Ricardo Fort - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ricardo Fort

Land reform and human capital development: Evidence from Peru

Journal of Development Economics

The Impact of Social Ties and Third-Party Enforcement on Collective Action and Growth: Micro Evidence from Peru

Agriculture and Human Values

Certification of banana plantations is widely used as a device for protecting and improving socio... more Certification of banana plantations is widely used as a device for protecting and improving socioeconomic conditions of wageworkers, including their incomes, working conditions and-increasingly-voice [related to labour relations and workplace representation]. However, to date, evidence about the effectiveness of certification in these domains is scarce. We collected detailed field data on (1) economic benefits for improving household income, (2) social benefits for labour practices, and (3) the voice of wageworkers focusing on identity and identification issues amongst wageworkers at Fairtrade certified banana plantations and comparable, non-certified plantations in the Dominican Republic. We used different types of regression models to identify significant relationships. Econometrical analysis of survey results complemented by field observations and outcomes from in-depth stakeholder interviews indicate that the impact of Fairtrade certification on wageworkers' economic benefits is rather limited. However, the impact on the voice of wageworkers (job satisfaction, sense of ownership, trust), is more evident. On Fairtrade certified plantations workers are more satisfied with the course of life and better represented. Thus while the additional value of Fairtrade certification on primary wages seems limited, Fairtrade has relevant positive effects on the labour force, particularly by delivering in-kind benefits, offering a sense of job-security, improving voice and enabling private savings. Benefits of (Fairtrade) certification, but also other interventions with a similar purpose, might therefore not be discerned in terms of economic benefits such as wages or basic labour conditions that are under direct control of (inter)national law, but they should be identified in terms of social benefits and improved norms of conduct for wageworker engagement.

Rule Enforcement, Collective Action, and Growth: Micro Evidence and Mechanisms from Peru

The Impact of Certification on Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Kenya: The case of ‘UTZ’ certification program

Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the peopl... more Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the people and environment in coffee producing countries has resulted to implementation of certification programs in the coffee sector as an assurance of good practices in production and marketing of coffee. The UTZ certificate was the first to be introduced in the Kenyan coffee industry and this study provides the first quantitative assessment of its impact on smallholder farmers. The propensity score matching technique was used because it solves the ‘selection bias’ problem in assessment of the impact of development programs. The impact of the certification program differed between the two regions where it is being implemented probably due to the differences in bio-economic characteristics. Overall, the impact of the program ranges from higher coffee prices and coffee incomes, increased access to greater amounts of credit for agricultural purposes, increased incomes from other crop enterprises or off-farm activities, greater savings by households and increased investments on land. UTZ certification also resulted to better service provision by the cooperative societies. The perception by certified households that their economic situation has not changed may be attributed to the short period that the certification program has been in existence and also to the reference period (2008) which was a difficult year in Kenya due to the post election and economic crises.

Efectos de la Titulación y Registro de Tierras sobre el grado de Capitalización en la Agricultura Peruana

The impact of Utz certification on smallholder farmers in Uganda

Certification of coffee producers is frequently suggested as a promising strategy for improving t... more Certification of coffee producers is frequently suggested as a promising strategy for improving the position of smallholder farmers in the market. After the launch of the first Fairtrade label in 1988, several other standards have been promoted either by voluntary agencies (Utz-certified) or by private coffee companies. Each coffee label relies on different strategies for enhancing sustainable production and responsible trade. Coffee certification in East Africa is of a rather recent nature but has been rapidly expanding, representing currently 26 percent of the world's sustainable certified coffee supply. Marketing channels, cooperative organisation and household structures show notable differences between Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia. Empirical studies on the effects of standards for smallholders are scarce. This book intends to deepen our understanding on the role and functions of coffee certification regimes, based on three innovative approaches: (1) longitudinal field survey ...

World Development, 2012

Smallholder farmers producing for Fair Trade market outlets are usually considered to benefit fro... more Smallholder farmers producing for Fair Trade market outlets are usually considered to benefit from better prices and stable market outlets. However, many empirical studies verifying this impact suffer from strong selection bias. This study uses a balanced sample of Fair Trade farmers and likewise nonFair Trade producers of organic and conventional coffee from Peru to compare the net effects on production, income and expenditures, wealth and investments, and attitudes and perceptions. After careful matching, we find only modest direct income and production effects, but significant changes in organization, input use, wealth and assets, and risk attitudes. Moreover, important differences between farmers with early and more recent FT affiliation are registered.

Spillovers and Externality Effects of Titling on Investments

Spillover and externality effects of titling on investments: evidence from Peru

Abstract: Although rural land titling and registration programs,have been widely proposed as a fu... more Abstract: Although rural land titling and registration programs,have been widely proposed as a fundamental policy instrument for many Latin American countries, empirical evidence supporting its role as an ,important ,development ,tool for improving ,the livelihoods of poor farmers is so ,far largely inconclusive. This paper draws ,on the ,experience ,of evaluating ,the national Titling and Registration Program in Peru (PETT),

Efectos de la Titulación y Registro de Tierras sobre el grado de Capitalización en la Agricultura Peruana

Property rights after market liberalization reforms Table of contents List of tables List of figu... more Property rights after market liberalization reforms Table of contents List of tables List of figures Acknowledgements Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives and research questions 1.3 Analytical framework 1.4 Relevance of the study 1.5 Outline of the thesis 2. Land inequality and economic growth: a dynamic panel data approach Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Inequality and growth 2.3 Econometric estimation and data specification 2.4 Results 2.5 Discussion Appendix 2.1. Data base 3. The homogenization effect of land titling on investment incentives: evidence from Peru Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Land tenure reform in Peru 3.3 The classification of sampled parcels by tenure status 3.4 Analytical framework 3.5 Econometric model and estimation strategy 3.6 Results 3.7 Concluding remarks Appendix 3.1. Interaction effects of probit model Appendix 3.2. Linear probability model 4. Credit constraints in the Peruvian rural sector: can titling provide a solution? Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Supply of formal credit in Peru 4.3 Credit constraints from farmer's perspective 4.4 Estimation results Property rights after market liberalization reforms 4.5 Concluding remarks Appendix 4.1. Multinomial logit coefficients estimates 5. The externality effect of titling on investments: evidence from Peru Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Characteristics of the sample 5.3 Analytical framework 5.4 Empirical results 5.5 Concluding remarks Appendix 5.1. District characteristics at 1993 Appendix 5.2. Perception of Rights by groups Appendix 5.3. Tobit regression for the value of investments made since 2000 Appendix 5.4. Linear probability model Appendix 5.5. Interaction effects of probit model Appendix 5.6. Interaction effect for infrastructure, by predicted probability Our four research questions will be addressed within the analytical framework shown in Figure 1.1, which provides an overall picture of the relationships explored in this study, and allows Property rights after market liberalization reforms 2 2. Land inequality and economic growth: a dynamic panel data approach 5

The impact of Fair Trade certification on coffee producers in Peru

Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008

Do Cash Transfers Crowd Out Community Investment in Public Goods? Lessons from a Field Experiment on Health Education

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2012

ABSTRACT This article discusses voluntary contributions to health education in Peru, using a new ... more ABSTRACT This article discusses voluntary contributions to health education in Peru, using a new experimental setup to identify voluntary contributions to local public goods. The experiment enables individuals to contribute to a health education meeting facilitated by an NGO, which they know will only be organized if the cumulative investment level exceeds a certain threshold value. In contrast to expectations of aid distributors, individuals contributed a substantial amount of money, despite the supposed long-term nature of the benefits. The result suggests that donor paternalism, undermining the agency of beneficiaries to exercise control over funds, is not always necessary to guarantee investment in local public goods. We explore multiple interpretations, suggesting that "unaccounted for" short-term benefits from participation as well as liquidity and paternalistic altruism add to explaining the relatively high investment. More in general, the article shows the potential for using experimental research methods in the area of nonprofit management.

The homogenization effect of land titling on investment incentives: evidence from Peru

NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 2008

Land titling programmes have been widely promoted as a necessary condition for enhancing farmer¿s... more Land titling programmes have been widely promoted as a necessary condition for enhancing farmer¿s incentives to invest in their land. The justification for public intervention of this type is increasingly questioned on the grounds of its limitation to replace or improve the effect of informal or customary rights already in place. If the main aim of the programme is to formalize previous land rights and its procedure is based on the recognition of informal documents and reliance on community rules, it could in fact contribute to increased farmer¿s tenure security and therefore boost land investments. We explored this relationship for a sample of Peruvian farmers who were part of a state-led land titling programme that shared the aforementioned characteristics. Using retrospective information on the type of informal documents that parcels had before the start of the programme we were able to categorize the parcels at two levels of initial tenure security. The effect of titling on investments was then analysed for these two groups, using a difference-in-differences estimation technique. The results show that there is a positive effect of titling on the probability of making investments as well as on the value of investments for both groups of parcels, but also prove that the impact of titling is greater for parcels with previously low levels of tenure security. This effect could be almost entirely attributed to changes in farmer¿s willingness to invest and not to better access to credit.

The Impact of Certification on Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Kenya: The case of ‘UTZ’ certification program

Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the peopl... more Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the people and environment in coffee producing countries has resulted to implementation of certification programs in the coffee sector as an assurance of good practices in production and marketing of coffee. The UTZ certificate was the first to be introduced in the Kenyan coffee industry and this study provides the first quantitative assessment of its impact on smallholder farmers. The propensity score matching technique was used because it solves the ‘selection bias’ problem in assessment of the impact of development programs. The impact of the certification program differed between the two regions where it is being implemented probably due to the differences in bio-economic characteristics. Overall, the impact of the program ranges from higher coffee prices and coffee incomes, increased access to greater amounts of credit for agricultural purposes, increased incomes from other crop enterprises ...

The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is committed to building a sustainable and e... more The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is committed to building a sustainable and equitable world. IDRC funds developing-world researchers, thus enabling the people of the South to find their own solutions to their own problems. IDRC also maintains information networks and forges linkages that allow Canadians and their developingworld partners to benefit equally from a global sharing of knowledge. Through its actions, IDRC is helping others to help themselves. IDRC Books publishes research results and scholarly studies on global and regional issues related to sustainable and equitable development. As a specialist in development literature. IDRC Books contributes to the body of knowledge on these issues to further the cause of global understanding and equity. IDRC publications are sold through its head office in Ottawa. Canada, as well as by IDRC's agents and distributors around the world. The full catalogue is availahle at http://www.idrc.ca/booktique/. Founded in 1944. the World Bank Group is the world's largest source of development assistance. The Bank. which provided US$15.3 billion in loans to its client countries last year. is now working in more than 100 developing economies, bringing a mix of finance and ideas to improve living standards and eliminate the worst forms of poverty. For each of its clients, the Bank works with government agencies. nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to formulate assistance strategies. Its 67 country offices deliver the Bank's program in countries, liaise with government and civil society, and work to increase understanding of development issues. The World Bank is owned by more than I 80 member countries whose views and interests are represented by a Board of Governors and a Washington-based Board of Directors. Member countries are shareholders who carry ultimate decision-making power in the World Bank. The Bank uses its financial resources, its highly trained staff, and its extensive knowledge base to individually help each developing country onto a path of stable. sustainable, and equitable growth. The World Bank's Office of the Publisher works to advance the Bank's knowledge management objectives and communication goals by initiating, developing, producing, promoting. and disseminating World Bank publications to disseminate knowledge, research results, and data gathered by the Bank or on behalf of the Bank; generate supportin industrial countriesfor the Bank's work on development issues: and enhance understanding in developing countries about the Bank's work program, mission, and operations.

We thank CORDAID (Caritas Netherlands) and its local partner in Peru for providing input. Besides... more We thank CORDAID (Caritas Netherlands) and its local partner in Peru for providing input. Besides, we thank MATTOJ for the organization of the health education meeting. We are also indebted to Martin Paredes, Juan-Pablo Gayoso and the surveyor team of the Grupo de Análisis Para el Desarrollo for their assistance in the field.

Land reform and human capital development: Evidence from Peru

Journal of Development Economics

The Impact of Social Ties and Third-Party Enforcement on Collective Action and Growth: Micro Evidence from Peru

Agriculture and Human Values

Certification of banana plantations is widely used as a device for protecting and improving socio... more Certification of banana plantations is widely used as a device for protecting and improving socioeconomic conditions of wageworkers, including their incomes, working conditions and-increasingly-voice [related to labour relations and workplace representation]. However, to date, evidence about the effectiveness of certification in these domains is scarce. We collected detailed field data on (1) economic benefits for improving household income, (2) social benefits for labour practices, and (3) the voice of wageworkers focusing on identity and identification issues amongst wageworkers at Fairtrade certified banana plantations and comparable, non-certified plantations in the Dominican Republic. We used different types of regression models to identify significant relationships. Econometrical analysis of survey results complemented by field observations and outcomes from in-depth stakeholder interviews indicate that the impact of Fairtrade certification on wageworkers' economic benefits is rather limited. However, the impact on the voice of wageworkers (job satisfaction, sense of ownership, trust), is more evident. On Fairtrade certified plantations workers are more satisfied with the course of life and better represented. Thus while the additional value of Fairtrade certification on primary wages seems limited, Fairtrade has relevant positive effects on the labour force, particularly by delivering in-kind benefits, offering a sense of job-security, improving voice and enabling private savings. Benefits of (Fairtrade) certification, but also other interventions with a similar purpose, might therefore not be discerned in terms of economic benefits such as wages or basic labour conditions that are under direct control of (inter)national law, but they should be identified in terms of social benefits and improved norms of conduct for wageworker engagement.

Rule Enforcement, Collective Action, and Growth: Micro Evidence and Mechanisms from Peru

The Impact of Certification on Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Kenya: The case of ‘UTZ’ certification program

Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the peopl... more Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the people and environment in coffee producing countries has resulted to implementation of certification programs in the coffee sector as an assurance of good practices in production and marketing of coffee. The UTZ certificate was the first to be introduced in the Kenyan coffee industry and this study provides the first quantitative assessment of its impact on smallholder farmers. The propensity score matching technique was used because it solves the ‘selection bias’ problem in assessment of the impact of development programs. The impact of the certification program differed between the two regions where it is being implemented probably due to the differences in bio-economic characteristics. Overall, the impact of the program ranges from higher coffee prices and coffee incomes, increased access to greater amounts of credit for agricultural purposes, increased incomes from other crop enterprises or off-farm activities, greater savings by households and increased investments on land. UTZ certification also resulted to better service provision by the cooperative societies. The perception by certified households that their economic situation has not changed may be attributed to the short period that the certification program has been in existence and also to the reference period (2008) which was a difficult year in Kenya due to the post election and economic crises.

Efectos de la Titulación y Registro de Tierras sobre el grado de Capitalización en la Agricultura Peruana

The impact of Utz certification on smallholder farmers in Uganda

Certification of coffee producers is frequently suggested as a promising strategy for improving t... more Certification of coffee producers is frequently suggested as a promising strategy for improving the position of smallholder farmers in the market. After the launch of the first Fairtrade label in 1988, several other standards have been promoted either by voluntary agencies (Utz-certified) or by private coffee companies. Each coffee label relies on different strategies for enhancing sustainable production and responsible trade. Coffee certification in East Africa is of a rather recent nature but has been rapidly expanding, representing currently 26 percent of the world's sustainable certified coffee supply. Marketing channels, cooperative organisation and household structures show notable differences between Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia. Empirical studies on the effects of standards for smallholders are scarce. This book intends to deepen our understanding on the role and functions of coffee certification regimes, based on three innovative approaches: (1) longitudinal field survey ...

World Development, 2012

Smallholder farmers producing for Fair Trade market outlets are usually considered to benefit fro... more Smallholder farmers producing for Fair Trade market outlets are usually considered to benefit from better prices and stable market outlets. However, many empirical studies verifying this impact suffer from strong selection bias. This study uses a balanced sample of Fair Trade farmers and likewise nonFair Trade producers of organic and conventional coffee from Peru to compare the net effects on production, income and expenditures, wealth and investments, and attitudes and perceptions. After careful matching, we find only modest direct income and production effects, but significant changes in organization, input use, wealth and assets, and risk attitudes. Moreover, important differences between farmers with early and more recent FT affiliation are registered.

Spillovers and Externality Effects of Titling on Investments

Spillover and externality effects of titling on investments: evidence from Peru

Abstract: Although rural land titling and registration programs,have been widely proposed as a fu... more Abstract: Although rural land titling and registration programs,have been widely proposed as a fundamental policy instrument for many Latin American countries, empirical evidence supporting its role as an ,important ,development ,tool for improving ,the livelihoods of poor farmers is so ,far largely inconclusive. This paper draws ,on the ,experience ,of evaluating ,the national Titling and Registration Program in Peru (PETT),

Efectos de la Titulación y Registro de Tierras sobre el grado de Capitalización en la Agricultura Peruana

Property rights after market liberalization reforms Table of contents List of tables List of figu... more Property rights after market liberalization reforms Table of contents List of tables List of figures Acknowledgements Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives and research questions 1.3 Analytical framework 1.4 Relevance of the study 1.5 Outline of the thesis 2. Land inequality and economic growth: a dynamic panel data approach Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Inequality and growth 2.3 Econometric estimation and data specification 2.4 Results 2.5 Discussion Appendix 2.1. Data base 3. The homogenization effect of land titling on investment incentives: evidence from Peru Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Land tenure reform in Peru 3.3 The classification of sampled parcels by tenure status 3.4 Analytical framework 3.5 Econometric model and estimation strategy 3.6 Results 3.7 Concluding remarks Appendix 3.1. Interaction effects of probit model Appendix 3.2. Linear probability model 4. Credit constraints in the Peruvian rural sector: can titling provide a solution? Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Supply of formal credit in Peru 4.3 Credit constraints from farmer's perspective 4.4 Estimation results Property rights after market liberalization reforms 4.5 Concluding remarks Appendix 4.1. Multinomial logit coefficients estimates 5. The externality effect of titling on investments: evidence from Peru Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Characteristics of the sample 5.3 Analytical framework 5.4 Empirical results 5.5 Concluding remarks Appendix 5.1. District characteristics at 1993 Appendix 5.2. Perception of Rights by groups Appendix 5.3. Tobit regression for the value of investments made since 2000 Appendix 5.4. Linear probability model Appendix 5.5. Interaction effects of probit model Appendix 5.6. Interaction effect for infrastructure, by predicted probability Our four research questions will be addressed within the analytical framework shown in Figure 1.1, which provides an overall picture of the relationships explored in this study, and allows Property rights after market liberalization reforms 2 2. Land inequality and economic growth: a dynamic panel data approach 5

The impact of Fair Trade certification on coffee producers in Peru

Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008

Do Cash Transfers Crowd Out Community Investment in Public Goods? Lessons from a Field Experiment on Health Education

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2012

ABSTRACT This article discusses voluntary contributions to health education in Peru, using a new ... more ABSTRACT This article discusses voluntary contributions to health education in Peru, using a new experimental setup to identify voluntary contributions to local public goods. The experiment enables individuals to contribute to a health education meeting facilitated by an NGO, which they know will only be organized if the cumulative investment level exceeds a certain threshold value. In contrast to expectations of aid distributors, individuals contributed a substantial amount of money, despite the supposed long-term nature of the benefits. The result suggests that donor paternalism, undermining the agency of beneficiaries to exercise control over funds, is not always necessary to guarantee investment in local public goods. We explore multiple interpretations, suggesting that "unaccounted for" short-term benefits from participation as well as liquidity and paternalistic altruism add to explaining the relatively high investment. More in general, the article shows the potential for using experimental research methods in the area of nonprofit management.

The homogenization effect of land titling on investment incentives: evidence from Peru

NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 2008

Land titling programmes have been widely promoted as a necessary condition for enhancing farmer¿s... more Land titling programmes have been widely promoted as a necessary condition for enhancing farmer¿s incentives to invest in their land. The justification for public intervention of this type is increasingly questioned on the grounds of its limitation to replace or improve the effect of informal or customary rights already in place. If the main aim of the programme is to formalize previous land rights and its procedure is based on the recognition of informal documents and reliance on community rules, it could in fact contribute to increased farmer¿s tenure security and therefore boost land investments. We explored this relationship for a sample of Peruvian farmers who were part of a state-led land titling programme that shared the aforementioned characteristics. Using retrospective information on the type of informal documents that parcels had before the start of the programme we were able to categorize the parcels at two levels of initial tenure security. The effect of titling on investments was then analysed for these two groups, using a difference-in-differences estimation technique. The results show that there is a positive effect of titling on the probability of making investments as well as on the value of investments for both groups of parcels, but also prove that the impact of titling is greater for parcels with previously low levels of tenure security. This effect could be almost entirely attributed to changes in farmer¿s willingness to invest and not to better access to credit.

The Impact of Certification on Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Kenya: The case of ‘UTZ’ certification program

Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the peopl... more Increased awareness among coffee consumers of the impact of their consumption habits on the people and environment in coffee producing countries has resulted to implementation of certification programs in the coffee sector as an assurance of good practices in production and marketing of coffee. The UTZ certificate was the first to be introduced in the Kenyan coffee industry and this study provides the first quantitative assessment of its impact on smallholder farmers. The propensity score matching technique was used because it solves the ‘selection bias’ problem in assessment of the impact of development programs. The impact of the certification program differed between the two regions where it is being implemented probably due to the differences in bio-economic characteristics. Overall, the impact of the program ranges from higher coffee prices and coffee incomes, increased access to greater amounts of credit for agricultural purposes, increased incomes from other crop enterprises ...

The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is committed to building a sustainable and e... more The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is committed to building a sustainable and equitable world. IDRC funds developing-world researchers, thus enabling the people of the South to find their own solutions to their own problems. IDRC also maintains information networks and forges linkages that allow Canadians and their developingworld partners to benefit equally from a global sharing of knowledge. Through its actions, IDRC is helping others to help themselves. IDRC Books publishes research results and scholarly studies on global and regional issues related to sustainable and equitable development. As a specialist in development literature. IDRC Books contributes to the body of knowledge on these issues to further the cause of global understanding and equity. IDRC publications are sold through its head office in Ottawa. Canada, as well as by IDRC's agents and distributors around the world. The full catalogue is availahle at http://www.idrc.ca/booktique/. Founded in 1944. the World Bank Group is the world's largest source of development assistance. The Bank. which provided US$15.3 billion in loans to its client countries last year. is now working in more than 100 developing economies, bringing a mix of finance and ideas to improve living standards and eliminate the worst forms of poverty. For each of its clients, the Bank works with government agencies. nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to formulate assistance strategies. Its 67 country offices deliver the Bank's program in countries, liaise with government and civil society, and work to increase understanding of development issues. The World Bank is owned by more than I 80 member countries whose views and interests are represented by a Board of Governors and a Washington-based Board of Directors. Member countries are shareholders who carry ultimate decision-making power in the World Bank. The Bank uses its financial resources, its highly trained staff, and its extensive knowledge base to individually help each developing country onto a path of stable. sustainable, and equitable growth. The World Bank's Office of the Publisher works to advance the Bank's knowledge management objectives and communication goals by initiating, developing, producing, promoting. and disseminating World Bank publications to disseminate knowledge, research results, and data gathered by the Bank or on behalf of the Bank; generate supportin industrial countriesfor the Bank's work on development issues: and enhance understanding in developing countries about the Bank's work program, mission, and operations.

We thank CORDAID (Caritas Netherlands) and its local partner in Peru for providing input. Besides... more We thank CORDAID (Caritas Netherlands) and its local partner in Peru for providing input. Besides, we thank MATTOJ for the organization of the health education meeting. We are also indebted to Martin Paredes, Juan-Pablo Gayoso and the surveyor team of the Grupo de Análisis Para el Desarrollo for their assistance in the field.