Frank Mark - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Uploads
Papers by Frank Mark
The implementation of the European waste sector regulations: packaging, automotive and electrical... more The implementation of the European waste sector regulations: packaging, automotive and electrical and electronic goods with specific targets for recycling and energy recovery warrant a summary overview of current installed and developing technologies for plastics in general and more specific for Polyurethane (PU). The quotas are very demanding and extremely ambitious with respect to the mile stones at 2006 and 2015. In addition landfill phase out regulations put additional pressure on the owners of PU waste to find a home. There is a great lack of energy recovery capacities due to a phase out of landfill in most central European countries by the 2005 to 2007 time frame. Total capacity of WtE facilities in Europe is about 47 Million t in 2002. This is only 20 % of total municipal solid and other similar waste. The solution to bridge the gap between waste supply and waste treatment capacity is linked to the low cost approach building mechanical sorting plants and mechanical biological...
adhäsion KLEBEN & DICHTEN
Mit der Erfullung der in der Deutsche Altautoverordnung und der End of Life (ELV) EU-Direktive /1... more Mit der Erfullung der in der Deutsche Altautoverordnung und der End of Life (ELV) EU-Direktive /1/ festgelegte Quoten wird bis zum Jahr 2006 beziehu gsweise 2015 angestrebt, das Altauto effizient zu nutzen. Auserdem wird bis zum Jahr 2008 die Reduktion des Treibstoff-bedarfs auf 140 g CO2/km fur de Flotte verbrauch gefordert /2/. Auf welche Weise beei flussen nun Klebstoffe die zuku ftige grostech technischen Verfahren zum stoffliche Recycling? Die Ergebnisse einer kurzlich durchgefuhrten Studie geben Aufschluss.
Kunststoffe Plast Europe, 2002
The upcoming European WEEE Directive (Waste of Electrical and Electronics Equipment Directive) an... more The upcoming European WEEE Directive (Waste of Electrical and Electronics Equipment Directive) and its transposal to national laws will entail new technical requirements for plastics manufacturers and processing plants and establish new yardsticks. In the future economical recycling principles will be guidelines for research, development, design, production and recovery of products in the E+E sector.
Vgb Powertech, 2008
The interest in using biomass as fuel has strongly increased. The available resources of wood fue... more The interest in using biomass as fuel has strongly increased. The available resources of wood fuels in Europe are not sufficient to meet the demand, and this pushes the market prices of wood even higher. The availability of biomass is often locally limited. At these conditions, the co-combustion of low priced plastic rich solid recovered fuel (SRF) and biomass is an attractive option to improve the economy of energy conversion in boilers that can technically use SRF and meet the environmental requirements without large investments.
Co-combustion tests of high Br WEEE polymers showed that 60 - 80 % of Br enter the gas phase. At ... more Co-combustion tests of high Br WEEE polymers showed that 60 - 80 % of Br enter the gas phase. At high Br loads Br2 was formed and a reducing agent had to be added to the alkaline scrubber for good removal efficiency. From the effluents of the wet scrubbers up to > 99 % of the Br in the raw gas can be recovered. Br promoted the volatilisation of heavy metals during fuel bed burnout. The halogen in- ventory did not influence the PXDD/F level in the raw gas. The share of Br containing congeners in- creased with increasing Br/Cl ratio.
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2001
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2005
Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005., 2005
SAE Technical Paper Series, 1999
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2000
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2004
Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA, 2015
Hexabromocyclododecane containing polystyrene foam obtained from the building and construction ma... more Hexabromocyclododecane containing polystyrene foam obtained from the building and construction market has been co-incinerated in a full-scale waste incineration plant. The co-feeding of 1 and 2 wt% of polystyrene foam had no influence on the operation of the plant. The bromine content increased the raw gas hydrogen bromide concentration slightly. The air emission, including that of dioxins and bromine, was not altered and so was the quality of the solid residues. The hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in the solid residues were almost identical, regardless of whether or not and how much polystyrene foam was added. The obtained destruction efficiency was >99.999% independent of the amount of added polystyrene foam. This finding indicates a virtually total destruction of hexabromocyclododecane.
SAE Technical Paper Series, 1999
Waste Management and Research, 2000
The implementation of the European waste sector regulations: packaging, automotive and electrical... more The implementation of the European waste sector regulations: packaging, automotive and electrical and electronic goods with specific targets for recycling and energy recovery warrant a summary overview of current installed and developing technologies for plastics in general and more specific for Polyurethane (PU). The quotas are very demanding and extremely ambitious with respect to the mile stones at 2006 and 2015. In addition landfill phase out regulations put additional pressure on the owners of PU waste to find a home. There is a great lack of energy recovery capacities due to a phase out of landfill in most central European countries by the 2005 to 2007 time frame. Total capacity of WtE facilities in Europe is about 47 Million t in 2002. This is only 20 % of total municipal solid and other similar waste. The solution to bridge the gap between waste supply and waste treatment capacity is linked to the low cost approach building mechanical sorting plants and mechanical biological...
adhäsion KLEBEN & DICHTEN
Mit der Erfullung der in der Deutsche Altautoverordnung und der End of Life (ELV) EU-Direktive /1... more Mit der Erfullung der in der Deutsche Altautoverordnung und der End of Life (ELV) EU-Direktive /1/ festgelegte Quoten wird bis zum Jahr 2006 beziehu gsweise 2015 angestrebt, das Altauto effizient zu nutzen. Auserdem wird bis zum Jahr 2008 die Reduktion des Treibstoff-bedarfs auf 140 g CO2/km fur de Flotte verbrauch gefordert /2/. Auf welche Weise beei flussen nun Klebstoffe die zuku ftige grostech technischen Verfahren zum stoffliche Recycling? Die Ergebnisse einer kurzlich durchgefuhrten Studie geben Aufschluss.
Kunststoffe Plast Europe, 2002
The upcoming European WEEE Directive (Waste of Electrical and Electronics Equipment Directive) an... more The upcoming European WEEE Directive (Waste of Electrical and Electronics Equipment Directive) and its transposal to national laws will entail new technical requirements for plastics manufacturers and processing plants and establish new yardsticks. In the future economical recycling principles will be guidelines for research, development, design, production and recovery of products in the E+E sector.
Vgb Powertech, 2008
The interest in using biomass as fuel has strongly increased. The available resources of wood fue... more The interest in using biomass as fuel has strongly increased. The available resources of wood fuels in Europe are not sufficient to meet the demand, and this pushes the market prices of wood even higher. The availability of biomass is often locally limited. At these conditions, the co-combustion of low priced plastic rich solid recovered fuel (SRF) and biomass is an attractive option to improve the economy of energy conversion in boilers that can technically use SRF and meet the environmental requirements without large investments.
Co-combustion tests of high Br WEEE polymers showed that 60 - 80 % of Br enter the gas phase. At ... more Co-combustion tests of high Br WEEE polymers showed that 60 - 80 % of Br enter the gas phase. At high Br loads Br2 was formed and a reducing agent had to be added to the alkaline scrubber for good removal efficiency. From the effluents of the wet scrubbers up to > 99 % of the Br in the raw gas can be recovered. Br promoted the volatilisation of heavy metals during fuel bed burnout. The halogen in- ventory did not influence the PXDD/F level in the raw gas. The share of Br containing congeners in- creased with increasing Br/Cl ratio.
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2001
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2005
Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005., 2005
SAE Technical Paper Series, 1999
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2000
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2004
Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA, 2015
Hexabromocyclododecane containing polystyrene foam obtained from the building and construction ma... more Hexabromocyclododecane containing polystyrene foam obtained from the building and construction market has been co-incinerated in a full-scale waste incineration plant. The co-feeding of 1 and 2 wt% of polystyrene foam had no influence on the operation of the plant. The bromine content increased the raw gas hydrogen bromide concentration slightly. The air emission, including that of dioxins and bromine, was not altered and so was the quality of the solid residues. The hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in the solid residues were almost identical, regardless of whether or not and how much polystyrene foam was added. The obtained destruction efficiency was >99.999% independent of the amount of added polystyrene foam. This finding indicates a virtually total destruction of hexabromocyclododecane.
SAE Technical Paper Series, 1999
Waste Management and Research, 2000