Frederick David Tombe - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Frederick David Tombe

General Science Journal, 2006

The historical linkage between optics and electromagnetism can be traced back to the year 1855, w... more The historical linkage between optics and electromagnetism can be traced back to the year 1855, when Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch, by discharging a Leyden Jar (a capacitor), demonstrated that the ratio of the electrostatic and electrodynamic units of charge is equal to c√2, where c is the directly measured speed of light. Although not initially aware of the connection to the speed of light, Weber interpreted c√2 as a kind of mutual escape velocity for two elements of electricity in relative motion, such as would enable the induced magnetic force to overcome the mutual electrostatic force. A few years later, James Clerk Maxwell converted this ratio from electrodynamic units to electromagnetic units, hence exposing the speed of light directly. On connecting Weber’s ratio to the dielectric constant in an all-pervading elastic solid, Maxwell concluded that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. The differing perspectives of Weber and Maxwell can be reconciled by linking the speed of light to the circumferential speed of the electric particles surrounding the tiny molecular vortices that Maxwell believed to be the constituent units of the luminiferous medium. If we consider these molecular vortices to be tiny electric current circulations, mutually aligned along their rotation axes to form magnetic lines of force, magnetic repulsion can then be explained in terms of centrifugal pressure acting sideways from these field lines. And if these molecular vortices should take the more precise dipolar form of an electron and a positron in mutual orbit, we can then further explain magnetic attraction, this time in terms of the more fundamental electrostatic force being channeled along the double helix of electrons and positrons that forms a magnetic line of force.

General Science Journal, 2020

The Lorentz transformations are best known for the relativistic Lorentz factor, γ = 1/√(1 –... more The Lorentz transformations are best known for the relativistic Lorentz factor, γ = 1/√(1 – v^2/c^2), which appears in the equations of special relativity, and it is also known that the Lorentz transformations can be used to derive both the Biot-Savart law in the form B = γv×E/c^2, and the magnetic force in the form E = γv×B.
It could therefore be argued that magnetism is a relativistic effect, even though it is observed at laboratory speeds. This article will now examine how the physical structure of the luminiferous medium enables the existence of magnetism. The aim will be to identify the latent presence of the speed of light within the fabric of a laboratory magnetic field. On establishing this, the Lorentz factor will then be exposed as an asymptotic coefficient which only becomes significant at speeds close to the speed of light.

General Science Journal, 2010

Although Maxwell’s most important equations had already appeared throughout his seminal paper ent... more Although Maxwell’s most important equations had already appeared throughout his seminal paper entitled “On Physical Lines of Force” , which was written in 1861, it was not until 1864 that Maxwell created a distinct listing of eight equations in his follow up paper known as “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” . This was in a section headed as ‘General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field’. While Maxwell refers to twenty equations at the end of this section, there are in fact only eight equations as such. Maxwell arrives at the figure of twenty because he splits six of these equations into their three Cartesian components. Maxwell’s eight original equations,

Jtotal = Jconduction + ∂D/∂t (A)
∇×A = μH (B)
∇×H = Jtotal (C)
E = μv×H − ∂A/∂t − ∇ψ (D)
D = eE (E)
E = RJconduction (F)
∇∙D = ρ (G)
∇∙J + ∂ρ/∂t = 0 (H)

will be discussed in depth in individual sections throughout this paper.

General Science Journal, 2012

James Clerk Maxwell is credited with having brought electricity, magnetism, and optical phenomena... more James Clerk Maxwell is credited with having brought electricity, magnetism, and optical phenomena, together into one unified theory. The details of what exactly he did were however seriously distorted in twentieth century physics textbooks. Maxwell is most famous in connection with a set of equations which bear his name, but these equations have been totally removed from the physical context within which Maxwell was working, and outside of that physical context the full meaning of these equations is lost. Maxwell was working within the context of a sea of tiny aethereal vortices pressing against each other with centrifugal force. The centrifugal force bit was crucial for explaining magnetic repulsion, yet both centrifugal force and aether are stringently denied by modern physicists who nevertheless continue to hail Maxwell for the equations that he derived by using these very concepts which they deny. This irony seems to be explained at least in part because they think that the equations can be re-derived using Einstein's special theory of relativity. Such an erroneous belief stems from the fact that one of the most important of Maxwell's equations has been wrongly credited to Lorentz and referred to as the Lorentz force law and treated as 'supplementary' to Maxwell's equations. Einstein, being ignorant of Maxwell's original equations and the fact that they contained the Lorentz force law, hence wrongly believed that the equations contained no convective term, and so he made the erroneous conclusion that Maxwell's equations mean that the speed of light must be frame independent in contradiction of classical principles of vector addition of velocities. This erroneous conclusion led Einstein to his special theory of relativity in 1905, and it subsequently led to the erroneous belief amongst both relativists and many anti-relativists, that Einstein's special theory of relativity follows naturally from Maxwell's theory, when in fact Maxwell and Einstein were not even remotely working along the same lines.

General Science Journal, 2022

Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote, “Long ago he (mankind) rec... more Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote,
“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, of a tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, the Ākāśa or luminiferous ether, which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance.”
We will now investigate as to what exactly this was supposed to mean.

General Science Journal, 2021

When a theory of electromagnetism promotes the idea that the medium for the propagation of light ... more When a theory of electromagnetism promotes the idea that the medium for the propagation of light waves is an elastic solid comprised of electric particles, the question is always going to be asked as to why this medium would not generate friction in the planetary orbits, such as would cause the planets to spiral into the Sun. It would be impossible for a moving body to completely avoid any physical interaction with these electric particles, and so, in order to comply with Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, this interaction must be the actual cause of the inertial forces, as opposed to being the cause of any dissipative friction.

The physical significance of the fine-structure constant, 1/137, also known as the Sommerfeld con... more The physical significance of the fine-structure constant, 1/137, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, has not as yet been realized by the scientific establishment. This article will hence seek to solve the mystery in connection with the structure of the electromagnetic wave-carrying medium.

General Science Journal, 2024

If ponderable matter serves as a sink for an all-pervading and all-connecting fluid-like aether, ... more If ponderable matter serves as a sink for an all-pervading and all-connecting fluid-like aether, the role of rotation in the stability of the universe, and also in the structure of the medium for the propagation of light, will now be examined.

General Science Journal, 2024

It was German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year 1857 who first identified the connect... more It was German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year 1857 who first identified the connection between the speed of light and the speed of electric signals in a conducting wire. Meanwhile, although charged particles in a conductor don’t travel at anywhere near the speed of light, this is not considered to be a contradiction, because it is generally accepted that it is changes in the electric current, and not the electric current itself, that are propagated at the speed of light, the assumption being that a longitudinal compression wave propagates through the electron cloud in the conducting material.
The idea of such a compression wave travelling at the speed of light is not however very convincing, because it’s unlikely that such a wave would just happen to propagate through a cloud of outer shell conduction electrons at exactly the same speed as wireless radiation in space, never mind how the same approach would then also apply in an electrolytic conducting solution. This matter will therefore be investigated further.

General Science Journal, 2024

In 1873, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell proposed the plane wave theory of electromagnetic... more In 1873, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell proposed the plane wave theory of electromagnetic radiation, whereby mutually perpendicular oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagate at the speed of light, in phase with each other and perpendicular to the propagation direction. Meanwhile, since Maxwell's curl equations imply that the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are actually out of phase by ninety degrees, this discrepancy will now be investigated.

General Science Journal, 2024

Just because centrifugal force isn't a Newtonian force doesn't mean that it isn't a real force. W... more Just because centrifugal force isn't a Newtonian force doesn't mean that it isn't a real force. While the prevailing point of view is, that a Newtonian force is a superior kind of force as compared with an inertial force, this perspective hinges entirely on the existence of the totally undefined concept known as an inertial frame of reference. So first of all, we need to establish the physical basis for an inertial frame of reference, and only then will we be better placed to decide whether or not the Newtonian forces are any more real than the inertial forces.

General Science Journal, 2024

Maxwell's equations are an extrapolation into outer space, of the equations of electromagnetism t... more Maxwell's equations are an extrapolation into outer space, of the equations of electromagnetism that were originally established in connection with laboratory electric circuits. In outer space, however, no source electric circuits, as would be required to give meaning to the terms in the equations, are considered to exist. This discrepancy is of course resolved by virtue of the fact that Maxwell developed his equations on the basis that space is densely populated with tiny aethereal vortices, which in effect serve as miniature electric circuits within which the equations of electromagnetism that are contributory to the electromagnetic wave equations, can be applied. This article will examine the deeper nature of a ray of starlight in outer space, in the narrowest context that is physically possible within the framework that Maxwell's sea of aethereal vortices serves as the medium for the propagation of such waves.

General Science Journal, 2024

In a steady state electric circuit, it is assumed that the current emerging from one terminal is ... more In a steady state electric circuit, it is assumed that the current emerging from one terminal is equal to the current which returns back into the power source at the other terminal. This assumption sits alongside the belief that electric current is primarily a flow of charged particles, but this belief doesn’t sit well with transmission lines. An alternative proposal for the deeper physical nature of electric current will now be considered such as to take into account the energy that is dissipated due to ohmic resistance and radiation.

General Science Journal, 2024

James Clerk Maxwell originally derived his famous equations on the basis that they were the equat... more James Clerk Maxwell originally derived his famous equations on the basis that they were the equations that naturally followed hydrodynamically from a sea of tiny aethereal vortices. Nevertheless, Maxwell had difficulty comprehending how such a sea of aethereal vortices could remain stable, and so he introduced electric particles as idle wheels to move around the circumference of his vortices. Maxwell, however, was never happy about this idea and so his sea of vortices ended up on the back burner. This article will briefly examine where Maxwell went wrong with respect to his idle wheels.

General Science Journal, 2023

This article will examine the extent to which coordinate frame transformations hide the reality o... more This article will examine the extent to which coordinate frame transformations hide the reality of physical processes and substitute it with delusion.

General Science Journal, 2023

Gravity involves a flow of the fundamental aethereal electric fluid. This article will examine in... more Gravity involves a flow of the fundamental aethereal electric fluid. This article will examine in what respect this aether-flow differs from the common understanding of electric current.

General Science Journal, 2023

This article investigates the paradox surrounding the fact, that while the equations involved in ... more This article investigates the paradox surrounding the fact, that while the equations involved in Einstein's special theory of relativity lead to logical absurdities, they are nevertheless supported by many experiments.

General Science Journal, 2023

There are two physical effects which cause atomic clocks to run slower. These are motion and grav... more There are two physical effects which cause atomic clocks to run slower. These are motion and gravity, and the rate of retardation can be quantified using equations that are closely related to the equations of relativity. This article will examine why this should be, and what the common physical mechanism is between motion and escape velocity that results in these two factors having an identical physical effect on the clock mechanism.

General Science Journal, 2023

The transformed time in a Lorentz transformation was originally intended to apply to local time a... more The transformed time in a Lorentz transformation was originally intended to apply to local time as opposed to astronomical time, but without any clear definition as to what was meant by the term "local time". This article will seek to place local time on a firm physical basis that is relevant to the context under consideration.

General Science Journal, 2023

To show that the curl of E = v×B is an additional convective component to the Maxwell-Faraday equ... more To show that the curl of E = v×B is an additional convective component to the Maxwell-Faraday equation.

General Science Journal, 2006

The historical linkage between optics and electromagnetism can be traced back to the year 1855, w... more The historical linkage between optics and electromagnetism can be traced back to the year 1855, when Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch, by discharging a Leyden Jar (a capacitor), demonstrated that the ratio of the electrostatic and electrodynamic units of charge is equal to c√2, where c is the directly measured speed of light. Although not initially aware of the connection to the speed of light, Weber interpreted c√2 as a kind of mutual escape velocity for two elements of electricity in relative motion, such as would enable the induced magnetic force to overcome the mutual electrostatic force. A few years later, James Clerk Maxwell converted this ratio from electrodynamic units to electromagnetic units, hence exposing the speed of light directly. On connecting Weber’s ratio to the dielectric constant in an all-pervading elastic solid, Maxwell concluded that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. The differing perspectives of Weber and Maxwell can be reconciled by linking the speed of light to the circumferential speed of the electric particles surrounding the tiny molecular vortices that Maxwell believed to be the constituent units of the luminiferous medium. If we consider these molecular vortices to be tiny electric current circulations, mutually aligned along their rotation axes to form magnetic lines of force, magnetic repulsion can then be explained in terms of centrifugal pressure acting sideways from these field lines. And if these molecular vortices should take the more precise dipolar form of an electron and a positron in mutual orbit, we can then further explain magnetic attraction, this time in terms of the more fundamental electrostatic force being channeled along the double helix of electrons and positrons that forms a magnetic line of force.

General Science Journal, 2020

The Lorentz transformations are best known for the relativistic Lorentz factor, γ = 1/√(1 –... more The Lorentz transformations are best known for the relativistic Lorentz factor, γ = 1/√(1 – v^2/c^2), which appears in the equations of special relativity, and it is also known that the Lorentz transformations can be used to derive both the Biot-Savart law in the form B = γv×E/c^2, and the magnetic force in the form E = γv×B.
It could therefore be argued that magnetism is a relativistic effect, even though it is observed at laboratory speeds. This article will now examine how the physical structure of the luminiferous medium enables the existence of magnetism. The aim will be to identify the latent presence of the speed of light within the fabric of a laboratory magnetic field. On establishing this, the Lorentz factor will then be exposed as an asymptotic coefficient which only becomes significant at speeds close to the speed of light.

General Science Journal, 2010

Although Maxwell’s most important equations had already appeared throughout his seminal paper ent... more Although Maxwell’s most important equations had already appeared throughout his seminal paper entitled “On Physical Lines of Force” , which was written in 1861, it was not until 1864 that Maxwell created a distinct listing of eight equations in his follow up paper known as “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” . This was in a section headed as ‘General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field’. While Maxwell refers to twenty equations at the end of this section, there are in fact only eight equations as such. Maxwell arrives at the figure of twenty because he splits six of these equations into their three Cartesian components. Maxwell’s eight original equations,

Jtotal = Jconduction + ∂D/∂t (A)
∇×A = μH (B)
∇×H = Jtotal (C)
E = μv×H − ∂A/∂t − ∇ψ (D)
D = eE (E)
E = RJconduction (F)
∇∙D = ρ (G)
∇∙J + ∂ρ/∂t = 0 (H)

will be discussed in depth in individual sections throughout this paper.

General Science Journal, 2012

James Clerk Maxwell is credited with having brought electricity, magnetism, and optical phenomena... more James Clerk Maxwell is credited with having brought electricity, magnetism, and optical phenomena, together into one unified theory. The details of what exactly he did were however seriously distorted in twentieth century physics textbooks. Maxwell is most famous in connection with a set of equations which bear his name, but these equations have been totally removed from the physical context within which Maxwell was working, and outside of that physical context the full meaning of these equations is lost. Maxwell was working within the context of a sea of tiny aethereal vortices pressing against each other with centrifugal force. The centrifugal force bit was crucial for explaining magnetic repulsion, yet both centrifugal force and aether are stringently denied by modern physicists who nevertheless continue to hail Maxwell for the equations that he derived by using these very concepts which they deny. This irony seems to be explained at least in part because they think that the equations can be re-derived using Einstein's special theory of relativity. Such an erroneous belief stems from the fact that one of the most important of Maxwell's equations has been wrongly credited to Lorentz and referred to as the Lorentz force law and treated as 'supplementary' to Maxwell's equations. Einstein, being ignorant of Maxwell's original equations and the fact that they contained the Lorentz force law, hence wrongly believed that the equations contained no convective term, and so he made the erroneous conclusion that Maxwell's equations mean that the speed of light must be frame independent in contradiction of classical principles of vector addition of velocities. This erroneous conclusion led Einstein to his special theory of relativity in 1905, and it subsequently led to the erroneous belief amongst both relativists and many anti-relativists, that Einstein's special theory of relativity follows naturally from Maxwell's theory, when in fact Maxwell and Einstein were not even remotely working along the same lines.

General Science Journal, 2022

Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote, “Long ago he (mankind) rec... more Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote,
“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, of a tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, the Ākāśa or luminiferous ether, which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance.”
We will now investigate as to what exactly this was supposed to mean.

General Science Journal, 2021

When a theory of electromagnetism promotes the idea that the medium for the propagation of light ... more When a theory of electromagnetism promotes the idea that the medium for the propagation of light waves is an elastic solid comprised of electric particles, the question is always going to be asked as to why this medium would not generate friction in the planetary orbits, such as would cause the planets to spiral into the Sun. It would be impossible for a moving body to completely avoid any physical interaction with these electric particles, and so, in order to comply with Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, this interaction must be the actual cause of the inertial forces, as opposed to being the cause of any dissipative friction.

The physical significance of the fine-structure constant, 1/137, also known as the Sommerfeld con... more The physical significance of the fine-structure constant, 1/137, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, has not as yet been realized by the scientific establishment. This article will hence seek to solve the mystery in connection with the structure of the electromagnetic wave-carrying medium.

General Science Journal, 2024

If ponderable matter serves as a sink for an all-pervading and all-connecting fluid-like aether, ... more If ponderable matter serves as a sink for an all-pervading and all-connecting fluid-like aether, the role of rotation in the stability of the universe, and also in the structure of the medium for the propagation of light, will now be examined.

General Science Journal, 2024

It was German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year 1857 who first identified the connect... more It was German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year 1857 who first identified the connection between the speed of light and the speed of electric signals in a conducting wire. Meanwhile, although charged particles in a conductor don’t travel at anywhere near the speed of light, this is not considered to be a contradiction, because it is generally accepted that it is changes in the electric current, and not the electric current itself, that are propagated at the speed of light, the assumption being that a longitudinal compression wave propagates through the electron cloud in the conducting material.
The idea of such a compression wave travelling at the speed of light is not however very convincing, because it’s unlikely that such a wave would just happen to propagate through a cloud of outer shell conduction electrons at exactly the same speed as wireless radiation in space, never mind how the same approach would then also apply in an electrolytic conducting solution. This matter will therefore be investigated further.

General Science Journal, 2024

In 1873, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell proposed the plane wave theory of electromagnetic... more In 1873, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell proposed the plane wave theory of electromagnetic radiation, whereby mutually perpendicular oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagate at the speed of light, in phase with each other and perpendicular to the propagation direction. Meanwhile, since Maxwell's curl equations imply that the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are actually out of phase by ninety degrees, this discrepancy will now be investigated.

General Science Journal, 2024

Just because centrifugal force isn't a Newtonian force doesn't mean that it isn't a real force. W... more Just because centrifugal force isn't a Newtonian force doesn't mean that it isn't a real force. While the prevailing point of view is, that a Newtonian force is a superior kind of force as compared with an inertial force, this perspective hinges entirely on the existence of the totally undefined concept known as an inertial frame of reference. So first of all, we need to establish the physical basis for an inertial frame of reference, and only then will we be better placed to decide whether or not the Newtonian forces are any more real than the inertial forces.

General Science Journal, 2024

Maxwell's equations are an extrapolation into outer space, of the equations of electromagnetism t... more Maxwell's equations are an extrapolation into outer space, of the equations of electromagnetism that were originally established in connection with laboratory electric circuits. In outer space, however, no source electric circuits, as would be required to give meaning to the terms in the equations, are considered to exist. This discrepancy is of course resolved by virtue of the fact that Maxwell developed his equations on the basis that space is densely populated with tiny aethereal vortices, which in effect serve as miniature electric circuits within which the equations of electromagnetism that are contributory to the electromagnetic wave equations, can be applied. This article will examine the deeper nature of a ray of starlight in outer space, in the narrowest context that is physically possible within the framework that Maxwell's sea of aethereal vortices serves as the medium for the propagation of such waves.

General Science Journal, 2024

In a steady state electric circuit, it is assumed that the current emerging from one terminal is ... more In a steady state electric circuit, it is assumed that the current emerging from one terminal is equal to the current which returns back into the power source at the other terminal. This assumption sits alongside the belief that electric current is primarily a flow of charged particles, but this belief doesn’t sit well with transmission lines. An alternative proposal for the deeper physical nature of electric current will now be considered such as to take into account the energy that is dissipated due to ohmic resistance and radiation.

General Science Journal, 2024

James Clerk Maxwell originally derived his famous equations on the basis that they were the equat... more James Clerk Maxwell originally derived his famous equations on the basis that they were the equations that naturally followed hydrodynamically from a sea of tiny aethereal vortices. Nevertheless, Maxwell had difficulty comprehending how such a sea of aethereal vortices could remain stable, and so he introduced electric particles as idle wheels to move around the circumference of his vortices. Maxwell, however, was never happy about this idea and so his sea of vortices ended up on the back burner. This article will briefly examine where Maxwell went wrong with respect to his idle wheels.

General Science Journal, 2023

This article will examine the extent to which coordinate frame transformations hide the reality o... more This article will examine the extent to which coordinate frame transformations hide the reality of physical processes and substitute it with delusion.

General Science Journal, 2023

Gravity involves a flow of the fundamental aethereal electric fluid. This article will examine in... more Gravity involves a flow of the fundamental aethereal electric fluid. This article will examine in what respect this aether-flow differs from the common understanding of electric current.

General Science Journal, 2023

This article investigates the paradox surrounding the fact, that while the equations involved in ... more This article investigates the paradox surrounding the fact, that while the equations involved in Einstein's special theory of relativity lead to logical absurdities, they are nevertheless supported by many experiments.

General Science Journal, 2023

There are two physical effects which cause atomic clocks to run slower. These are motion and grav... more There are two physical effects which cause atomic clocks to run slower. These are motion and gravity, and the rate of retardation can be quantified using equations that are closely related to the equations of relativity. This article will examine why this should be, and what the common physical mechanism is between motion and escape velocity that results in these two factors having an identical physical effect on the clock mechanism.

General Science Journal, 2023

The transformed time in a Lorentz transformation was originally intended to apply to local time a... more The transformed time in a Lorentz transformation was originally intended to apply to local time as opposed to astronomical time, but without any clear definition as to what was meant by the term "local time". This article will seek to place local time on a firm physical basis that is relevant to the context under consideration.

General Science Journal, 2023

To show that the curl of E = v×B is an additional convective component to the Maxwell-Faraday equ... more To show that the curl of E = v×B is an additional convective component to the Maxwell-Faraday equation.