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Papers by Fjollë Novakazi

Adjunct Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications

14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 17, 2022

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications

Technical Report IMS / Department of Industrial and Material Science ;, 2020

The automotive industry is rapidly developing driving automation systems (DAS) with the aim of su... more The automotive industry is rapidly developing driving automation systems (DAS) with the aim of supporting drivers through automation of longitudinal and lateral vehicle control. As vehicle complexity increases, drivers' understanding of their responsibility and their vehicles' capabilities and limitations becomes significantly more important. In order to motivate manufacturers to adopt a human-centric perspective for the development of driving automation systems, the factors influencing the driver's perception during usage of such systems have to be understood. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of factors influencing user perception and understanding of driving automation systems in order to guide future design decisions from a human-centric perspective. The research for this thesis is organised into three empirical studies, embedding a mixedmethods research design. Study 1 aimed at investigating usage of DAS during different driving situations by facilitating an online survey. Studies 2 and 3 aimed to explore how drivers motivate their usage of driving automation systems, and which factors affect their understanding. Study 2 adopted an Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods approach, consisting of a Naturalistic Driving Study and in-depth interviews to elicit knowledge about how users understand the DAS, and which factors influence usage. In Study 3 observations and interviews during an on-road driving session with a Wizard-of-Oz vehicle were conducted to gain insights into how users build an understanding of a vehicle with multiple levels of automation. The results show that the users of such systems, independent of the level of automation, talked about the systems by referring to different elements: the Context, the Vehicle, and the Driver. In addition, eleven recurring aspects describing the drivers' understanding of an automated system were discerned. Furthermore, six factors were identified that influence how drivers perceive driving automation during usage. The six factors are Preconceptions, Perceived Usefulness, Previous Experiences, Trust, System Performance, and Driving Behaviour of the Vehicle. Collectively, the identified aspects and factors constitute the building blocks of a process describing how drivers perceive driving automation systems and how this shapes their consequent understanding. The process is presented as a descriptive unified model. The main contribution of this thesis is twofold: unification of aspects found to shape a driver's understanding of a driving automation system, and the presentation of a unified descriptive model of the process showing how this understanding is shaped through what the driver perceives at the moment of use.

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2022

Objective The objective of this semi-controlled study was to investigate drivers’ performance whe... more Objective The objective of this semi-controlled study was to investigate drivers’ performance when resuming control from an Automated Driving System (ADS), simulated through the Wizard of Oz method, in real traffic. Background Research on take-overs has primarily focused on urgent scenarios. This article aims to shift the focus to non-critical take-overs from a system operating in congested traffic situations. Method Twenty drivers drove a selected route in rush-hour traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, USA. During the drive, the ADS became available when predetermined availability conditions were fulfilled. When the system was active, the drivers were free to engage in non-driving related activities. Results The results show that drivers’ transition time goes down with exposure, making it reasonable to assume that some experience is required to regain control with comfort and ease. The novel analysis of after-effects of automated driving on manual driving performance implies ...

Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics, 2019

This paper outlines thesis work aiming to describe and understand the phenomenon of ‘mode confusi... more This paper outlines thesis work aiming to describe and understand the phenomenon of ‘mode confusion’ in the interaction between driver and semi-autonomous vehicles. The final thesis goal is to develop a set of design principles, which can guide the development of in-vehicle information systems to enhance the user experience of semi-automated driving. The scientific approach chosen to address the described knowledge gaps, consists of two phases; an exploratory research phase aiming to understand the research field, which is followed by a design research approach aiming to develop design guidelines. This paper describes the first phase of the project, which aims to build a theoretical framework and finally define a hypothesis concerning the phenomenon of ‘mode confusion’. A first draft of the developed hypothesis is presented.

it - Information Technology, 2021

Fully automated drive still lies far ahead in the future. Therefore, vehicles with multiple modes... more Fully automated drive still lies far ahead in the future. Therefore, vehicles with multiple modes of operation will not disappear fully as many road types, traffic and weather conditions will not allow fully automated drive. Instead, fragmented trips with regard to automation will prevail, where drivers will have different levels of automation available at different times. Given this scenario and the complexity of vehicles offering multiple levels of automation with different driving modes depending on prevailing conditions, the need for drivers to understand their responsibility during the different modes becomes critical. The aim of this paper is to contribute to further understanding of how perceived control influences the driver’s mode awareness of and responsibility for the driving task by reporting on an on-road Wizard-of-Oz study under real driving conditions. The results show that when confronted with a vehicle offering both a level 2 and a level 4 driving automation system,...

Automated driving technologies are rapidly being developed. However, until vehicles are fully aut... more Automated driving technologies are rapidly being developed. However, until vehicles are fully automated, the control of the dynamic driving task will be shifted between the driver and automated driving system. This paper aims to explore how transitions from automated driving to manual driving affect user experience and how that experience correlates to take-over performance. In the study 20 participants experienced using an automated driving system during rush-hour traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, USA. The automated driving system was available in congested traffic situations and when active, the participants could engage in non-driving related activities. The participants were interviewed afterwards regarding their experience of the transitions. The findings show that most of the participants experienced the transition from automated driving to manual driving as negative. Their user experience seems to be shaped by several reasons that differ in temporality and are derive...

Extant levels of automation (LoAs) taxonomies describe variations in function allocations between... more Extant levels of automation (LoAs) taxonomies describe variations in function allocations between the driver and the driving automation system (DAS) from a technical perspective. However, these taxonomies miss important human factors issues and when design decisions are based on them, the resulting interaction design leaves users confused. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe how users perceive different DASs by eliciting insights from an empirical driving study facilitating a Wizard-of-Oz approach, where 20 participants were interviewed after experiencing systems on two different LoAs under real driving conditions. The findings show that participants talked about the DAS by describing different relationships and dependencies between three different elements: the context (traffic conditions, road types), the vehicle (abilities, limitations, vehicle operations), and the driver (control, attentional demand, interaction with displays and controls, operation of vehicle), each...

Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design

Automotive systems are changing rapidly from purely mechanical to smart, programmable assistants.... more Automotive systems are changing rapidly from purely mechanical to smart, programmable assistants. These systems react and respond to the driving environment and communicate with other subsystems for better driver support and safety. However, instead of supporting, the complexity of such systems can result in a stressful experience for the driver, adding to the workload. Hence, a poorly designed system, from a usability and user experience perspective, can lead to reduced usage or even ignorance of the provided functionalities, especially concerning Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems.In this paper, the authors propose a combined design approach for user behavior evaluation of such systems. At the core of the design is a mixed methods approach, where objective data, which is automatically collected in vehicles, is augmented with subjective data, which is gathered through in- depth interviews with end-users. The aim of the proposed methodology design is to improve current practices on ...

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives