Francine Deutsch - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Francine Deutsch

Creating Equality at Home, 2020

Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 2004

Between November and March of their senior year, eighty-four male and female graduating students ... more Between November and March of their senior year, eighty-four male and female graduating students at a Chinese University were interviewed about their proposed post-graduate plans and their parents’ reactions to them. In May or June of the same year, they reported on the choices they had actually made and their parents’ influence on those choices. Students pursued jobs, further study in China, or study in foreign countries. A majority of jobseekers had conflicts with parents, either over the type of job they sought or its distance from home. Ultimately, more than half of the students whose preferences differed from their parents acquiesced to their parents’ wishes. As compared to students with siblings, however, only children were more likely to resist and follow their own inclinations. The results were discussed both in terms of the persistence of norms of filial piety and familism among educated youth, and the increasing divergence of the life course in a rapidly modernizing, indus...

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1991

Self-concept similarity in 58 female first-year roommate pairs was examined using the spontaneous... more Self-concept similarity in 58 female first-year roommate pairs was examined using the spontaneous trait generation task. On the basis of the trait overlap identified by this task, friends were more similar than nonfriends. Correlational analyses demonstrated that the amount of talking between roommates was more highly related to trait overlap than was liking or reported time spent together, suggesting that conversation between friends may be a key to the development of self-concept similarity. These results were interpreted as support for a model of self-concept change in which exposure to new interpersonal constructs leads to their adoption as self-schemata. Conversation between friends is discussed as one means of exposure to new constructs.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1990

Based on previous work showing that sex is a "diffuse status cue" (Berger, Rosenholtz, ... more Based on previous work showing that sex is a "diffuse status cue" (Berger, Rosenholtz, & Zelditch, 1980), the hypothesis that women smile more than men because of status differences between the sexes was evaluated Status was manipulated by assigning men and women to the roles of interviewer (high power) or applicant (low power) in simulated job interviews with either male or female partners. As predicted, overall, applicants smiled more than interviewers, demonstrating that smiling does reflect status. However, the sex composition of the pairs also influenced smiling frequency. Male interviewers smiled significantly less than their applicant partners, whereas female interviewers did not. The results suggest that, compared with females, males may more readily experience power and dominance as concomitants of high-status roles, which may then be reflected in the frequency of their smiling.

NASSP Bulletin, 2003

Research on the effects of class size on achievement in high school has been plagued by methodolo... more Research on the effects of class size on achievement in high school has been plagued by methodological problems. Nonetheless, studies do show that small classes promote student engagement, enriched curricula, positive teacherstudent interaction, increased time on instruction rather than on discipline, and high teacher morale. All of these factors are as important for educating adolescents as they are for schooling younger children.

Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 2011

As supervisors of preschool teachers, childcare center directors are well‐situated to mentor thei... more As supervisors of preschool teachers, childcare center directors are well‐situated to mentor their staff to pursue higher education. Telephone interviews with 78 directors examined their role as mentors in encouraging preschool teachers to take college classes. Educational mentoring was shown to be distinct from career mentoring. Logistic regressions showed that the director’s educational mentoring of teachers and teachers’ aides was associated with greater college attendance, whereas career mentoring was related to less attendance. Furthermore, the director’s confidence staff members’ ability to complete an Associate’s degree promoted college enrollment. Finally, some directors appeared to be transformational leaders who created an education‐friendly climate for their entire staffs. These findings suggest that the workplace is an under‐researched, critical context for work‐to‐school mentoring.

Community, Work & Family, 2014

In this study, we examined possible gender differences in reasons for faculty attrition during th... more In this study, we examined possible gender differences in reasons for faculty attrition during the last 20 years at a small women's liberal arts college. The attrition rate was calculated from archival data collected through old college directories. As in earlier studies, the attrition rate was higher for women (31%) than for men (18.5%). Reasons for leaving the college were assessed in an online survey completed by 45 out of 66 tenure-track or tenured professors who left (excluding retirees). Work–family conflict was the most frequently cited reason for leaving, with disproportionately more women than men giving this reason. Open-ended responses revealed that work–family conflict typically referred to the difficulty of coordinating two careers. Female faculty who left were also significantly more dissatisfied than males with the support for balancing work and family life at the college. The need for colleges to create spousal policies to help faculty coordinate dual careers was discussed.

Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 2013

Sex Roles, 2003

In this study we explored the ways in which men's and women's personal incomes are trea... more In this study we explored the ways in which men's and women's personal incomes are treated and experienced differently in the family. Two hundred and fourteen participants (102 men and 112 women) in dual-earner couples were recruited in a random sample telephone survey. Participants reported a double standard in which women receive more praise than men for their incomes. Men

Sex Roles, 2007

This short-term longitudinal study expands on previous theoretical approaches, as we examined how... more This short-term longitudinal study expands on previous theoretical approaches, as we examined how women's assertiveness and the strategies they use to elicit more household labor from husbands help to explain the division of labor and how it changes. Participants included 81 married women with 3-and 4-year-old children who completed two telephone interviews, approximately 2 months apart. Results based on quantitative and qualitative analyses show that (a) relative resource, structural, and gender ideology variables predicted the division of housework, but not childcare; (b) assertive women were closer to their ideal division of childcare than nonassertive women; (c) women who made a larger proportion of family income were less assertive about household labor than other women, but when they were assertive, they had a more equal division of childcare; (d) women who earned the majority of their household's income showed the least change; and (e) the nature of women's attempts to elicit change may be critical to their success. Keywords Division of labor. Childcare. Household labor Despite the amelioration in women's political and economic rights and their increased presence in the paid workforce since the 1960s, household labor and childcare remain divided along traditionally gendered lines (e.g., Coltrane, 2000; Thompson & Walker, 1989). Past researchers have examined what factors influence and maintain this gendered division of labor, and have noted the importance of everyday interactions between husbands and wives in creating this inequitable division (e.g.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1985

Two studies were conducted to examine a model proposed to explain similarity in the self-schemas ... more Two studies were conducted to examine a model proposed to explain similarity in the self-schemas of friends. According to this model, in the ongoing conversation of friendship, each person becomes aware of the dimensions used by the friend for describing people. Over time each incorporates some of the friend's dimensions for organizing information about others and ultimately for describing the self. In the first study the self-conceptions of friends and nonfriends were compared. As predicted, friends, as compared to nonfriends, had more similar self-schemas, and more readily adopted each other's self-schema dimensions for describing a target. In the second study two unacquainted partners discussed their impressions of a target person. Subsequently, the pairs shared more similar self-schemas and incorporated dimensions from each other's self-schemas for self-description and for description of the target person. Thus, the results of both studies are consistent with the mod...

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1986

In order to determine the interactive effects of social response and individual differences in ne... more In order to determine the interactive effects of social response and individual differences in need for approval on subsequent helping behavior, 46 female subjects were either socially rewarded or punished for helping the experimenter. As predicted, subjects who were high in need for approval were subsequently more likely to help a confederate who had dropped books if they had been socially rewarded than if they had been punished. Subjects low in need for approval were unaffected by the previous social reinforcement. Several explanations for these results are offered. The importance of examining interactions between personality and situational variables in research on prosocial behavior is discussed.

The Journal of Social Psychology, 1988

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988

The self-definitional processes accompanying the transition to motherhood were examined in this s... more The self-definitional processes accompanying the transition to motherhood were examined in this study. A cross-sectional sample of more than 600 women who were planning to get pregnant within 2 years, pregnant, or in the postpartum stage completed extensive questionnaires pertaining to their experiences of pregnancy and motherhood. On the basis of the assumption of the "self-socialization" perspective that individuals actively construct their identities in response to life transitions, our analyses focused on the role of information-seeking in the developing self-definitions of women becoming mothers. As predicted, (a) women actively sought information in anticipation of a first birth, (b) they used this information to construct identities incorporating motherhood, and (c) after the birth the determinants of their self-definitions shifted from indirect sources of information to direct experiences with child care. Hence, consistent with the self-socialization perspective, information-seeking did play an important role in the women's developing self-conceptions during this life transition. Mechanisms by which information gathered may alter self-conception are discussed. How do individuals approach impending major transitions in their lives? Cognitive-developmental analyses suggest that at critical points during the life span when important life changes occur, individuals become motivated to examine and modify their self-conceptions to fit the changing circumstances (e.g., Kohlberg, 1966; Ruble, 1983). This process may be described as "self-socialization," because individuals are assumed to actively construct their identities by seeking out relevant information and testing self-definitions in the context of this life change (Ruble, 1987). Although it is widely recognized that these selfdefinitional changes accompany important transitions during childhood and adolescence such as entry into school and puberty (Connell & Furman, 1984), these developmental pro

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993

Predictors of paternal participation in childcare and housework are examined. A longitudinal samp... more Predictors of paternal participation in childcare and housework are examined. A longitudinal sample of 66 couples expecting their 1st child completed extensive questionnaires during the wives' last trimester of pregnancy and 3-8 months after birth. Regressions were conducted in which paternal participation in childcare and housework were regressed on variables pertaining to each of 4 models of paternal participation: relative economic resource, structural, family systems, and sex role attitude. Composite models of paternal participation in housework and childcare were then developed. Fathers' involvement in childcare is best explained by mothers' work hours and fathers' feminism. Fathers' contribution to housework seems best explained by discrepancies in income between spouses, wives' occupational prestige, and dynamics in the marriage. Differences in the determinants of fathers' contributions to childcare and housework are discussed. The benefits of increased paternal involvement in childcare for fathers, children, and mothers have been identified in previous studies. Fathers who are highly involved in childcare report increased closeness with their children (Hood & Golden, 1979; Russell, 1982), greater feelings of competence as fathers (Baruch & Barnett, 1986), more positive attitudes toward child rearing, and greater satisfaction with parenting (Easterbrooks & Goldberg, 1984). Moreover, children with highly involved fathers adopt fewer sex role stereotypes (Carlson, 1984), demonstrate more productive problem-solving behavior (Easterbrooks

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990

Different ways or conceptualizing and measuring change in attitudes during transition to motherho... more Different ways or conceptualizing and measuring change in attitudes during transition to motherhood are examined. A series of analyses was performed on data from a cross-sectional sample (A' = 667) and a smaller longitudinal sample (n = 48) to demonstrate sound psychometric properties for 2 new scales and to show construct comparability across different phases of childbearing. For Childbearing Attitudes Questionnaire, results demonstrated equality of covariance for 16 scales and comparability of structure and meaning of 4 higher order factors-identification with motherhood, social orientation, self-confidence, and negative aspects of giving birth. For Mothering Self-Definition Questionnaire, results demonstrated equality of covariance of 5 scales and comparability of structure and meaning of a single higher order factor, interpreted as reflecting positive feelings about one's mothering characteristics. Analyses of correlations and mean differences identified areas of change and stability.

Journal of Personality, 1988

In three studies subjects spontaneously generated lists of selfdescnptive traits using a new meas... more In three studies subjects spontaneously generated lists of selfdescnptive traits using a new measure of self-schemas the trait generation task In Study 1 subjects had higher ratings, faster reaction times, and better recall to self-generated traits than to traits generated by another subject, demonstrating that the trait generation task does identify self-schemas In Study 2 subjects generated a list of traits charactenstic of their self-ideal They had faster reaction times to self-ideal traits than to traits generated as part of another subject's selfideal, suggesting that traits in the ideal self are also represented as self-schemas In Study 3 freshman subjects generated self-descnptive traits early in the aca-Study 1 was conducted by Rebecca L Goss under the direction of the first two authors in partial fulfillment of the requirenwnts for the Master of Arts degree in psychology at Mount Holydce College The research descnbed in Studies 2 and 3 was conducted under the direction of the first two authors by AdneniK Weible and Lynn Letoumeau, respectively, as part of their senior honors tteses at Mount Holyoke College Pbrtions of this manuscnpt were presented at the 92nd annual meeting of the