Fredrick Boholst - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Fredrick Boholst
Transactional Analysis Journal, Jul 1, 2003
ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and the... more ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and their perception of each other's ego states of a 5-day therapy group using transactional analysis as its theoretical foundation. Twenty-eight third-year psychology students of the University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, participated in the study. In a pretest-posttest-control group design, 15 participants were assigned to the experimental group that underwent a group therapy patterned after the Gouldings' (1977) redecision therapy, while the remaining 13 students were assigned to the control group. Two posttests were conducted, one immediately following the therapy session and the other 6 weeks after it. Ego states were measured by the Adjective Checklist (ACL) developed by Gough and Heilbrun (1983). Ego state perception was measured by Dusay's (1977) egogram. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) indicated significant changes in the ego states after the first posttest: Hotelling's T = .69584, F (5, 22) = 3.06171, p < .03, and a near significance, Hotelling's T = .57286, F (5, 22) = 2.52059, p < .059 in the follow-up posttest. Ego states were also perceived to have changed significantly after 6 weeks. The observed pattern seemed to be increasing Nurturing Parent, Adult, and Natural Child ego states and decreasing Critical Parent and Adapted Child ego states. These ego state changes also seemed to be validated by a repeated measures MANOVA, which yielded significant effects on the experimental participants' perception of each others' ego states as measured by the egogram: Hotelling's T = 2.809, F (5, 10) = 5.619, p < .01. Results are discussed in the context of the pattern of ego state changes. Also considered is the limitation of the nomothetic approach in this particular study.
Psychological Reports, Jun 3, 2020
Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person's convictions a... more Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person's convictions about the worth of the self and others-a basic psychological stand, which is deeply ingrained.
Transactional Analysis Journal, 2005
ABSTRACT This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life position... more ABSTRACT This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne, 1962) and the attachment prototypes of Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). These two constructs were perceived by the authors to have a one-to-one correspondence. “I'm OK, You're OK” (I+U+) was hypothesized to be correlated with secure attachment; “I'm Not OK, You're OK” (I-U+) with preoccupied attachment; “I'm OK, You're Not OK” (I+U-) with the dismissing attachment prototype; and “I'm Not OK, You're Not OK” (I-U-) with fearful attachment. The results of a canonical correlation analysis yielded R = .59, χ2 = 92.92 (df = 16), p < .01, showing a reliable relationship between the two major constructs under investigation. The squared canonical R was .348. This indicates that almost 35% of the variation is shared by life positions and attachment. At a specific level, secure attachment positively correlated with I+U+, r = .44, p < .05. Dismissing attachment correlated reliably with the parallel life position, I+U-, r = .20, p < .05, while the fearful attachment also correlated well with I-U-, r = .40, p < .05. Preoccupied attachment did not correlate with its conceptual parallel, I-U+, r = .05, p > .05; this is the only hypothesis that was not supported. The conceptual parallelism between the two constructs is argued, although their theoretical differences are also recognized.
Transactional Analysis Journal, 2002
ABSTRACT This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author... more ABSTRACT This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author. Initial items representing four convictions articulated by Berne (1972)—I'm OK (I+), I'm not-OK (I-), You're OK (U+), and You're not-OK (U-)—were administered to 95 participants. The top five items for each conviction, with item-total correlations that reached an alpha level of p < .05, were retained for a subsequent factor analysis. An exploratory type of factor analysis constraining the process to two factors yielded a factor neatly containing all “I” items and another factor containing “You” items, with the OK items taking on opposite loadings to the not-OK items. Underlying factors seem to be I and You factors, not factors representing OK and not-OK. The final items are presented with suggestions for future research and a question for future theory development. Readers are free to administer the scale in their clinical and research practice but are encouraged to establish norms based on their culture and locale.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations w... more As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poachingromantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship-was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.
Psihologijske teme, 2017
Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of ... more Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate par...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations w... more As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poachingromantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship-was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.
Psychological Reports
Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person’s convictions a... more Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person’s convictions about the worth of the self and others—a basic psychological stand, which is deeply ingrained. There are four Life Positions: “I’m OK–You’re OK”, “I’m OK–You’re not OK”, “I’m not OK–You’re OK”, and “I’m not OK–You’re not OK”. Contradicting Berne’s theory of only one depressive position (“I’m not OK–You’re OK”), past findings showed that both “I’m not OK–You’re OK” and “I’m not OK–You’re not OK” positions relate to depression, with the “I’m not OK–You’re not OK” position relating to depression more strongly than the “I’m not OK–You’re OK” position. The disparity between Berne’s original theorizing of depression and the empirical findings may support an alternative conceptualization of the depressive’s Life Position, which was the theoretical gap of this research. This research aimed to investigate the differences in how each Life Position relates to depression, and how the underlying convi...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003
and 118 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project Evolutionary psychologists hav... more and 118 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and shortterm mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings.
This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne,... more This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne, 1962) and the attachment prototypes of Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). These two constructs were perceived by the authors to have a one-to-one correspondence. “I'm OK, You're OK” (I+U+) was hypothesized to be correlated with secure attachment; “I'm Not OK, You're OK” (I-U+) with preoccupied attachment; “I'm OK, You're Not OK” (I+U-) with the dismissing attachment prototype; and “I'm Not OK, You're Not OK” (I-U-) with fearful attachment. The results of a canonical correlation analysis yielded R = .59, χ2 = 92.92 (df = 16), p < .01, showing a reliable relationship between the two major constructs under investigation. The squared canonical R was .348. This indicates that almost 35% of the variation is shared by life positions and attachment. At a specific level, secure attachment positively correlated with I+U+, r = .44, p < .05. Dismissing attachment...
This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and their perception... more This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and their perception of each other's ego states of a 5-day therapy group using transactional analysis as its theoretical foundation. Twenty-eight third-year psychology students of the University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, participated in the study. In a pretest-posttest-control group design, 15 participants were assigned to the experimental group that underwent a group therapy patterned after the Gouldings' (1977) redecision therapy, while the remaining 13 students were assigned to the control group. Two posttests were conducted, one immediately following the therapy session and the other 6 weeks after it. Ego states were measured by the Adjective Checklist (ACL) developed by Gough and Heilbrun (1983). Ego state perception was measured by Dusay's (1977) egogram. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) indicated significant changes in the ego states after the first posttest: Hote...
This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author. Initial... more This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author. Initial items representing four convictions articulated by Berne (1972)—I'm OK (I+), I'm not-OK (I-), You're OK (U+), and You're not-OK (U-)—were administered to 95 participants. The top five items for each conviction, with item-total correlations that reached an alpha level of p < .05, were retained for a subsequent factor analysis. An exploratory type of factor analysis constraining the process to two factors yielded a factor neatly containing all “I” items and another factor containing “You” items, with the OK items taking on opposite loadings to the not-OK items. Underlying factors seem to be I and You factors, not factors representing OK and not-OK. The final items are presented with suggestions for future research and a question for future theory development. Readers are free to administer the scale in their clinical and research practice but are encouraged to establish...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
and 121 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project As part of the International S... more and 121 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poachingromantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship-was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2004
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 6... more As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies.
Transactional Analysis Journal, Jul 1, 2003
ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and the... more ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and their perception of each other's ego states of a 5-day therapy group using transactional analysis as its theoretical foundation. Twenty-eight third-year psychology students of the University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, participated in the study. In a pretest-posttest-control group design, 15 participants were assigned to the experimental group that underwent a group therapy patterned after the Gouldings' (1977) redecision therapy, while the remaining 13 students were assigned to the control group. Two posttests were conducted, one immediately following the therapy session and the other 6 weeks after it. Ego states were measured by the Adjective Checklist (ACL) developed by Gough and Heilbrun (1983). Ego state perception was measured by Dusay's (1977) egogram. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) indicated significant changes in the ego states after the first posttest: Hotelling's T = .69584, F (5, 22) = 3.06171, p < .03, and a near significance, Hotelling's T = .57286, F (5, 22) = 2.52059, p < .059 in the follow-up posttest. Ego states were also perceived to have changed significantly after 6 weeks. The observed pattern seemed to be increasing Nurturing Parent, Adult, and Natural Child ego states and decreasing Critical Parent and Adapted Child ego states. These ego state changes also seemed to be validated by a repeated measures MANOVA, which yielded significant effects on the experimental participants' perception of each others' ego states as measured by the egogram: Hotelling's T = 2.809, F (5, 10) = 5.619, p < .01. Results are discussed in the context of the pattern of ego state changes. Also considered is the limitation of the nomothetic approach in this particular study.
Psychological Reports, Jun 3, 2020
Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person's convictions a... more Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person's convictions about the worth of the self and others-a basic psychological stand, which is deeply ingrained.
Transactional Analysis Journal, 2005
ABSTRACT This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life position... more ABSTRACT This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne, 1962) and the attachment prototypes of Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). These two constructs were perceived by the authors to have a one-to-one correspondence. “I'm OK, You're OK” (I+U+) was hypothesized to be correlated with secure attachment; “I'm Not OK, You're OK” (I-U+) with preoccupied attachment; “I'm OK, You're Not OK” (I+U-) with the dismissing attachment prototype; and “I'm Not OK, You're Not OK” (I-U-) with fearful attachment. The results of a canonical correlation analysis yielded R = .59, χ2 = 92.92 (df = 16), p < .01, showing a reliable relationship between the two major constructs under investigation. The squared canonical R was .348. This indicates that almost 35% of the variation is shared by life positions and attachment. At a specific level, secure attachment positively correlated with I+U+, r = .44, p < .05. Dismissing attachment correlated reliably with the parallel life position, I+U-, r = .20, p < .05, while the fearful attachment also correlated well with I-U-, r = .40, p < .05. Preoccupied attachment did not correlate with its conceptual parallel, I-U+, r = .05, p > .05; this is the only hypothesis that was not supported. The conceptual parallelism between the two constructs is argued, although their theoretical differences are also recognized.
Transactional Analysis Journal, 2002
ABSTRACT This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author... more ABSTRACT This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author. Initial items representing four convictions articulated by Berne (1972)—I'm OK (I+), I'm not-OK (I-), You're OK (U+), and You're not-OK (U-)—were administered to 95 participants. The top five items for each conviction, with item-total correlations that reached an alpha level of p < .05, were retained for a subsequent factor analysis. An exploratory type of factor analysis constraining the process to two factors yielded a factor neatly containing all “I” items and another factor containing “You” items, with the OK items taking on opposite loadings to the not-OK items. Underlying factors seem to be I and You factors, not factors representing OK and not-OK. The final items are presented with suggestions for future research and a question for future theory development. Readers are free to administer the scale in their clinical and research practice but are encouraged to establish norms based on their culture and locale.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations w... more As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poachingromantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship-was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.
Psihologijske teme, 2017
Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of ... more Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate par...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations w... more As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poachingromantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship-was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.
Psychological Reports
Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person’s convictions a... more Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person’s convictions about the worth of the self and others—a basic psychological stand, which is deeply ingrained. There are four Life Positions: “I’m OK–You’re OK”, “I’m OK–You’re not OK”, “I’m not OK–You’re OK”, and “I’m not OK–You’re not OK”. Contradicting Berne’s theory of only one depressive position (“I’m not OK–You’re OK”), past findings showed that both “I’m not OK–You’re OK” and “I’m not OK–You’re not OK” positions relate to depression, with the “I’m not OK–You’re not OK” position relating to depression more strongly than the “I’m not OK–You’re OK” position. The disparity between Berne’s original theorizing of depression and the empirical findings may support an alternative conceptualization of the depressive’s Life Position, which was the theoretical gap of this research. This research aimed to investigate the differences in how each Life Position relates to depression, and how the underlying convi...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003
and 118 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project Evolutionary psychologists hav... more and 118 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and shortterm mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings.
This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne,... more This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne, 1962) and the attachment prototypes of Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). These two constructs were perceived by the authors to have a one-to-one correspondence. “I'm OK, You're OK” (I+U+) was hypothesized to be correlated with secure attachment; “I'm Not OK, You're OK” (I-U+) with preoccupied attachment; “I'm OK, You're Not OK” (I+U-) with the dismissing attachment prototype; and “I'm Not OK, You're Not OK” (I-U-) with fearful attachment. The results of a canonical correlation analysis yielded R = .59, χ2 = 92.92 (df = 16), p < .01, showing a reliable relationship between the two major constructs under investigation. The squared canonical R was .348. This indicates that almost 35% of the variation is shared by life positions and attachment. At a specific level, secure attachment positively correlated with I+U+, r = .44, p < .05. Dismissing attachment...
This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and their perception... more This study investigated the effects on participants' ego state responses and their perception of each other's ego states of a 5-day therapy group using transactional analysis as its theoretical foundation. Twenty-eight third-year psychology students of the University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, participated in the study. In a pretest-posttest-control group design, 15 participants were assigned to the experimental group that underwent a group therapy patterned after the Gouldings' (1977) redecision therapy, while the remaining 13 students were assigned to the control group. Two posttests were conducted, one immediately following the therapy session and the other 6 weeks after it. Ego states were measured by the Adjective Checklist (ACL) developed by Gough and Heilbrun (1983). Ego state perception was measured by Dusay's (1977) egogram. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) indicated significant changes in the ego states after the first posttest: Hote...
This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author. Initial... more This article describes the construction of a Life Position Scale developed by the author. Initial items representing four convictions articulated by Berne (1972)—I'm OK (I+), I'm not-OK (I-), You're OK (U+), and You're not-OK (U-)—were administered to 95 participants. The top five items for each conviction, with item-total correlations that reached an alpha level of p < .05, were retained for a subsequent factor analysis. An exploratory type of factor analysis constraining the process to two factors yielded a factor neatly containing all “I” items and another factor containing “You” items, with the OK items taking on opposite loadings to the not-OK items. Underlying factors seem to be I and You factors, not factors representing OK and not-OK. The final items are presented with suggestions for future research and a question for future theory development. Readers are free to administer the scale in their clinical and research practice but are encouraged to establish...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
and 121 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project As part of the International S... more and 121 Members of the International Sexuality Description Project As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poachingromantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship-was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2004
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 6... more As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies.