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Papers by Frank Soetermeer

Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d’histoire du droit / The Legal History Review 51 (1983) 3-49

Franciscus Accursii was not a prolific author. His main work, the Casus Digesti Novi, is analysed... more Franciscus Accursii was not a prolific author. His main work, the Casus Digesti Novi, is analysed in the first part of this essay. Among Franciscus’ students at the university of Bologna, was Cynus de Pistorio, a jurist and poet of singular gifts and substantial influence. He was very impressed by the doctrines of the two leaders of the Orléans school of law during its Golden Age, Jacques de Revigny and Pierre de Belleperche. In his Lectura Codicis he relates that once, Franciscus Accursii, had given a guest lecture at a French University. Revigny, being by then a senior student, opposed so skilfully that the guest professor was tongue-tied. Cynus’ most famous and influential disciple, Bartolus, also wrote about this amusing event. According to him, Franciscus gave this lecture in Toulouse, in 1274. As a result his opponent, Jacques de Revigny, used to be considered as one of the greatest professors of Toulouse university. Two hitherto unknown repetitiones of Pierre de Belleperche, both known to Cynus, put this interesting chapter of the history of the universities during the Middle Ages in a different light. One of them is the text of a repetitio he gave in Bologna in 1300. They provide priceless information regarding the place and the date of Franciscus’ lecture.

Repr. in: Frank Soetermeer, Livres et juristes au Moyen Age (Bibliotheca Eruditorum - Internationale Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, 26), Keip Verlag, Goldbach 1999, 1*-47* (361*-369*: addenda et corrigenda)

Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español 55 (1985) 753-765

The history of the university of Salamanca during the second half of the XIIIth Century is shroud... more The history of the university of Salamanca during the second half of the XIIIth Century is shrouded in mystery. Antonio Pérez Martín hypothesized that Accursius’ son Guillelmus was a professor there. A study of one of his works, the Casus Codicis, verifies this hypothesis.

The Glosa Magna consists of more than 96.000 glosses. Both Bolognese and French jurists observed ... more The Glosa Magna consists of more than 96.000 glosses. Both Bolognese and French jurists observed that many of them are rather lacunal, and many a XIIIth Century lawyer wrote additions to complete them. These were sometimes drawn from an older pre-Accursian apparatus or from another part of the Accursian Gloss, but mostly they were formulated by the jurist himself. In Italy these additions were written in the margins of manuscripts, around the Gloss. At French universities the procedure was completely different. The stationers wrote the additions in the margins of the peciae. Copying these peciae the copyists inserted the additions in the text of the Gloss. In such French manuscripts these passages of the glosses are usually not at all recognizable as non-Accursian elements. The author emphasizes that the origin of a manuscript should not only concern the codicologist but also the legal historian.

Repr. in: Frank Soetermeer, Livres et juristes au Moyen Age (Bibliotheca Eruditorum - Internationale Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, 26), Keip Verlag, Goldbach 1999, 289*-339* (392*-393*: addenda et corrigenda)

Juristische Buchproduktion im Mittelalter, V. Colli ed., (Studien zur Europäischen Rechtsgeschichte, 155), Frankfurt am Main 2002, 481-516

Средние века 67 (2006), 74-115

Translation, by Elena Kazbekova, of: Exemplar und Pecia. Zur Herstellung juristischer Bücher in B... more Translation, by Elena Kazbekova, of: Exemplar und Pecia. Zur Herstellung juristischer Bücher in Bologna im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert, in: Juristische Buchproduktion im Mittelalter, V. Colli ed., (Studien zur Europäischen Rechtsgeschichte, 155), Frankfurt am Main 2002, 481-516

Dedicated to the memory of the first scholar who published on legal pecia manuscripts, the Roman codicologist Giulio Battelli (1904-2005)

Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune 2 (1991) 47-67

According to Friedrich Karl von Savigny, Azo’s Lectura Codicis is the best of all commentaries of... more According to Friedrich Karl von Savigny, Azo’s Lectura Codicis is the best of all commentaries of the Glossators of which a printed edition exists. Only one manuscript of this work is known. The commentaries of his master, Johannes Bassianus, and those of other jurists of this period are just as rare. In 1934, the Dutch legal historian E.M. Meijers (1880-1954) qualified these works as ‘the most interesting products of the teaching and scholarship of the glossators’. Nonetheless they were hardly known among the law professors of later generations. Meijers expressed an interesting supposition about the reason for this rather strange situation. According to him these works were never published by the stationers. However, he did not prove or elaborate this theory. This is done in this article, which was dedicated to Robert Feenstra (1920-2003), on the occasion of his 70th birthday.

Repr. in: Frank Soetermeer, Livres et juristes au Moyen Age (Bibliotheca Eruditorum - Internationale Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, 26), Keip Verlag, Goldbach 1999, 149*-169* (380*-381*: addenda et corrigenda)

After the middle of the XIIIth Century the Bolognese stationers began to publish lecturae, prepar... more After the middle of the XIIIth Century the Bolognese stationers began to publish lecturae, preparing peciae of these works. One of the law professors, Odofredus († 1265), who owned a bookshop, took the initiative to have published in this way detailed notes of his lessons. Commentaries which had been published by the stationers were mostly much more successful and influential than those which remained unpulished. The latter quite soon fell in oblivion. Printed editions of these works usually failed to appear.

Dedicated to Domenico Maffei, on the occasion of his 65th anniversary and published also in Miscella¬nea Domenico Maffei dicata: historia, ius, studium, curr. A. García y García - P. Weimar, Vol. I, Goldbach 1995, 411-429; Frank Soetermeer, Livres et juristes au Moyen Age (Bibliotheca Eruditorum - Internationale Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, 26), Goldbach 1999, 171*-189* (382*-385*: addenda et corrigenda)

Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'histoire du droit / The Legal History Review 54 (1986) 101-112

During the XIIIth Century Bolognese writing masters developed a wellknown, almost calligraphic sc... more During the XIIIth Century Bolognese writing masters developed a wellknown, almost calligraphic script which nowadays is called littera bononiensis. It is hardly realised that this renewal soon became favoured among their clients, and that for this reason it was imitated by copyists working at other universities, especially in Padua. This university can be considered as a daughter of the Bolognese Alma Mater, as it owned its existence to several conflicts in Bologna. On such occasions not only professors emigrated to Padua, but also many people who worked in the book production. D’Ablaing 14 is an example of a manuscript which is considered Bolognese but which was probably written in Padua. New information is provided regarding the transmission of the Clementines.

A Ennio Cortese, edd. Domenico Maffei et al., III, Roma 2001, 280-298, published previously in: Ius Commune, Zeitschrift für Europäische Rechtsgeschichte 26 (1999), 1-25 (dedicated to Ennio Cortese)

Excerptiones iuris: Studies in Honor of André Gouron, B. Durand - L. Mayali edd., (Studies in Comparative Legal History), Berkeley 2000, 693-716

Actes du colloque «Terminologie de la vie intellectu¬elle au moyen âge», Leyde/La Haye 20-21 septembre 1985, Olga Weijers ed. [CIVICIMA. Études sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge, I], Turnhout 1988) 88-95

Actes du colloque «Terminologie de la vie intellectuelle au moyen âge», Leyde/La Haye 20-21 septe... more Actes du colloque «Terminologie de la vie intellectuelle au moyen âge», Leyde/La Haye 20-21 septembre 1985, Olga Weijers ed. [CIVICIMA. Études sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge, I], Turnhout 1988) 88-95

Manuscripta. A Journal for Manuscript Research 49 (2005) 247-267

For a greater part based on Frank Soetermeer, Utrumque ius in peciis: Aspetti della produzione li... more For a greater part based on Frank Soetermeer, Utrumque ius in peciis: Aspetti della produzione libraria a Bologna fra Due e Trecento (= Orbis Academicus, 7; translated from the Dutch by Giancarlo Errico), Milan 1997; Utrumque ius in peciis. Die Produktion juristischer Bücher an italienischen und französischen Universitäten des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts (Ius Commune, Sonderheft 150; translated from the Dutch by Gisela Hillner), Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2002

Studi Medievali, Ser. III, 30 (1989) 425-478

The Grasolfi were a family of copyists from Modena. At least three generations wrote books, at th... more The Grasolfi were a family of copyists from Modena. At least three generations wrote books, at the universities of Modena, Padua and Bologna. Their activities in this field lasted for more than 70 years. The wife of one of them was a copyist as well. She worked as such both before and after her marriage. The Grasolfi produced the occasional manuscript of the Bible, but concentrated mostly on legal manuscipts. Sometimes one of them wrote the text, one of his brothers the Gloss. This essay presents descriptions of eight manuscripts written by the Grasolfi, belonging to libraries in New York, Oxford, Paris, Roermond, Toledo, Valencia and the Vatican. In an Appendix the text of 16 documents (in most cases copying contracts) in which members of the family are mentioned is republished. Another Appendix gives the names of 37 copyists who were also notaries. Several subjects are discussed: non-Bolognese copyists, copyists who were notaries, the stationarii, clauses in the contracts about the copyists salary, and the ordinary Gloss on the Decretum ‘ad usum et modum novissimum legendi de glosa d. Archidiaconi’, which is probably what Stephan Kuttner called the ‘Laurentiustyp’.

Repr. in: Frank Soetermeer, Livres et juristes au Moyen Age (Bibliotheca Eruditorum - Internationale Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, 26), Keip Verlag, Goldbach 1999, 95*-148* (374*-379*: addenda et corrigenda)

Historia del derecho privado, Trabajos en homenaje a Ferran Valls i Taberner, ed. M.J. Peláez (Estudios interdisciplinares en homenaje a Ferran Valls i Taberner con ocasión del centenario de su nacimiento, 10; Barcelona 1989) 2867-2892

A Vatican manuscript contains an anonymous note on the chronological order of the Gloss on the Co... more A Vatican manuscript contains an anonymous note on the chronological order of the Gloss on the Codex and the Gloss on the Digestum Vetus. The manuscript was probably written in Orléans. In this essay an analysis of some aspects of the manuscript tradition of both texts is made. In particular the author studied glosses in which the Compilationes antiquae are cited. He concludes that the original text of the Gloss on the first of the three Digests probably dates from 1220-1225. It is older than the Gloss on the Codex, which was completed between 1227 and 1234.

Repr. in: Frank Soetermeer, Livres et juristes au Moyen Age (Bibliotheca Eruditorum - Internationale Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, 26), Keip Verlag, Goldbach 1999, 247*-272* (387*-391*: addenda et corrigenda)

Life, Law and Letters: Historical Studies in Honour of Antonio García y García, P. Linehan ed., (Studia Gratiana 29), Rome 1998, 795-814

Traditionaly it was taken for granted that Accursius, when he studied law in Bologna, had had onl... more Traditionaly it was taken for granted that Accursius, when he studied law in Bologna, had had only one master, the famous Azo. But in the last decades this view has changed. In 1929 Hermann Kantorowicz wrote that he had also been a pupil of Jacobus Balduini, a quite talented but nevertheless rather unknown lawyer. Several legal historians seem to be convinced by this thesis. In this essay the author examines in the first place if it is plausible that Accursius has been among the audience of Jacobus Balduini, who was a more or less professor. As Balduini’s often original doctrines are completely ignored in the Gloss, the author concludes that Kanotorowicz’s allegation is not very credible. In the second part the origin of this misconception is traced.

Études néerlandaises de droit et d'histoire présentées à l'Université d'Orléans pour le 750e anniversaire des enseignements juridiques, edd. R. Feenstra, Cornelia M. Ridderikhoff (Bulletin de la Societé archéologique et historique de l'Orléanais, Nouv. sér., tome IX, No. 68, 1985) p. 69-80

The author sheds light on the relations between the Bolognese Alma Mater and the school of law in... more The author sheds light on the relations between the Bolognese Alma Mater and the school of law in Orléans during its prime in the XIIIth Century. Having been banished from Bologna, one of Accursius’ younger sons, Guillelmus, taught on repeated occasions in Orléans. Probably his brother Cervottus also gave lectures there. Pierre de Belleperche was among his audience.

Professor of Canon Law at universities in southern France, bishop, dplomat

Professor of Canon Law in Bologna (1283-1304); 'litterarum contradictarum auditor' at the papal C... more Professor of Canon Law in Bologna (1283-1304); 'litterarum contradictarum auditor' at the papal Curia in Avignon

Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon 22, Nordhausen 2003, Spalten 599-608 – vermehrt mit einigen Zusätzen

JACOBUS de Ravenneio (DE RAVANIS, DE REVIGNY, RÉVIGNY), einflußreicher Legist, Bischof. Geboren 1... more JACOBUS de Ravenneio (DE RAVANIS, DE REVIGNY, RÉVIGNY), einflußreicher Legist, Bischof. Geboren 1230/40, wahrscheinlich im Dorf Revigny in Lothringen. † Ferentino (bei Anagni, wo der Papst sich aufhielt) 1296. Auf lateinisch heißt er Jacobus Revegnei, de Raven(n)eio, Ravi(g)neio, Raven(n)iaco, abgekürzt zu "Ia. de Ra.". Das erklärt, daß man ihn seit dem 14. Jh. meistens -zu Unrecht -Jacobus de Ravanis (d.h.: von Ravenna) genannt hat, im deutschen Schrifttum bis zum heutigen Tage. Über sein Leben ist sehr wenig mit Sicherheit festzustellen. Er studierte in Orléans um 1260. Seit einem Vierteljahrhundert befand sich dort eine wichtige Rechtsschule, wo man hauptsächlich das weltliche Recht lehrte und die schon bald eine wichtige Bildungsanstalt geworden ist für junge Männer, die eine Laufbahn als Prälat und/oder "clericus regis" anstrebten. Sein bedeutendster Lehrer war Johannes de Monciaco (Jean de Monchy; † nach 1285). Schon als Student hat er sich einen Namen gemacht als Opponent eines erlauchten Gastprofessors aus Bologna, Franciscus Accursii (ca. 1230-1293), Sohn des damals schon berühmten Glossators Accursius (ca. 1182-ca. 1260). Letzterer ist der Verf. des Standardkommentars zum weltlichen Recht: die Glossa ordinaria, die auch in Orléans schon in dieser Zeit den Ausgangspunkt der Vorlesungen bildete. Als der Legist Franciscus um 1260 Orléans besuchte, hat man ihn eingeladen, eine sogenannte Repetition zu halten. In Orléans waren alle Studenten verpflichtet, bei diesen wichtigen Vorlesungen anwesend zu sein. Die Graduierten unter ihnen, die Bakkalare, waren berechtigt zu opponieren, damit sie sich übten in der juristischen Diskussionstechnik. J.d.R. liebte die Debatte, und seine eigene Repetitionen enthalten manchmal Anreize für die Bakkalare zu opponieren, gelegentlich auch, um sie dazu noch mehr zu ermuntern, auf französisich (z.B.: "Bacalarii veniant. Dites ce que vous voudriez gallice"). Franciscus hatte zum Thema seiner Vorlesung die damals unter den Legisten sehr umstrittene Interessenlehre auserwählt. Bei der Debatte ist es dem jungen Studenten J.d.R. gelungen, mit seiner scharfen Kritik den hochgeachteten Bologneser Juristen zum Schweigen zu bringen. Verschiedene wichtige italienische Legisten des 14.