involved in the colonial administration were also men. Women were ignored by and excluded from the colonial administration. This meant that roles were strictly gendered; breaking gender rules therefore carried a stigma.
The marginalization of women led to various anti-colonial mass-demonstrations by women in defiance of their economic, political and social rights and interest, from 1903 to 1957, which are fully documented in the thesis. The dominant pattern presented in these case histories of women’s political action and organization was that of gender segregation. These changes are analyzed and their impact on Ibibioland assessed. Ibibio women in decolonization were excluded from politics Ibibio station union took the lead. Ibibio women in second republic followed the same pattern and under the military, the women were again excluded from politics in comparism with other societies especially Igbo and Efiks.
However, with civil war in Nigeria 1967-1970, gender lines became more flexible than during the colonial and post-colonial period with women participating in ‘new’ ventures that had been assumed to the domain of men. This work is concluded in chapter eight which extends gender analysis to other Nigerian and African societies.

Drafts by Felicia Nwalutu

ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 19... more ABSTRACT

This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 1983. Gender is used here as a social and not a biological category and refers to the social and organization of the relationship between men and women and between culturally defined norms of femininity and masculinity. Politics is defined as the process by which resources and values (human, material and spiritual) are allocated within a social unit (in this case Ibibio) for the purpose of meeting the needs and desires of its members.
In the reconstruction of Ibibio history, this thesis explores the position of Ibibio women and relates it to the theories on gender.
As an integral background to the whole study, Ibibio pre-colonial society is analyzed and found to be dynamic; the factors of change included the slave trade and wars. There was an overall dual gender division of labor but it was always mediated by a flexible gender construct, such that gender conception and perception were flexible and suspended in secret societies as Ekpe, idiong, Ekpo, Inan, Ebiowo etc. membership of social organizations and cults was also differentiated along gender lines, but again suspended for women above a certain age.
The colonial period introduced major changes within the society, as a result of the coming of Christianity, western education, foreign economic activities and institutions, new political associations and a different gender ideology. Overtime, the Ibibio traditional flexible gender construction began to hang along the line of the British role rigid gender conception. For instance, virtually all the colonial officials were men, so too, their counterparts, in the European private firms. The Nigerians who were involved in the colonial administration were also men. Women were ignored by and excluded from the colonial administration. This meant that roles were strictly gendered; breaking gender rules therefore carried a stigma.
The marginalization of women led to various anti-colonial mass-demonstrations by women in defiance of their economic, political and social rights and interest, from 1903 to 1957, which are fully documented in the thesis. The dominant pattern presented in these case histories of women’s political action and organization was that of gender segregation. These changes are analyzed and their impact on Ibibioland assessed. Ibibio women in decolonization were excluded from politics Ibibio station union took the lead. Ibibio women in second republic followed the same pattern and under the military, the women were again excluded from politics in comparism with other societies especially Igbo and Efiks.
However, with civil war in Nigeria 1967-1970, gender lines became more flexible than during the colonial and post-colonial period with women participating in ‘new’ ventures that had been assumed to the domain of men. This work is concluded in chapter eight which extends gender analysis to other Nigerian and African societies.

© Felicia Nwalutu This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland f... more © Felicia Nwalutu

This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 1983. Gender is used here as a social and not a biological category and refers to the social and organization of the relationship between men and women and between culturally defined norms of femininity and masculinity. Politics is defined as the process by which resources and values (human, material and spiritual) are allocated within a social unit (in this case Ibibio) for the purpose of meeting the needs and desires of its members.
In the reconstruction of Ibibio history, this thesis explores the position of Ibibio women and relates it to the theories on gender.
As an integral background to the whole study, Ibibio pre-colonial society is analyzed and found to be dynamic; the factors of change included the slave trade and wars. There was an overall dual gender division of labor but it was always mediated by a flexible gender construct, such that gender conception and perception were flexible and suspended in secret societies as Ekpe, idiong, Ekpo, Inan, Ebiowo etc. membership of social organizations and cults was also differentiated along gender lines, but again suspended for women above a certain age.
The colonial period introduced major changes within the society, as a result of the coming of Christianity, western education, foreign economic activities and institutions, new political associations and a different gender ideology. Overtime, the Ibibio traditional flexible gender construction began to hang along the line of the British role rigid gender conception. For instance, virtually all the colonial officials were men, so too, their counterparts, in the European private firms. The Nigerians who were involved in the colonial administration were also men. Women were ignored by and excluded from the colonial administration. This meant that roles were strictly gendered; breaking gender rules therefore carried a stigma.
The marginalization of women led to various anti-colonial mass-demonstrations by women in defiance of their economic, political and social rights and interest, from 1903 to 1957, which are fully documented in the thesis. The dominant pattern presented in these case histories of women’s political action and organization was that of gender segregation. These changes are analyzed and their impact on Ibibioland assessed. Ibibio women in decolonization were excluded from politics Ibibio station union took the lead. Ibibio women in second republic followed the same pattern and under the military, the women were again excluded from politics in comparism with other societies especially Igbo and Efiks.
However, with civil war in Nigeria 1967-1970, gender lines became more flexible than during the colonial and post-colonial period with women participating in ‘new’ ventures that had been assumed to the domain of men. This work is concluded in chapter eight which extends gender analysis to other Nigerian and African societies.

PhD Thesis, 1998

© Felicia Nwalutu This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from... more © Felicia Nwalutu

This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 1983. Gender is used here as a social and not a biological category and refers to the social and organization of the relationship between men and women and between culturally defined norms of femininity and masculinity. Politics is defined as the process by which resources and values (human, material and spiritual) are allocated within a social unit (in this case Ibibio) for the purpose of meeting the needs and desires of its members.
In the reconstruction of Ibibio history, this thesis explores the position of Ibibio women and relates it to the theories on gender.
As an integral background to the whole study, Ibibio pre-colonial society is analyzed and found to be dynamic; the factors of change included the slave trade and wars. There was an overall dual gender division of labor but it was always mediated by a flexible gender construct, such that gender conception and perception were flexible and suspended in secret societies as Ekpe, idiong, Ekpo, Inan, Ebiowo etc. membership of social organizations and cults was also differentiated along gender lines, but again suspended for women above a certain age.
The colonial period introduced major changes within the society, as a result of the coming of Christianity, western education, foreign economic activities and institutions, new political associations and a different gender ideology. Overtime, the Ibibio traditional flexible gender construction began to hang along the line of the British role rigid gender conception. For instance, virtually all the colonial officials were men, so too, their counterparts, in the European private firms. The Nigerians who were involved in the colonial administration were also men. Women were ignored by and excluded from the colonial administration. This meant that roles were strictly gendered; breaking gender rules therefore carried a stigma.
The marginalization of women led to various anti-colonial mass-demonstrations by women in defiance of their economic, political and social rights and interest, from 1903 to 1957, which are fully documented in the thesis. The dominant pattern presented in these case histories of women’s political action and organization was that of gender segregation. These changes are analyzed and their impact on Ibibioland assessed. Ibibio women in decolonization were excluded from politics Ibibio station union took the lead. Ibibio women in second republic followed the same pattern and under the military, the women were again excluded from politics in comparism with other societies especially Igbo and Efiks.
However, with civil war in Nigeria 1967-1970, gender lines became more flexible than during the colonial and post-colonial period with women participating in ‘new’ ventures that had been assumed to the domain of men. This work is concluded in chapter eight which extends gender analysis to other Nigerian and African societies.

ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 19... more ABSTRACT

This dissertation examines the role of gender in politics in ibibioland from 1900 - 1983. Gender is used here as a social and not a biological category and refers to the social and organization of the relationship between men and women and between culturally defined norms of femininity and masculinity. Politics is defined as the process by which resources and values (human, material and spiritual) are allocated within a social unit (in this case Ibibio) for the purpose of meeting the needs and desires of its members.
In the reconstruction of Ibibio history, this thesis explores the position of Ibibio women and relates it to the theories on gender.
As an integral background to the whole study, Ibibio pre-colonial society is analyzed and found to be dynamic; the factors of change included the slave trade and wars. There was an overall dual gender division of labor but it was always mediated by a flexible gender construct, such that gender conception and perception were flexible and suspended in secret societies as Ekpe, idiong, Ekpo, Inan, Ebiowo etc. membership of social organizations and cults was also differentiated along gender lines, but again suspended for women above a certain age.
The colonial period introduced major changes within the society, as a result of the coming of Christianity, western education, foreign economic activities and institutions, new political associations and a different gender ideology. Overtime, the Ibibio traditional flexible gender construction began to hang along the line of the British role rigid gender conception. For instance, virtually all the colonial officials were men, so too, their counterparts, in the European private firms. The Nigerians who were involved in the colonial administration were also men. Women were ignored by and excluded from the colonial administration. This meant that roles were strictly gendered; breaking gender rules therefore carried a stigma.
The marginalization of women led to various anti-colonial mass-demonstrations by women in defiance of their economic, political and social rights and interest, from 1903 to 1957, which are fully documented in the thesis. The dominant pattern presented in these case histories of women’s political action and organization was that of gender segregation. These changes are analyzed and their impact on Ibibioland assessed. Ibibio women in decolonization were excluded from politics Ibibio station union took the lead. Ibibio women in second republic followed the same pattern and under the military, the women were again excluded from politics in comparism with other societies especially Igbo and Efiks.
However, with civil war in Nigeria 1967-1970, gender lines became more flexible than during the colonial and post-colonial period with women participating in ‘new’ ventures that had been assumed to the domain of men. This work is concluded in chapter eight which extends gender analysis to other Nigerian and African societies.