F. Patterson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by F. Patterson

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2008

We examined whether a pretreatment phenotypic marker of nicotine metabolism rate (NMR) predicts s... more We examined whether a pretreatment phenotypic marker of nicotine metabolism rate (NMR) predicts successful smoking cessation with bupropion. Smokers (N = 414) were tested for pretreatment NMR, based on the ratio of 3′-hydroxycotinine/ cotinine derived during smoking, before entering a placebocontrolled randomized trial of bupropion plus counseling. At the end of the 10-week treatment phase, slow metabolizers (1st NMR quartile) had equivalent quit rates with placebo or bupropion (32%). Fast metabolizers (4th NMR quartile) had low quit rates with placebo (10%), and these were enhanced significantly by bupropion (34%). Smokers in the 2nd quartile (placebo: 25%, bupropion: 30%) and the 3rd quartile (placebo: 20%, bupropion: 30%) did not benefit significantly from bupropion. At the 6-month follow-up, the relationship between the NMR and quitting remained similar, but was no longer statistically significant. A pretreatment assessment of NMR may identify smokers who are most and least likely to benefit from treatment with bupropion for smoking cessation.

This article explores the use of family history of disease as a public health tool for risk strat... more This article explores the use of family history of disease as a public health tool for risk stratification and improved disease prevention by drawing from previous research on women at moderate risk of developing breast cancer because of a positive family history. About one quarter to one third of women do not appear to be aware of the added risk a family history of breast cancer poses, and many women with a family history overestimate their risk. It is unclear whether risk perceptions are causally related to breast cancer screening in women with a family history. Exaggerated risk perceptions may not hinder breast cancer screening, unless accompanied by distress. Studies suggest that counseling women with a family history of breast cancer about their risk has a small and short-term effect on risk comprehension, a small effect on breast cancer screening, psychological benefits for some women, and unintended negative effects on screening for other women. Future research needs to consider the psychological, individual difference, and cultural variables that moderate counseling effects, recruitment biases, the prospective relationship between perceived risk and breast cancer screening, and whether risk perceptions and comprehension need to match objective risk to be an effective tool to promote screening.

ISRN Public Health, 2012

Background. Adolescent girls are less likely to meet physical activity recommendations than boys.... more Background. Adolescent girls are less likely to meet physical activity recommendations than boys. This study examined the relative contribution of structured physical activity opportunities including physical education (PE) class and sports teams to overall activity levels for girls and boys. Methods. Data from 591 9th-12th grade students who completed the 2009 Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey were examined. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between PE and sports teams and physical activity levels. Models were stratified by gender to estimate gender differences. Results. Girls were less likely to be active than boys: 27.9% of girls were sedentary as compared to 10.6% of boys. PE class was not related to activity levels among boys, while highly active girls were seven times more likely to participate in daily PE than were sedentary girls. Playing on one or more sports teams was associated with low-moderate and high activity in girls; among boys, sports team participation was only associated with high activity. Conclusions. The structured physical activity opportunities of PE and sports teams may contribute more to overall activity levels in girls than boys. A more rigorous assessment of this hypothesis is warranted to inform efforts to promote activity levels in girls.

Medical Education, 2011

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine candidate reactions to selection practices in postgraduate... more OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine candidate reactions to selection practices in postgraduate medical training using organisational justice theory.

Medical Teacher, 2014

Background: Selection for entry into UK medical specialty training is a high-stakes, high-volume ... more Background: Selection for entry into UK medical specialty training is a high-stakes, high-volume process. For selection into General Practice, a large number of assessors and simulators are involved in the delivery of the selection centre, which represents the final stage of selection. Aim: In order to standardize and quality-assure assessor and simulator involvement in the process, we developed two competency models outlining the knowledge, skills and attributes associated with each role using a previously validated job analysis methodology. Results: The final qualitative analysis resulted in two competency models, each encompassing eight competency domains. In general, results from a validation questionnaire demonstrated positive feedback from various regional recruitment leads in the UK (n ¼ 14). Conclusion: Both models are currently being used in practice for quality assurance and training purposes. We conclude that the competency models can be used in three ways: (1) recruiting assessors/simulators; (2) in measuring performance of assessors/ simulators and highlighting areas for potential development; and (3) they can be used for training assessors/simulators.

Journal of Neuroscience, 2007

Craving is a hallmark of drug dependence, including dependence on nicotine. Many studies have exa... more Craving is a hallmark of drug dependence, including dependence on nicotine. Many studies have examined the neural substrates of cravings elicited by smoking-related cues. Less is known about the neural basis of unprovoked, abstinence-induced cravings, despite the contributions of such cravings to smoking relapse. To fill this gap, we used arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion MRI to characterize the neural substrates of abstinence-induced cravings to smoke. Fifteen chronic smokers were scanned during a resting state on two separate occasions: (1) smoking satiety and (2) abstinence (following ≥ 12 hours of smoking deprivation), in counterbalanced order. Smoking abstinence state (vs. satiety) was associated with increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)/medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and left OFC. Abstinence-induced cravings to smoke were predicted by CBF increases (abstinence minus satiety) in: right OFC, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), occipital cortex, ACC, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens, thalamus, amygdala, bilateral hippocampus, left caudate, and right insula. These data suggest that increased activation in the brain's visuospatial and reward circuitry underlies abstinence-induced cravings to smoke, and thereby, may be important in relapse.

ABSTRACT The Handbook of Organizational and Managerial Innovation places humans, their acts, prac... more ABSTRACT The Handbook of Organizational and Managerial Innovation places humans, their acts, practices, processes and fantasies at the core of innovation. Bringing together some of the world’s leading thinkers, academics and professionals, both established and emerging, this multidisciplinary book provides a comprehensive picture of the vibrant and engaging field of organizational and managerial innovation. The contributors present organizational and managerial innovation as a complex concept underpinned by varied ontological and epistemological traditions and disciplines. They reveal that it is something that exists and occurs at multiple levels of analysis, and from multiple zones of experience – the experience of managers, workers, psychologists, philosophers and economists.

Psychopharmacology, 2006

Rationale The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in substance abuse and response to pha... more Rationale The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in substance abuse and response to pharmacotherapies for nicotine and alcohol addiction. We examined (1) the association of the functional OPRM1 A118G variant with the relative reinforcing value of nicotine and (2) the main and interacting effects of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone on nicotine reinforcement. Methods In a within-subject, double-blind human laboratory study, 30 smokers of each OPRM1 genotype (A/A vs. A/G or G/G) participated in two experimental sessions following 4 days of orally administered naltrexone 50 mg or placebo. Participants completed a validated assessment of the relative reinforcing value of nicotine. This cigarette choice paradigm assesses self-administration of 0.6 mg nicotine vs. 0.05 mg (denicotinized) cigarettes after a brief period of nicotine abstinence. Results The relative reinforcing value of nicotine (number of nicotine cigarette puffs) was predicted by a significant OPRM1 by gender interaction. Among women, the lowactivity G allele (A/G and G/G) was associated with a reduced reinforcing value of nicotine; among male smokers, there was no association with genotype. Smokers carrying a G allele were also significantly less likely to differentiate the nicotine vs. denicotinized cigarettes by subjective ratings of satisfaction and strength. No evidence for an effect of naltrexone on nicotine reinforcement was found in the overall sample or in the genotype or gender subgroups. Conclusions This study provides initial evidence for an association of the OPRM1 A118G variant with nicotine reinforcement in women.

The Pharmacogenomics Journal, 2004

To determine whether the functional mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) Asn40Asp variant predicts the comp... more To determine whether the functional mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) Asn40Asp variant predicts the comparative efficacy of different forms of NRT, we conducted a clinical trial of transdermal nicotine (TN) vs nicotine nasal spray (NS) in 320 smokers of European ancestry. Smokers carrying the OPRM1 Asp40 variant (n ¼ 82) were significantly more likely than those homozygous for the Asn40 variant (n ¼ 238) to be abstinent at the end of treatment, and reported less mood disturbance and weight gain. The genotype effect on treatment outcome was most pronounced among smokers receiving TN, particularly during the 21 mg dose phase. Smokers who carry the OPRM1 Asp40 variant are likely to have a favorable response to TN and may benefit from extended therapy with the 21 mg dose.

Medical Education, 2012

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the validity and utility of and candidate reactions towar... more OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the validity and utility of and candidate reactions towards cognitive ability tests, and current selection methods, including a clinical problemsolving test (CPST) and a situational judgement test (SJT), for postgraduate selection.

Medical Education, 2012

OBJECTIVES This paper presents a systematic review of the emerging international research evidenc... more OBJECTIVES This paper presents a systematic review of the emerging international research evidence for the use of situational judgement tests (SJTs) for testing important non-academic attributes (such as empathy, integrity and resilience) in selection processes.

International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2012

is the best single predictor of performance, operationalized in multiple ways. In addition, the l... more is the best single predictor of performance, operationalized in multiple ways. In addition, the low-fidelity SJT has incremental predictive power over cognitively oriented tests, and high-fidelity assessment center (AC) exercises add incremental validity over the low-fidelity (and less costly) selection methods. Concerning applicant reactions, results show that overall, the selection system is positively received. However, the method with the highest predictive validity -the SJT -received comparatively lower face validity ratings which may present a 'justice dilemma' for employers. Furthermore, various other stakeholders have a political interest in the selection methods used (e.g., government, the regulators and trade unions).

Clinical Medicine, 2009

This study examined whether two machinemarked tests (MMTs; a clinical problem-solving test and si... more This study examined whether two machinemarked tests (MMTs; a clinical problem-solving test and situational judgement test), previously validated for selection into UK general practice (GP) training, could provide a valid methodology for shortlisting into core medical training (CMT). A longitudinal design was used to examine the MMTs' psychometric properties in CMT samples, and correlations between MMT scores and CMT interview outcomes. Independent samples from two years were used: in 2008, a retrospective analysis was conducted (n‫,)117,1؍‬ while in 2009, CMT applicants completed the MMTs for evaluation purposes (n‫.)562,2؍‬ Both MMTs showed good reliability in CMT samples, similar to GP samples. Both MMTs were good predictors of CMT interview performance (r‫,65.0؍‬ pϽ Ͻ0.001 in 2008; r‫,16.0؍‬ pϽ Ͻ0.001 in 2009) and offered incremental validity over the current shortlisting process. The GP MMTs offer an appropriate measurement methodology for selection into CMT, representing a significant innovation for selection methodology.

Displaying compassion, benevolence and respect, and preserving the dignity of patients are import... more Displaying compassion, benevolence and respect, and preserving the dignity of patients are important for any healthcare professional to ensure the provision of high quality care and patient outcomes. This paper presents a structured search and thematic review of the research evidence relating to values-based recruitment within healthcare. Several different databases, journals and government reports were searched to retrieve studies relating to values-based recruitment published between 1998 and 2013, both in healthcare settings and other occupational contexts. There is limited published research related to values-based recruitment directly, so the available theoretical context of values is explored alongside an analysis of the impact of value congruence. The implications for the design of selection methods to measure values is explored beyond the scope of the initial literature search.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2008

We examined whether a pretreatment phenotypic marker of nicotine metabolism rate (NMR) predicts s... more We examined whether a pretreatment phenotypic marker of nicotine metabolism rate (NMR) predicts successful smoking cessation with bupropion. Smokers (N = 414) were tested for pretreatment NMR, based on the ratio of 3′-hydroxycotinine/ cotinine derived during smoking, before entering a placebocontrolled randomized trial of bupropion plus counseling. At the end of the 10-week treatment phase, slow metabolizers (1st NMR quartile) had equivalent quit rates with placebo or bupropion (32%). Fast metabolizers (4th NMR quartile) had low quit rates with placebo (10%), and these were enhanced significantly by bupropion (34%). Smokers in the 2nd quartile (placebo: 25%, bupropion: 30%) and the 3rd quartile (placebo: 20%, bupropion: 30%) did not benefit significantly from bupropion. At the 6-month follow-up, the relationship between the NMR and quitting remained similar, but was no longer statistically significant. A pretreatment assessment of NMR may identify smokers who are most and least likely to benefit from treatment with bupropion for smoking cessation.

This article explores the use of family history of disease as a public health tool for risk strat... more This article explores the use of family history of disease as a public health tool for risk stratification and improved disease prevention by drawing from previous research on women at moderate risk of developing breast cancer because of a positive family history. About one quarter to one third of women do not appear to be aware of the added risk a family history of breast cancer poses, and many women with a family history overestimate their risk. It is unclear whether risk perceptions are causally related to breast cancer screening in women with a family history. Exaggerated risk perceptions may not hinder breast cancer screening, unless accompanied by distress. Studies suggest that counseling women with a family history of breast cancer about their risk has a small and short-term effect on risk comprehension, a small effect on breast cancer screening, psychological benefits for some women, and unintended negative effects on screening for other women. Future research needs to consider the psychological, individual difference, and cultural variables that moderate counseling effects, recruitment biases, the prospective relationship between perceived risk and breast cancer screening, and whether risk perceptions and comprehension need to match objective risk to be an effective tool to promote screening.

ISRN Public Health, 2012

Background. Adolescent girls are less likely to meet physical activity recommendations than boys.... more Background. Adolescent girls are less likely to meet physical activity recommendations than boys. This study examined the relative contribution of structured physical activity opportunities including physical education (PE) class and sports teams to overall activity levels for girls and boys. Methods. Data from 591 9th-12th grade students who completed the 2009 Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey were examined. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between PE and sports teams and physical activity levels. Models were stratified by gender to estimate gender differences. Results. Girls were less likely to be active than boys: 27.9% of girls were sedentary as compared to 10.6% of boys. PE class was not related to activity levels among boys, while highly active girls were seven times more likely to participate in daily PE than were sedentary girls. Playing on one or more sports teams was associated with low-moderate and high activity in girls; among boys, sports team participation was only associated with high activity. Conclusions. The structured physical activity opportunities of PE and sports teams may contribute more to overall activity levels in girls than boys. A more rigorous assessment of this hypothesis is warranted to inform efforts to promote activity levels in girls.

Medical Education, 2011

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine candidate reactions to selection practices in postgraduate... more OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine candidate reactions to selection practices in postgraduate medical training using organisational justice theory.

Medical Teacher, 2014

Background: Selection for entry into UK medical specialty training is a high-stakes, high-volume ... more Background: Selection for entry into UK medical specialty training is a high-stakes, high-volume process. For selection into General Practice, a large number of assessors and simulators are involved in the delivery of the selection centre, which represents the final stage of selection. Aim: In order to standardize and quality-assure assessor and simulator involvement in the process, we developed two competency models outlining the knowledge, skills and attributes associated with each role using a previously validated job analysis methodology. Results: The final qualitative analysis resulted in two competency models, each encompassing eight competency domains. In general, results from a validation questionnaire demonstrated positive feedback from various regional recruitment leads in the UK (n ¼ 14). Conclusion: Both models are currently being used in practice for quality assurance and training purposes. We conclude that the competency models can be used in three ways: (1) recruiting assessors/simulators; (2) in measuring performance of assessors/ simulators and highlighting areas for potential development; and (3) they can be used for training assessors/simulators.

Journal of Neuroscience, 2007

Craving is a hallmark of drug dependence, including dependence on nicotine. Many studies have exa... more Craving is a hallmark of drug dependence, including dependence on nicotine. Many studies have examined the neural substrates of cravings elicited by smoking-related cues. Less is known about the neural basis of unprovoked, abstinence-induced cravings, despite the contributions of such cravings to smoking relapse. To fill this gap, we used arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion MRI to characterize the neural substrates of abstinence-induced cravings to smoke. Fifteen chronic smokers were scanned during a resting state on two separate occasions: (1) smoking satiety and (2) abstinence (following ≥ 12 hours of smoking deprivation), in counterbalanced order. Smoking abstinence state (vs. satiety) was associated with increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)/medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and left OFC. Abstinence-induced cravings to smoke were predicted by CBF increases (abstinence minus satiety) in: right OFC, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), occipital cortex, ACC, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens, thalamus, amygdala, bilateral hippocampus, left caudate, and right insula. These data suggest that increased activation in the brain's visuospatial and reward circuitry underlies abstinence-induced cravings to smoke, and thereby, may be important in relapse.

ABSTRACT The Handbook of Organizational and Managerial Innovation places humans, their acts, prac... more ABSTRACT The Handbook of Organizational and Managerial Innovation places humans, their acts, practices, processes and fantasies at the core of innovation. Bringing together some of the world’s leading thinkers, academics and professionals, both established and emerging, this multidisciplinary book provides a comprehensive picture of the vibrant and engaging field of organizational and managerial innovation. The contributors present organizational and managerial innovation as a complex concept underpinned by varied ontological and epistemological traditions and disciplines. They reveal that it is something that exists and occurs at multiple levels of analysis, and from multiple zones of experience – the experience of managers, workers, psychologists, philosophers and economists.

Psychopharmacology, 2006

Rationale The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in substance abuse and response to pha... more Rationale The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in substance abuse and response to pharmacotherapies for nicotine and alcohol addiction. We examined (1) the association of the functional OPRM1 A118G variant with the relative reinforcing value of nicotine and (2) the main and interacting effects of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone on nicotine reinforcement. Methods In a within-subject, double-blind human laboratory study, 30 smokers of each OPRM1 genotype (A/A vs. A/G or G/G) participated in two experimental sessions following 4 days of orally administered naltrexone 50 mg or placebo. Participants completed a validated assessment of the relative reinforcing value of nicotine. This cigarette choice paradigm assesses self-administration of 0.6 mg nicotine vs. 0.05 mg (denicotinized) cigarettes after a brief period of nicotine abstinence. Results The relative reinforcing value of nicotine (number of nicotine cigarette puffs) was predicted by a significant OPRM1 by gender interaction. Among women, the lowactivity G allele (A/G and G/G) was associated with a reduced reinforcing value of nicotine; among male smokers, there was no association with genotype. Smokers carrying a G allele were also significantly less likely to differentiate the nicotine vs. denicotinized cigarettes by subjective ratings of satisfaction and strength. No evidence for an effect of naltrexone on nicotine reinforcement was found in the overall sample or in the genotype or gender subgroups. Conclusions This study provides initial evidence for an association of the OPRM1 A118G variant with nicotine reinforcement in women.

The Pharmacogenomics Journal, 2004

To determine whether the functional mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) Asn40Asp variant predicts the comp... more To determine whether the functional mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) Asn40Asp variant predicts the comparative efficacy of different forms of NRT, we conducted a clinical trial of transdermal nicotine (TN) vs nicotine nasal spray (NS) in 320 smokers of European ancestry. Smokers carrying the OPRM1 Asp40 variant (n ¼ 82) were significantly more likely than those homozygous for the Asn40 variant (n ¼ 238) to be abstinent at the end of treatment, and reported less mood disturbance and weight gain. The genotype effect on treatment outcome was most pronounced among smokers receiving TN, particularly during the 21 mg dose phase. Smokers who carry the OPRM1 Asp40 variant are likely to have a favorable response to TN and may benefit from extended therapy with the 21 mg dose.

Medical Education, 2012

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the validity and utility of and candidate reactions towar... more OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the validity and utility of and candidate reactions towards cognitive ability tests, and current selection methods, including a clinical problemsolving test (CPST) and a situational judgement test (SJT), for postgraduate selection.

Medical Education, 2012

OBJECTIVES This paper presents a systematic review of the emerging international research evidenc... more OBJECTIVES This paper presents a systematic review of the emerging international research evidence for the use of situational judgement tests (SJTs) for testing important non-academic attributes (such as empathy, integrity and resilience) in selection processes.

International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2012

is the best single predictor of performance, operationalized in multiple ways. In addition, the l... more is the best single predictor of performance, operationalized in multiple ways. In addition, the low-fidelity SJT has incremental predictive power over cognitively oriented tests, and high-fidelity assessment center (AC) exercises add incremental validity over the low-fidelity (and less costly) selection methods. Concerning applicant reactions, results show that overall, the selection system is positively received. However, the method with the highest predictive validity -the SJT -received comparatively lower face validity ratings which may present a 'justice dilemma' for employers. Furthermore, various other stakeholders have a political interest in the selection methods used (e.g., government, the regulators and trade unions).

Clinical Medicine, 2009

This study examined whether two machinemarked tests (MMTs; a clinical problem-solving test and si... more This study examined whether two machinemarked tests (MMTs; a clinical problem-solving test and situational judgement test), previously validated for selection into UK general practice (GP) training, could provide a valid methodology for shortlisting into core medical training (CMT). A longitudinal design was used to examine the MMTs' psychometric properties in CMT samples, and correlations between MMT scores and CMT interview outcomes. Independent samples from two years were used: in 2008, a retrospective analysis was conducted (n‫,)117,1؍‬ while in 2009, CMT applicants completed the MMTs for evaluation purposes (n‫.)562,2؍‬ Both MMTs showed good reliability in CMT samples, similar to GP samples. Both MMTs were good predictors of CMT interview performance (r‫,65.0؍‬ pϽ Ͻ0.001 in 2008; r‫,16.0؍‬ pϽ Ͻ0.001 in 2009) and offered incremental validity over the current shortlisting process. The GP MMTs offer an appropriate measurement methodology for selection into CMT, representing a significant innovation for selection methodology.

Displaying compassion, benevolence and respect, and preserving the dignity of patients are import... more Displaying compassion, benevolence and respect, and preserving the dignity of patients are important for any healthcare professional to ensure the provision of high quality care and patient outcomes. This paper presents a structured search and thematic review of the research evidence relating to values-based recruitment within healthcare. Several different databases, journals and government reports were searched to retrieve studies relating to values-based recruitment published between 1998 and 2013, both in healthcare settings and other occupational contexts. There is limited published research related to values-based recruitment directly, so the available theoretical context of values is explored alongside an analysis of the impact of value congruence. The implications for the design of selection methods to measure values is explored beyond the scope of the initial literature search.