Fereshteh Motamedi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Fereshteh Motamedi

Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2014

ABSTRACT Aims: The evaluation of the neuronal excitability of dentate gyrus granule cells during ... more ABSTRACT Aims: The evaluation of the neuronal excitability of dentate gyrus granule cells during the development of epilepsy in pilocarpine model of TLE in rats. Place and Duration of Study: Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, between October 2012 and January 2013. Methodology: Status epilepticus (SE) was induced by pilocarpine injection (350mg/kg; i.p) to male rats. Twenty minutes before pilocarpine injection, N-methyl scopolamine (1mg/kg; s. c) was injected to reduce peripheral effects of pilocarpine and after 3h, diazepam (4mg/kg; i. p) was injected to stop seizures. Twenty four hour (acute phase) and 30 days (chronic phase) after inducing SE, the excitability of granule cells was evaluated using whole cell patch clamp recording. Results: Fifty seven percent of granule cells in the acute phase were hyperexcitable and another 43% of cells were less excitable. In chronic phase, the majority of cells (71%) were hyperexcitable, while 29% of the cells had a low excitability. In both phases of epilepsy, membrane input resistance (Rin) in hyperexcitable cells was similar to that of control group, while Rin was significantly lower in less excitable cells compared to control group. Conclusion: Results showed the presence of two groups of granule cells in pilocarpine- induced SE in rats: one group of cells with high excitability and another group of cells with less excitability. Although less excitability might, at least partly, protect granule cells from seizure-induced neurotoxicity, but hyperexcitability in majority of granule cells and the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures during chronic phase suggest the existence of insufficient compensatory mechanisms, possibly facilitating the propagation of seizure activity.

Synapse, 2016

Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer&amp... more Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are numerous data providing the evidence of synaptic deficit in the dentate gyrus (DG) of AD animal model. However, there is little known about how entorhinal cortex (EC) amyloidophaty affects each excitatory and/or inhibitory transmission in the early stage of AD. On the other hand, it is believed that calcium dyshomeostasis has a critical role in the etiology of AD. Here, the effect of the EC amyloid pathogenesis on excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic currents (EPSC and IPSC, respectively) in the DG granule cells and then the possible neuroprotective action of L-type calcium channel blockers (CCBs), nimodipine and isradipine, were examined. The amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 was injected bilaterally into the EC of male rats and one week later, synaptic currents in the DG granule cells were assessed by whole cell patch clamp. EPSCs were evoked by stimulating the perforant pathway. Voltage clamp recording showed profound decrease of evoked EPSC amplitude and paired pulse facilitation in the DG granule cells of Aβ treated rats. Furthermore, AMPA/NMDA ratio was significantly decreased in the Aβ treated animals. On the other hand, amplitude of IPSC currents was significantly increased in the DG granule cells of these animals. These modifications of synaptic currents were partially reversed by daily intracerebroventricular administration of isradipine or nimodipine. In conclusion, our results suggest that Aβ in the EC triggers decreased excitatory transmission in the DG with substantial decrement in AMPA currents, leading to a prominent activity of inhibitory circuits and increased inhibition of granule cells which may contribute to the development of AD-related neurological deficits in AD and treatment by CCBs could preserve normal synaptic transmission against Aβ toxicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

While the term neuroscience means different things to different people, by definition, it is the ... more While the term neuroscience means different things to different people, by definition, it is the scientific study of nerves and especially of how nerves affect learning and behavior . Recorded knowledge of the nervous system dates back to

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Oct 31, 2006

It has been shown that nifedipine, as a calcium channel blocker, can attenuate the development of... more It has been shown that nifedipine, as a calcium channel blocker, can attenuate the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine; however, the role of HPA axis on this action has not been elucidated. We examined the effect of nifedipine on morphine analgesic ...

Synapse, 2016

Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer&amp... more Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are numerous data providing the evidence of synaptic deficit in the dentate gyrus (DG) of AD animal model. However, there is little known about how entorhinal cortex (EC) amyloidophaty affects each excitatory and/or inhibitory transmission in the early stage of AD. On the other hand, it is believed that calcium dyshomeostasis has a critical role in the etiology of AD. Here, the effect of the EC amyloid pathogenesis on excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic currents (EPSC and IPSC, respectively) in the DG granule cells and then the possible neuroprotective action of L-type calcium channel blockers (CCBs), nimodipine and isradipine, were examined. The amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 was injected bilaterally into the EC of male rats and one week later, synaptic currents in the DG granule cells were assessed by whole cell patch clamp. EPSCs were evoked by stimulating the perforant pathway. Voltage clamp recording showed profound decrease of evoked EPSC amplitude and paired pulse facilitation in the DG granule cells of Aβ treated rats. Furthermore, AMPA/NMDA ratio was significantly decreased in the Aβ treated animals. On the other hand, amplitude of IPSC currents was significantly increased in the DG granule cells of these animals. These modifications of synaptic currents were partially reversed by daily intracerebroventricular administration of isradipine or nimodipine. In conclusion, our results suggest that Aβ in the EC triggers decreased excitatory transmission in the DG with substantial decrement in AMPA currents, leading to a prominent activity of inhibitory circuits and increased inhibition of granule cells which may contribute to the development of AD-related neurological deficits in AD and treatment by CCBs could preserve normal synaptic transmission against Aβ toxicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Brain Research, Aug 9, 2006

It is previously reported that the HPA axis plays role in the inhibitory effect of pain on tolera... more It is previously reported that the HPA axis plays role in the inhibitory effect of pain on tolerance development to analgesic effect of opioids. The present study was designed to investigate whether the chronic co-administration of dexamethasone as a glucocorticoid is also able to prevent or reverse analgesic tolerance to morphine and to compare the expression of G αi/o and G β subunits of G proteins in the context of chronic dexamethasone, development of morphine tolerance and their combination. Analgesic tolerance to morphine was induced by chronic intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration of morphine 20 mg/kg to male Wistar rats weighing 200-240 g within 4 consecutive days and analgesia was assessed using tail-flick test. Chronic dexamethasone was applied using 4 daily i.p.

Pajoohandeh Journal, Dec 15, 2014

Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, can induce analgesia. However, it is not clear tha... more Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, can induce analgesia. However, it is not clear that this analgesic effect is at the level of spinal or supraspinal pain pathway. In addition, it has been reported that the analgesic effect of nifedipine, another L-type calcium channel blocker is related to the HPA axis, but there is no report indicating the role of this axis in the analgesic effect of nimodipine.

Cellular and molecular neurobiology, Jan 21, 2015

Several pathways involved in regulation of intracellular protein integrity are known as the prote... more Several pathways involved in regulation of intracellular protein integrity are known as the protein quality control (PQC) system. Molecular chaperones as the main players are engaged in various aspects of PQC system. According to the importance of these proteins in cell survival, in the present study, we traced endoplasmic reticulum-specific markers and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)-associated factors as two main arms of PQC system in intra-hippocampal amyloid beta (Aβ)-injected rats during 10 days running. Data analysis from Western blot indicated that exposure to Aβ activates immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (Bip) which is the upstream regulator of unfolded protein responses (UPR). Activation of UPR system eventually led to induction of pro-apoptotic factors like CHOP, calpain, and caspase-12. Moreover, our data revealed that protein disulfide isomerase activity dramatically decreased after Aβ injection, which could be attributed to the increased levels of nitric ox...

Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2015

Neurodegenerative disorders are generally characterized by abnormal aggregation and deposition of... more Neurodegenerative disorders are generally characterized by abnormal aggregation and deposition of specific proteins. Amyloid beta (Aβ)-associated neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by an oxidative damage that, in turn, leads to some behavioral changes before the establishment of dementia such as depression and anxiety. In the current study, we investigated the effect of heat shock protein 90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) administration 24 h before Aβ injection. In our experiment, 7 days after Aβ injection, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test were conducted to assess anxiety and depression-like behaviors. Levels of autophagy markers and malondialdehyde (MDA) and also activity of catalase in the hippocampus of rats were evaluated. Our behavioral analyses demonstrated that GA pretreatment can significantly decrease anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in Aβ-injected rats. Also, levels of autophagy markers including Atg12, Atg7, and LC3-II increased, while MDA level decreased and the activity of catalase increased in rats pretreated with GA compared to Aβ-injected rats. Thus, we assumed that GA, at least in part, ameliorated Aβ-mediated anxiety and depression by inducing autophagy and improving antioxidant defense system.

Epilepsy Research, 2015

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Though there are effective medications a... more Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Though there are effective medications available to reduce the symptoms of the disease, their side effects have limited their usage. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to attenuate seizure in different animal models. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in this attenuation. Male wistar rats were used for the current experiment. PTZ was injected to induce chemical kindling in animals. After verification of kindling in animals, treatment was performed with PEA, AM251 and AM630 in different groups. Latency to induce seizure, seizure stages and latency and duration of fifth stage of seizure was recorded for each animal. Injection of PTZ led to seizure in the animals. Pretreatment with PEA increased the latency to initiate seizures and reduced the duration of seizure. Pretreatment with different dosages of AM251 had contrary effects so that at lower doses they increased the seizure in animals but at higher doses led to the attenuation of seizure. AM630 increased seizures in a dose dependent manner. Combination of the antagonists increased the seizure parameters and attenuated the effect of PEA on seizure. PEA attenuated the PTZ-induced seizures and pretreatment with CB1 and CB2 antagonists diminished this effect of PEA, but still PEA was effective, which might be attributed to the contribution of other receptors in PEA anti-epileptic properties. Findings of the current study implied that endocannabinoid signaling pathway might have an important role in the effects of PEA.

‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ، * * ‫ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫درﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕ... more ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ، * * ‫ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫درﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫اﻋﺼﺎب،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰي،‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎري‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ . ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ . ) 1 ( ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬ ‫درد‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﺎد‬ ) ‫دم‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ 1 ‫داغ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫و‬ 2 ) 4 -2 ( ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ) ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ 3 ) 7 -5 ( ، ‫اﺣﺸﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ) 9 ، 8 ( ‫ﻧﻮروﭘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ‫و‬ ) 11 ، 10 ( ( ‫اﺳﺖ‬ . ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ 1. Tail-Flick test 2. Hot-Plate test 3. Formalin test ‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ : ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ،‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ . ‫ﻣﻄ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬ ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫دﻫﻲ‬ . ‫ﻛﺎر‬ ‫روش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ : ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫از‬ 90 ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﻣﻮش‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﮋاد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﮕﻮي‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ . ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ‬ ) Firing rate ( ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎر‬ ‫در‬ : ‫ﻧﺨﻮرده‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ) 19 = n ) ‫ﻃﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮق،‬ ‫دوره‬ 10 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ ، 4 ‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬ ، 1387 ‫ص‬ ، 253 ‫ﺗﺎ‬ 263 ( ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫واژه‬ : ‫ﺗﻚ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ،‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ،‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ،‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﻣﻮش‬ ‫درد،‬ ‫واﺣﺪي،‬ ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ : 9 / 12 / 86 ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮش‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ : 2 / 9 / 87 ‫دوره‬ ‫ﺷﺮق،‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﺐ‬ 10 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ ، 4 ‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬ ، 87 254 ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ . ‫رﻓﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫درد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﻳﻨﺠﻜﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ،‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺎع،‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ،‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ر‬ 4 ) PAG ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭙﻮﺗﺎﻻﻣﻮس‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮده‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ . ) 13 ، 12 ، 5 ( ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫دﻳﮕ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دار‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‬ . ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ PAG ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ 5 ) CnF ( ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺮاﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ ) 14 ( ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ) 15 ( ، ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ . ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ PAG ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬ ‫واﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﻧﺴﻔﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫درد‬ . ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻮرون‬ ‫ﻋﻼوه،‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ CnF ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﺳﺠﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ 6 (NRM) ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺐ‬ . ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻪ‬ NRM ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮده‬ ‫اﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫درد‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ . ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫از‬ 7 (RVM) ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ PAG ‫و‬ CnF ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫در‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫ﺛﺮات‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻮق،‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ . ) 16 ( ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫آﺷﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ CnF ) 17 ، 15 ( ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ ، PAG ) 13 ( ‫و‬ NRM ) 18 ، 12 ( ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ ، 4 ‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬ ، 87 260 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ، ‫دم‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ) 17 ( ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ) 19 ( ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ،‬ CnF ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺎد‬ . ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮي‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫از‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﻫ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫داده‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫اوﭘﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دروﻧﺰا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ . ) 22 ، 21 ، 18 ، 15 ( ‫از‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ورودي‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ RVM ‫و‬ PAG ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ) 25 -23 ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫دم‬ ) 22،26،27 ( ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫داده‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ . ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ CnF ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ،‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ،‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ . ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺰ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮده‬ ‫روﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ،‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫وارد‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي‬ . ‫ﻣﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ،‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﻮدﺑﺨﻮدي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ CnF ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻳ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اوﭘﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دروﻧﺰاد‬ ‫ﺿﺪدرد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ورودﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ،‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داده‬ ‫رخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﺮدن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎر‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ورودي‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ . ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اوﭘﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪرژﻳﻚ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﻣﻮش‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫دردي‬ . ‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫رﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫اﻋﺼﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮي‬ ‫و‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ . ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎس‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ Background: The similarities between periaqueductal gray matter and the nucleus cuneiformis in both ultrastructural and functional levels suggest that this nucleus may play an important role in the morphine-induced analgesia. This study was designed to determine neuronal activity and responsiveness to peripheral morphine administration in the nucleus coneiformis of rat. Materials and Methods: In this study, neural activity of cuneiform neurons in response to peripheral administration of morphine was recorded by extracellular single unit recording technique. Firing rate of neurons was recorded in four groups: intact group (n=19) to determine the spontaneous (baseline) activity, saline group (n=20), morphine group (n=39) and morphine + naloxone group (n=12), before and after drug administration.

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2005

ABSTRACT

Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 2013

Cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia (CHI) is a neurological disease where impaired hippocampus electr... more Cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia (CHI) is a neurological disease where impaired hippocampus electrical activity and cognition caused by a serial pathophysiological events. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic oral administration of grape seed extract (GSE) on passive avoidance memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) in male adult rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: 1) Sham+Veh, 2) Isch+Veh, 3) Sham+GSE, 4) Isch+GSE. In order to make 2CCAO as an animal model of CHI, carotid arteries were ligatured and then cut bilaterally. To evaluation of passive avoidance memory, step-down latency (STL) was measured and LTP was recorded from hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after high frequency stimulation (HFS) in all rats. We found that memory was significantly impaired in rats after CHI (P<0.001) concomitant with hippocampal LTP inhibition (P<0.05, P<0.01 for LTP1 and LTP48 re...

Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 2014

3-Methyladenine (3-MA), as a PI3K inhibitor, is widely used for inhibition of autophagy. Inhibiti... more 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), as a PI3K inhibitor, is widely used for inhibition of autophagy. Inhibition of PI3K class I leads to inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, a central molecule involved in diverse arrays of intracellular cascades in nervous system. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed to determine the alterations of specific mitochondrial biogenesis markers and mitochondrial function in 3-MA-injected rats following amyloid beta (Aβ) insult. Our data revealed that inhibition of Akt phosphorylation downregulates master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). Our data also showed that decrease in PGC-1α level presumably is due to decrease in the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding and AMP-activated kinase, two upstream activators of PGC-1α. As a consequence, the level of some mitochondrial biogenesis factors including nuclear respiratory factor-1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, an...

Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2014

Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2014

ABSTRACT Aims: The evaluation of the neuronal excitability of dentate gyrus granule cells during ... more ABSTRACT Aims: The evaluation of the neuronal excitability of dentate gyrus granule cells during the development of epilepsy in pilocarpine model of TLE in rats. Place and Duration of Study: Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, between October 2012 and January 2013. Methodology: Status epilepticus (SE) was induced by pilocarpine injection (350mg/kg; i.p) to male rats. Twenty minutes before pilocarpine injection, N-methyl scopolamine (1mg/kg; s. c) was injected to reduce peripheral effects of pilocarpine and after 3h, diazepam (4mg/kg; i. p) was injected to stop seizures. Twenty four hour (acute phase) and 30 days (chronic phase) after inducing SE, the excitability of granule cells was evaluated using whole cell patch clamp recording. Results: Fifty seven percent of granule cells in the acute phase were hyperexcitable and another 43% of cells were less excitable. In chronic phase, the majority of cells (71%) were hyperexcitable, while 29% of the cells had a low excitability. In both phases of epilepsy, membrane input resistance (Rin) in hyperexcitable cells was similar to that of control group, while Rin was significantly lower in less excitable cells compared to control group. Conclusion: Results showed the presence of two groups of granule cells in pilocarpine- induced SE in rats: one group of cells with high excitability and another group of cells with less excitability. Although less excitability might, at least partly, protect granule cells from seizure-induced neurotoxicity, but hyperexcitability in majority of granule cells and the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures during chronic phase suggest the existence of insufficient compensatory mechanisms, possibly facilitating the propagation of seizure activity.

Synapse, 2016

Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer&amp... more Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s disease (AD). There are numerous data providing the evidence of synaptic deficit in the dentate gyrus (DG) of AD animal model. However, there is little known about how entorhinal cortex (EC) amyloidophaty affects each excitatory and/or inhibitory transmission in the early stage of AD. On the other hand, it is believed that calcium dyshomeostasis has a critical role in the etiology of AD. Here, the effect of the EC amyloid pathogenesis on excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic currents (EPSC and IPSC, respectively) in the DG granule cells and then the possible neuroprotective action of L-type calcium channel blockers (CCBs), nimodipine and isradipine, were examined. The amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 was injected bilaterally into the EC of male rats and one week later, synaptic currents in the DG granule cells were assessed by whole cell patch clamp. EPSCs were evoked by stimulating the perforant pathway. Voltage clamp recording showed profound decrease of evoked EPSC amplitude and paired pulse facilitation in the DG granule cells of Aβ treated rats. Furthermore, AMPA/NMDA ratio was significantly decreased in the Aβ treated animals. On the other hand, amplitude of IPSC currents was significantly increased in the DG granule cells of these animals. These modifications of synaptic currents were partially reversed by daily intracerebroventricular administration of isradipine or nimodipine. In conclusion, our results suggest that Aβ in the EC triggers decreased excitatory transmission in the DG with substantial decrement in AMPA currents, leading to a prominent activity of inhibitory circuits and increased inhibition of granule cells which may contribute to the development of AD-related neurological deficits in AD and treatment by CCBs could preserve normal synaptic transmission against Aβ toxicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

While the term neuroscience means different things to different people, by definition, it is the ... more While the term neuroscience means different things to different people, by definition, it is the scientific study of nerves and especially of how nerves affect learning and behavior . Recorded knowledge of the nervous system dates back to

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Oct 31, 2006

It has been shown that nifedipine, as a calcium channel blocker, can attenuate the development of... more It has been shown that nifedipine, as a calcium channel blocker, can attenuate the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine; however, the role of HPA axis on this action has not been elucidated. We examined the effect of nifedipine on morphine analgesic ...

Synapse, 2016

Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer&amp... more Entorhinal-hippocampal network is one of the earliest circuits which is affected by Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). There are numerous data providing the evidence of synaptic deficit in the dentate gyrus (DG) of AD animal model. However, there is little known about how entorhinal cortex (EC) amyloidophaty affects each excitatory and/or inhibitory transmission in the early stage of AD. On the other hand, it is believed that calcium dyshomeostasis has a critical role in the etiology of AD. Here, the effect of the EC amyloid pathogenesis on excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic currents (EPSC and IPSC, respectively) in the DG granule cells and then the possible neuroprotective action of L-type calcium channel blockers (CCBs), nimodipine and isradipine, were examined. The amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 was injected bilaterally into the EC of male rats and one week later, synaptic currents in the DG granule cells were assessed by whole cell patch clamp. EPSCs were evoked by stimulating the perforant pathway. Voltage clamp recording showed profound decrease of evoked EPSC amplitude and paired pulse facilitation in the DG granule cells of Aβ treated rats. Furthermore, AMPA/NMDA ratio was significantly decreased in the Aβ treated animals. On the other hand, amplitude of IPSC currents was significantly increased in the DG granule cells of these animals. These modifications of synaptic currents were partially reversed by daily intracerebroventricular administration of isradipine or nimodipine. In conclusion, our results suggest that Aβ in the EC triggers decreased excitatory transmission in the DG with substantial decrement in AMPA currents, leading to a prominent activity of inhibitory circuits and increased inhibition of granule cells which may contribute to the development of AD-related neurological deficits in AD and treatment by CCBs could preserve normal synaptic transmission against Aβ toxicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Brain Research, Aug 9, 2006

It is previously reported that the HPA axis plays role in the inhibitory effect of pain on tolera... more It is previously reported that the HPA axis plays role in the inhibitory effect of pain on tolerance development to analgesic effect of opioids. The present study was designed to investigate whether the chronic co-administration of dexamethasone as a glucocorticoid is also able to prevent or reverse analgesic tolerance to morphine and to compare the expression of G αi/o and G β subunits of G proteins in the context of chronic dexamethasone, development of morphine tolerance and their combination. Analgesic tolerance to morphine was induced by chronic intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration of morphine 20 mg/kg to male Wistar rats weighing 200-240 g within 4 consecutive days and analgesia was assessed using tail-flick test. Chronic dexamethasone was applied using 4 daily i.p.

Pajoohandeh Journal, Dec 15, 2014

Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, can induce analgesia. However, it is not clear tha... more Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, can induce analgesia. However, it is not clear that this analgesic effect is at the level of spinal or supraspinal pain pathway. In addition, it has been reported that the analgesic effect of nifedipine, another L-type calcium channel blocker is related to the HPA axis, but there is no report indicating the role of this axis in the analgesic effect of nimodipine.

Cellular and molecular neurobiology, Jan 21, 2015

Several pathways involved in regulation of intracellular protein integrity are known as the prote... more Several pathways involved in regulation of intracellular protein integrity are known as the protein quality control (PQC) system. Molecular chaperones as the main players are engaged in various aspects of PQC system. According to the importance of these proteins in cell survival, in the present study, we traced endoplasmic reticulum-specific markers and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)-associated factors as two main arms of PQC system in intra-hippocampal amyloid beta (Aβ)-injected rats during 10 days running. Data analysis from Western blot indicated that exposure to Aβ activates immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (Bip) which is the upstream regulator of unfolded protein responses (UPR). Activation of UPR system eventually led to induction of pro-apoptotic factors like CHOP, calpain, and caspase-12. Moreover, our data revealed that protein disulfide isomerase activity dramatically decreased after Aβ injection, which could be attributed to the increased levels of nitric ox...

Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2015

Neurodegenerative disorders are generally characterized by abnormal aggregation and deposition of... more Neurodegenerative disorders are generally characterized by abnormal aggregation and deposition of specific proteins. Amyloid beta (Aβ)-associated neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by an oxidative damage that, in turn, leads to some behavioral changes before the establishment of dementia such as depression and anxiety. In the current study, we investigated the effect of heat shock protein 90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) administration 24 h before Aβ injection. In our experiment, 7 days after Aβ injection, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test were conducted to assess anxiety and depression-like behaviors. Levels of autophagy markers and malondialdehyde (MDA) and also activity of catalase in the hippocampus of rats were evaluated. Our behavioral analyses demonstrated that GA pretreatment can significantly decrease anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in Aβ-injected rats. Also, levels of autophagy markers including Atg12, Atg7, and LC3-II increased, while MDA level decreased and the activity of catalase increased in rats pretreated with GA compared to Aβ-injected rats. Thus, we assumed that GA, at least in part, ameliorated Aβ-mediated anxiety and depression by inducing autophagy and improving antioxidant defense system.

Epilepsy Research, 2015

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Though there are effective medications a... more Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Though there are effective medications available to reduce the symptoms of the disease, their side effects have limited their usage. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to attenuate seizure in different animal models. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in this attenuation. Male wistar rats were used for the current experiment. PTZ was injected to induce chemical kindling in animals. After verification of kindling in animals, treatment was performed with PEA, AM251 and AM630 in different groups. Latency to induce seizure, seizure stages and latency and duration of fifth stage of seizure was recorded for each animal. Injection of PTZ led to seizure in the animals. Pretreatment with PEA increased the latency to initiate seizures and reduced the duration of seizure. Pretreatment with different dosages of AM251 had contrary effects so that at lower doses they increased the seizure in animals but at higher doses led to the attenuation of seizure. AM630 increased seizures in a dose dependent manner. Combination of the antagonists increased the seizure parameters and attenuated the effect of PEA on seizure. PEA attenuated the PTZ-induced seizures and pretreatment with CB1 and CB2 antagonists diminished this effect of PEA, but still PEA was effective, which might be attributed to the contribution of other receptors in PEA anti-epileptic properties. Findings of the current study implied that endocannabinoid signaling pathway might have an important role in the effects of PEA.

‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ، * * ‫ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫درﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕ... more ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ، * * ‫ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫درﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫اﻋﺼﺎب،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰي،‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎري‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ . ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ . ) 1 ( ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬ ‫درد‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﺎد‬ ) ‫دم‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ 1 ‫داغ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫و‬ 2 ) 4 -2 ( ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ) ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ 3 ) 7 -5 ( ، ‫اﺣﺸﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ) 9 ، 8 ( ‫ﻧﻮروﭘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ‫و‬ ) 11 ، 10 ( ( ‫اﺳﺖ‬ . ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ 1. Tail-Flick test 2. Hot-Plate test 3. Formalin test ‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ : ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ،‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ . ‫ﻣﻄ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬ ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫دﻫﻲ‬ . ‫ﻛﺎر‬ ‫روش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ : ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫از‬ 90 ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﻣﻮش‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﮋاد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﮕﻮي‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ . ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ‬ ) Firing rate ( ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎر‬ ‫در‬ : ‫ﻧﺨﻮرده‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ) 19 = n ) ‫ﻃﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮق،‬ ‫دوره‬ 10 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ ، 4 ‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬ ، 1387 ‫ص‬ ، 253 ‫ﺗﺎ‬ 263 ( ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫واژه‬ : ‫ﺗﻚ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻲ،‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ،‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ،‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﻣﻮش‬ ‫درد،‬ ‫واﺣﺪي،‬ ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ : 9 / 12 / 86 ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮش‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ : 2 / 9 / 87 ‫دوره‬ ‫ﺷﺮق،‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﺐ‬ 10 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ ، 4 ‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬ ، 87 254 ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ . ‫رﻓﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫درد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﻳﻨﺠﻜﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ،‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺎع،‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ،‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ر‬ 4 ) PAG ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭙﻮﺗﺎﻻﻣﻮس‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮده‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ . ) 13 ، 12 ، 5 ( ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫دﻳﮕ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دار‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‬ . ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ PAG ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ 5 ) CnF ( ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺮاﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ ) 14 ( ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ) 15 ( ، ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ . ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ PAG ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬ ‫واﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﻧﺴﻔﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫درد‬ . ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻮرون‬ ‫ﻋﻼوه،‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ CnF ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﺳﺠﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ 6 (NRM) ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺐ‬ . ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻪ‬ NRM ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮده‬ ‫اﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫درد‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ . ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫از‬ 7 (RVM) ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ PAG ‫و‬ CnF ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫در‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫ﺛﺮات‬ ‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻮق،‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ . ) 16 ( ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫آﺷﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ CnF ) 17 ، 15 ( ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ ، PAG ) 13 ( ‫و‬ NRM ) 18 ، 12 ( ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ ، 4 ‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬ ، 87 260 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ، ‫دم‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ) 17 ( ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ) 19 ( ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ،‬ CnF ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دردﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﺧﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺎد‬ . ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮي‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫از‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﻫ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫داده‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫اوﭘﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دروﻧﺰا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ . ) 22 ، 21 ، 18 ، 15 ( ‫از‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ورودي‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ RVM ‫و‬ PAG ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ) 25 -23 ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫دم‬ ) 22،26،27 ( ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫داده‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ . ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ CnF ‫ﺿﺪدردي‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ،‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ،‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ . ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺰ‬ ‫دردي‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮده‬ ‫روﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ،‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫وارد‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي‬ . ‫ﻣﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ،‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮروﻧﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﻮدﺑﺨﻮدي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ CnF ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻳ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اوﭘﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﺷﺪن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دروﻧﺰاد‬ ‫ﺿﺪدرد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ورودﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ،‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داده‬ ‫رخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﺮدن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎر‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ورودي‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ . ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اوﭘﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪرژﻳﻚ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﻣﻮش‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫دردي‬ . ‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫رﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫اﻋﺼﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮي‬ ‫و‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ . ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎس‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ Background: The similarities between periaqueductal gray matter and the nucleus cuneiformis in both ultrastructural and functional levels suggest that this nucleus may play an important role in the morphine-induced analgesia. This study was designed to determine neuronal activity and responsiveness to peripheral morphine administration in the nucleus coneiformis of rat. Materials and Methods: In this study, neural activity of cuneiform neurons in response to peripheral administration of morphine was recorded by extracellular single unit recording technique. Firing rate of neurons was recorded in four groups: intact group (n=19) to determine the spontaneous (baseline) activity, saline group (n=20), morphine group (n=39) and morphine + naloxone group (n=12), before and after drug administration.

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2005

ABSTRACT

Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 2013

Cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia (CHI) is a neurological disease where impaired hippocampus electr... more Cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia (CHI) is a neurological disease where impaired hippocampus electrical activity and cognition caused by a serial pathophysiological events. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic oral administration of grape seed extract (GSE) on passive avoidance memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) in male adult rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: 1) Sham+Veh, 2) Isch+Veh, 3) Sham+GSE, 4) Isch+GSE. In order to make 2CCAO as an animal model of CHI, carotid arteries were ligatured and then cut bilaterally. To evaluation of passive avoidance memory, step-down latency (STL) was measured and LTP was recorded from hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after high frequency stimulation (HFS) in all rats. We found that memory was significantly impaired in rats after CHI (P<0.001) concomitant with hippocampal LTP inhibition (P<0.05, P<0.01 for LTP1 and LTP48 re...

Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 2014

3-Methyladenine (3-MA), as a PI3K inhibitor, is widely used for inhibition of autophagy. Inhibiti... more 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), as a PI3K inhibitor, is widely used for inhibition of autophagy. Inhibition of PI3K class I leads to inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, a central molecule involved in diverse arrays of intracellular cascades in nervous system. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed to determine the alterations of specific mitochondrial biogenesis markers and mitochondrial function in 3-MA-injected rats following amyloid beta (Aβ) insult. Our data revealed that inhibition of Akt phosphorylation downregulates master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). Our data also showed that decrease in PGC-1α level presumably is due to decrease in the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding and AMP-activated kinase, two upstream activators of PGC-1α. As a consequence, the level of some mitochondrial biogenesis factors including nuclear respiratory factor-1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, an...

Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2014