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Papers by GHANEM MAHJAF

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: One of the most dangerous neoplasms affecting the colon, rectum, and/or anus, colorec... more Background: One of the most dangerous neoplasms affecting the colon, rectum, and/or anus, colorectal cancer (CRC) has a variety of macroscopic and histopathologic features. The third most prevalent cancer worldwide and the fourth most common cancer-related cause of death is colorectal cancer. The second most prevalent gastrointestinal cancer and the fifth most frequent primary tumor in Sudan is colorectal cancer. A complete blood count (FBC) is a routine blood test that can include up to 20 different blood components and is used in both primary and secondary care. This study was done to assess how well the FBC test works for detecting CRC. Objectives: We hypothesized that the Hb and RBCs indices (RBCs counts, PCV, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) components of a full blood count test have a value in the detection of colorectal cancer among adult Sudanese patients. Material and Methods: This study was a hospital- based retrospective cross-sectional analytical study. The study included 100 patient...

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Obesity is a condition of excess adipose tissue associated with hormonal imbalances a... more Background: Obesity is a condition of excess adipose tissue associated with hormonal imbalances associated with the degree of obesity. Objective: To assess the effects of obesity on thyroid-stimulating hormone in Sudanese subjects in Atbara, Nile State. Materials and Methods: Collect 40 samples from randomly selected obese and overweight (male and female) subjects in Atbara City, Nile State. Between July and September 2021. Efficacy was evaluated in 20 healthy subjects with normal BMI of TSH levels of obesity as a control group. Serum TSH levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay analyzer (TOSOH) and results were analyzed using the Social Science Statistical Package (SPSS) computer program. Results: The results of this study showed the mean concentration of TSH levels in obese subjects (mean ± SD) (1.248 ± 0.48915) and controls (1.480 ± 0. 3), P. value = 0.07 and was also non-significant. Also showed that the mean concentration of BMI, waist circumference and waist hip rati...

for unlimited help during the period of the practical. Also grateful thanks must to go to those h... more for unlimited help during the period of the practical. Also grateful thanks must to go to those help me practical part of my study Us. Khalid Saeed, and also Us. waleed Omer, Abdo Alhafeeth Gasm Alssed and all staff members of Microbiology lab.

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: The second most frequent cancer in males and the fourth most common cancer overall fo... more Background: The second most frequent cancer in males and the fourth most common cancer overall for both sexes is prostate cancer. On chromosome 8p, there is a prostatic tumor suppressor gene called NKX3.1. Despite the fact that the majority of primary prostatic adenocarcinomas exhibit positive NKX3.1 protein staining. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of NKX3.1in prostate adenocarcinoma and correlate it with tumor grades among Sudanese patients. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective descriptive cross- sectional study, was conducted in Khartoum state, (Radiation& Istopes Center- Khartoum (RICK)). Tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemical staining against NKX3.1 (indirect dextral polymers (Dako- EnVision TM Flex kit)) was carried out on forty (40) archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks from patients diagnosed as prostate carcinoma. Data were collected from hospital records and the immunohis...

SAR journal of medicine, Mar 30, 2023

Coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and... more Coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and bloodfilled chambers of the heart using a catheter to recognize occlusion, stenosis, and thrombosis. This procedure is commonly performed through the femoral artery, which may induce possible complications such as bleeding or hematoma. Restricting patient movement was adopted to avoid these complications. The patient has to lie in bed in a supine position for at least 6 hours after angiography. This is an experimental case-control study, conducted to evaluate the effect of early mobilization on back pain. A sample of 300 adult patients was selected by a random sample technique. They were randomly allocated to 100 patients in the experimental group and 200 patients in the control group. The study was conducted from March 2017 to March 2019 at Ahmed Gasim Cardiac Surgery and Renal Transplantation Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan. The experimental group was mobilized early after 4 hours and the control group had routine bed rest for 6 hours post-sheath removal. Both groups received the usual care. A structured questionnaire and checklist were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).The results revealed that the two groups feel pain varying between no pain and mild (85%) in the cases and in the controls (89.0%) from one hour up to four hours but significant back pain increased clearly at five hours and six hours for the controls group (5 th hours severe (6%) very severe (0.5%). P. value 0.000 significant and 6 th hours severe (27.5%) very severe (6%). This study concluded that back pain reduction was statistically significant among the experimental group compared to the control group.

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, May 13, 2023

Background: Urinary tract infection is a widespread microbial disease and 2nd most disease in wom... more Background: Urinary tract infection is a widespread microbial disease and 2nd most disease in women due to the anatomy of women type 2 diabetes is a high risk of infection of the urinary tract. Objective: To identify the agent that causes urinary tract infections in diabetic patients, select the best antibiotic, and assess the types of diabetes that are connected with urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods: From May to August 2018, a hospital-based crosssectional study was carried out. According to the established methodology, urine samples were obtained for culture and identification. All isolates underwent an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20 was used to import the data from Epi-data version 3.2.1. Results: The study's findings indicated that E. coli is the most prevalent bacterium, with a prevalence of approximately (30.2%). It is followed by K. pneumoniae (26.3%), and then by Staphylococcus aureus and Saprophiticus in percentage (15%). Gentamicin has a high rate of antibiotic sensitivity (approximately 36%), while Ceftazidime has a high rate of antibiotic resistance (about 35%). Around (52%) of people are resistant to Ceftriaxone and Cloxacillin. Conclusions: There was a high rate of UTI in diabetes patients. Female diabetics were more likely to experience UTIs than male diabetics.E. coli and K. pneumoniae species making up the majority of isolates. The isolated pathogens were highly susceptible to Gentamicin, Cloxacillin, and Ceftriaxone. These findings demonstrate the importance of glycemic management in diabetics for reducing UTIs, regardless of age or sex. By treating UTIs with the appropriate antimicrobial medications and monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated microorganisms, antibiotic-resistant urinary organisms can be managed.

Journal of Women Health Care and Gynaecology

Background: Delivery is the process of birth. As the uterus contracts, the lower part stretches a... more Background: Delivery is the process of birth. As the uterus contracts, the lower part stretches and thins, the cervix expands, the birth canal is formed, and the baby sinks through the pelvis, Platelet counts of less than 150,000 per cubic millimeter during uncomplicated pregnancies are described as gestational thrombocytopenia if no alternative cause is identified. Platelet counts may be even lower in women with pregnancy-related complications. Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the platelet count and platelet index in women after normal delivery. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the city of Shendi during the period from March (2021) to January (2022) and measured the platelet count and platelet index in women after normal delivery. P.value of the test at the 95-confidence level was 0.000, less than 0.05, indicating significant variation between the case and control groups in platelet counts. Hundreds of venous blood samples were collected for use i...

International Journal of Pathogen Research, Mar 28, 2023

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, Feb 25, 2023

Background: Operating room contamination is recognized as one of the most common life-threatening... more Background: Operating room contamination is recognized as one of the most common life-threatening microbial contaminations in hospital environments, especially operating rooms and other specialty units, and is an everincreasing cause of nosocomial infections. Objective: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial contaminants in Shendi hospital operating room. Between July-September 2021. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples were collected from various locations in the operating room and all isolated bacteria were identified. The study isolated five types of bacteria from the Shendi Hospital operating room. Results: The results showed that Micrococcus was the most common bacterial contaminant isolated from the operating room. Leteus 21 (32.3%) Staphylococci. Epidermis 16 (24.6%), Staphylococci aureus 11 (16.9%), Bacillus sp. 9 (13.8%), Bacillus cereus 8 (12.3%)) and the lowest contaminants were isolated from soil 15 (23%), and focus lamp 5 (7.7%). This study may point to the fact that the Shendi Hospital operating room had bacterial contamination that could lead to postoperative wound infections (SSI). Reasons for contamination may be due to excessive attendance, personnel movement, and ineffective sterilization and disinfection procedures. Conclusions: Bacterial contamination was highest in operating room beds, followed by carts, floors, and focused lambs. Micrococcus spp, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and Bacillus species have proven to be the most serious contaminants in the operating room, and are a dangerous cause of hospital-acquired infections, killing patients and hospital staff threatening. This may indicate that the sterilization method is not efficient enough, putting the patient at risk for postoperative infection. Some organisms were resistant to Gentamicin and highly sensitive to Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone.

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Urinary tract infections frequently occur in diabetic patients due to an impaired imm... more Background: Urinary tract infections frequently occur in diabetic patients due to an impaired immune status and increased glucose content in the urine among other reasons. This makes UTIs very important to investigate. Complicated cases of UTI may be frequent but are more common in diabetics with more severe consequences. And so warrant further investigations. The proper management of UTI in diabetics is crucial as prompt diagnosis and correct use of antibiotics are vital for treatment. Finding alternative antimicrobial agents from plant extracts has received growing interest. Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) is a safe, non-toxic, cheap spice that has been reported to have antimicrobial effects against various pathogenic bacteria. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ginger extract on different types of bacteria isolated from diabetic patients suffering from urinary tract infections. Methodology: A cross- sectional and hospital-based study has been conducted at t...

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic metabolic disorder that can lead to diabetic nep... more Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic metabolic disorder that can lead to diabetic nephropathy (DN), a leading cause of end-stage renal disease around the world. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare microalbuminuria and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with diabetes mellitus to healthy normal controls in Shendi, Sudan. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based case-control study was carried out in Shendi, Sudan. Between June and October of 2021 This study included 50 participants, 30 of whom had clinically confirmed diabetes as cases and 20 who appeared to be healthy as controls. In this study, blood and random urine samples were collected from each case and control, and the levels of microalbuminuria and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) were estimated using an A25 chemistry analyzer and an Ichroma immuno-analyzer, respectively. The data was collected with a structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Results: In our study, patient...

SAR journal of medicine, May 24, 2022

Background: While most people follow social distancing and are avoiding contact with anyone displ... more Background: While most people follow social distancing and are avoiding contact with anyone displaying flu-like symptoms, still asymptomatic patients are having positive SAR COV 2 test can transfer disease to others, as well as the outcome of their disease sill not well understood. Objective: To assess the clinical course of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who had a positive PCR test in multicenter. Methods: This was a prospective cohort multicenter study conducted in the study was conducted in Khartoum State COVID-19 Centres. Namely Alia Hospital, Fedail, and Ministry of Health Laboratories during the period from December 2020 to April 2021. Data was collected using a questionnaire from 98 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire was filled with patients after taking informed consent. Results: The mean age was 49±7.3 years. Males were 58(59.2%) and females were 40(40.8%). The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The frequency of symptomatic patients' COVID-19 positive test results experience symptoms was 80(81.6%), while the frequency of asymptomatic patients was 18(18.4%). The time and period of appearance of manifestations among COVID 19 patients, the study indicated that among symptomatic patients after PCR test, the moment of appearance of symptoms was 1-7 days in 76(95%) and 8-14 days after test in 4(5%). After 28 days follow up the outcome of the patients was recovery 76(76.6%), remain Asymptomatic 18(18.4%), and remain symptomatic 4(4.0%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the appearance of symptoms before and after the PCR test was significantly affected by chronic diseases as well as chronic medications in use (P. value <0.05).

Asian journal of biology, Mar 28, 2023

Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020

C oronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, now calle... more C oronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, now called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has been spreading rapidly in many countries worldwide since the pandemic began in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province in China, in December 2019 (1,2). In South Korea, a confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported on January 20, 2020, and the number of confirmed cases has increased markedly since late February, especially in the Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do regions (3). Mass infection at a religious institution in Daegu City was the main cause of the surge in COVID-19 cases, which affected almost two thirds of the patients diagnosed in Daegu. To prevent further spread in the community, all members of this group were screened for SARS-CoV-2, regardless of whether they had symptoms. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) analysis of the nasopharyngeal swab samples from 10,459 persons showed 4,259 (40.7%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 (4). The exponential increase in COVID-19 cases in this area was so severe that local and government medical institutions were not able to handle the surge. Thus, many symptomatic patients, including some with advanced respiratory insufficiency, had to wait at home for hospitalization because no beds were available (3,5). In addition, hospital overload because of crowding with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 prevented adequate allocation of medical resources for patients with higher mortality risk because of age and presence of underlying conditions. To promote efficient allocation of advanced medical resources to severe COVID-19 patients, on March 2, 2020, South Korea implemented community treatment centers (CTCs), novel institutions to accommodate and monitor asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic case-patients who do not require hospital admission (6). The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 could range from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and even death (7-9). Several studies have been published on the clinical characteristics or outcomes of COVID-19, but most analyzed data from hospitalized patients (10-12). To date, details of

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, Jan 18, 2023

Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. T... more Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. This virus has a higher degree of lethality than other endemic viruses Covid-19 diagnosis is based on viral detection, isolation, or serological changes. For cytopathic effects, sputum cytology is routinely performed for nearly all patients with chest symptoms. Objective: The study aimed to find Cytological change in sputum samples of COVID-19 patients in Shendi town. Materials and Methods: This study includes 45 subjects. Thirty were known as Covid 19 positive cases by PCR, and 15 were healthy subjects. Two sputum smears were collected from the study group then fixed in (95% Ethanol alcohol) and stained with Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains, then screening for any cytomorphological changes and microbes. Result: In cytology screening, intranuclear inclusion and inflammatory cells were observed in all sputum samples (100%) of patients infected with covid-19, other cytomorphological changes that appeared were nuclear atypia (96.6%), cytolysis (64.4%) and destructive change (fibrocytes) in (30%). None of the cytomorphological changes mentioned above were observed in the control sample. Co-infection with bacteria and fungi (aspergillus & Candida) exists in (66.6%) of Covid-19 patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between infection with covid-19 and the cytomorphological changes characterized in their sputum P. value was less than (0.05). Intranuclear inclusion in this study was a specific and sensitive indicator for Covid-19. There was no correlation between the period of infection and distractive change appearance or invasion with microorganisms of the study group (P. value more than 0.05), But confections with microorganisms were statistically correlated to the age of the study group (P. value less than 0.05). Conclusion: Cellular changes and consistency of Sputum and saliva samples can provide inexpensive, rapid diagnostic, minimally invasive techniques for Covid-19, particularly in densely populated developing countries and areas.

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry

Insulin resistance (IR) is an essential factor in the etiology of type2 diabetes and is likewise ... more Insulin resistance (IR) is an essential factor in the etiology of type2 diabetes and is likewise related to a big range of different pathophysiologic sequelae along with hypertension, hyperlipidemia. we carried out this cross-sectional examination to the evaluation of insulin resistance in obese people. A total of 60 obese people 20% males and 80% female were divided into 4 groups overweight (20.0%), obesity class1(36.6%), obesity class2(16.6%), and obesity class3(26.6%). Blood samples were obtained from each participant and analyzed for fasting blood glucose (FBG) as well as insulin levels. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. The results showed a positive correlation between insulin resistance and insulin levels (mean 1.1+0.91, 7.1+10.1, r=0.490, P. value= 0.0001 respectively). There was no correlation between insulin resistance and FBG (mean 1.1+0.91, 75.7+10.9, r=0.52, P. value = 0.691 respectively). The analysis also showed a significant positive correlation between ins...

Microbiology Research Journal International

Background: The prevalence of nosocomial infections has continued to rise due to microbial contam... more Background: The prevalence of nosocomial infections has continued to rise due to microbial contamination of the hospital environment. Operating room contamination, on the other hand, is one of the most common and life-threatening sources of nosocomial infections. Objective: The goal of this research is to isolate and identify bacterial contaminants in operating rooms and equipment in EnNahud, West Kordofan. Methods: A total of 45 samples (from three hospitals) were collected from various operating theatre sites between September and December 2020. Using the accepted bacteriological methods (ISO/TC 147/SC 4 Microbiological techniques), all isolated bacteria were identified. S. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were employed as control bacterial strains to track the entire bacteriological process. Results: Five kinds of bacteria were recovered from the 45 (100%) positive specimens in three hospitals in this study. The number of polluted hospitals is on t...

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, May 24, 2022

Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogen is an important health risk, usually ... more Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogen is an important health risk, usually gramnegative bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics by the production of beta-lactamase enzyme, CTX-M-type enzymes are a group of class A extended-spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs) that are rapidly Spreading among gram-negative worldwide. CTX-M-type ESBLs exhibit powerful activity against cefotaxime and ceftriaxone antibiotics but generally not against ceftazidime, in some geographical areas, CTX-M is now the most prevalent ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae. There are 172 known variants of CTX-M genes identified until August 25, 2016. Objectives: This present study aims to identify the gene, namely: CTX-M, Responsible for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from different samples of Sudanese patients in Shendi city (urine, pus, and wound). Methodology: 200 samples were identified as gram-negative bacteria. Identification of the isolates was done by using conventional biochemical methods, and ESBLs were screened according to (CLSI) guidelines. ESBLs Positive strains were tested for the presence of ESBL encoding CTX-M, Gene by using PCR with specific primers for the detection of CTX-M. Results: ESBL found to be higher in P. aeruginosa n=18(78.3%) Klebsiella spp n=45 (64.2%). Escherichia coli n=51(57.3%) Proteus n=8(53.3%) the total of ESBL from all gram-negative isolate represent n=122 (61%). The presence of the CTX-M, the gene was confirmed in n=57(46.8%) in all isolates. The CTX-M gene were detected in n= 17 (37.8%) Klebsiella spp, n=28(55%) of Escherichia coli, n=3(37.5%) in Proteus and n=9 (50%) in P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa isolates represent a high percentage of ESBL producers followed by Klebsiella spp, then Escherichia coli and proteus spp CTX-M gen detected commonly in Escherichia coli followed by P. aeruginosa then Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp. The study concludes that the ESBL production within gram-negative bacteria was high and the CTX-M gene was spread in Shendi city.

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Covid-19 can Cause Various Conditions Including respiratory, enteric, and neurologica... more Background: Covid-19 can Cause Various Conditions Including respiratory, enteric, and neurological diseases, and led to a pandemic that has affected millions worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Shendi teaching hospital which is located in Shendi town in Sudan to evaluate Haematological parameters and D. Dimer in patients with Covid-19 Infection in the period between May to September 2021. The study included (50) patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 Infection and the study groups were compared with (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. 50 venous blood samples as case and 50 as control transferred into Tri sodium citrate and EDTA anticoagulant. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (22) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the Covid-19 Infection patients were; (60%) males and (40) females. Complete blood count (CBC) indicated the mean values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC, i...

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Breast cancer is common in Sudan and most patients are detected at later stages of th... more Background: Breast cancer is common in Sudan and most patients are detected at later stages of the disease due to the lack of awareness and absence of early screening programs. The majority of breast cancers originate in the epithelium lining the milk ducts. It is believed that most breast canceras are slow growing and progress from precancerous cells, which have cellular and nuclear changes that can be identified microscopically. Aim: To cytological screening of breast cancer in breast fluid. Methods: This is a cross-sectional feasible study conducted in Shendi town, 200 samples of different breast fluids from asymptomatic women. (100 nipple aspiration fluid, 50 milk smear, 50 postpartum milk) have been collected and screened cytologically. Stained by pap stain. Results: After cytology screening of breast fluid in, milk 30/50(60%) of women were non-cell secretors and 20/50 (40%) of women were cell secretors. Cells that appeared among the secreting group were a few epithelial cells ...

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: One of the most dangerous neoplasms affecting the colon, rectum, and/or anus, colorec... more Background: One of the most dangerous neoplasms affecting the colon, rectum, and/or anus, colorectal cancer (CRC) has a variety of macroscopic and histopathologic features. The third most prevalent cancer worldwide and the fourth most common cancer-related cause of death is colorectal cancer. The second most prevalent gastrointestinal cancer and the fifth most frequent primary tumor in Sudan is colorectal cancer. A complete blood count (FBC) is a routine blood test that can include up to 20 different blood components and is used in both primary and secondary care. This study was done to assess how well the FBC test works for detecting CRC. Objectives: We hypothesized that the Hb and RBCs indices (RBCs counts, PCV, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) components of a full blood count test have a value in the detection of colorectal cancer among adult Sudanese patients. Material and Methods: This study was a hospital- based retrospective cross-sectional analytical study. The study included 100 patient...

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Obesity is a condition of excess adipose tissue associated with hormonal imbalances a... more Background: Obesity is a condition of excess adipose tissue associated with hormonal imbalances associated with the degree of obesity. Objective: To assess the effects of obesity on thyroid-stimulating hormone in Sudanese subjects in Atbara, Nile State. Materials and Methods: Collect 40 samples from randomly selected obese and overweight (male and female) subjects in Atbara City, Nile State. Between July and September 2021. Efficacy was evaluated in 20 healthy subjects with normal BMI of TSH levels of obesity as a control group. Serum TSH levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay analyzer (TOSOH) and results were analyzed using the Social Science Statistical Package (SPSS) computer program. Results: The results of this study showed the mean concentration of TSH levels in obese subjects (mean ± SD) (1.248 ± 0.48915) and controls (1.480 ± 0. 3), P. value = 0.07 and was also non-significant. Also showed that the mean concentration of BMI, waist circumference and waist hip rati...

for unlimited help during the period of the practical. Also grateful thanks must to go to those h... more for unlimited help during the period of the practical. Also grateful thanks must to go to those help me practical part of my study Us. Khalid Saeed, and also Us. waleed Omer, Abdo Alhafeeth Gasm Alssed and all staff members of Microbiology lab.

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: The second most frequent cancer in males and the fourth most common cancer overall fo... more Background: The second most frequent cancer in males and the fourth most common cancer overall for both sexes is prostate cancer. On chromosome 8p, there is a prostatic tumor suppressor gene called NKX3.1. Despite the fact that the majority of primary prostatic adenocarcinomas exhibit positive NKX3.1 protein staining. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of NKX3.1in prostate adenocarcinoma and correlate it with tumor grades among Sudanese patients. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective descriptive cross- sectional study, was conducted in Khartoum state, (Radiation& Istopes Center- Khartoum (RICK)). Tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemical staining against NKX3.1 (indirect dextral polymers (Dako- EnVision TM Flex kit)) was carried out on forty (40) archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks from patients diagnosed as prostate carcinoma. Data were collected from hospital records and the immunohis...

SAR journal of medicine, Mar 30, 2023

Coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and... more Coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and bloodfilled chambers of the heart using a catheter to recognize occlusion, stenosis, and thrombosis. This procedure is commonly performed through the femoral artery, which may induce possible complications such as bleeding or hematoma. Restricting patient movement was adopted to avoid these complications. The patient has to lie in bed in a supine position for at least 6 hours after angiography. This is an experimental case-control study, conducted to evaluate the effect of early mobilization on back pain. A sample of 300 adult patients was selected by a random sample technique. They were randomly allocated to 100 patients in the experimental group and 200 patients in the control group. The study was conducted from March 2017 to March 2019 at Ahmed Gasim Cardiac Surgery and Renal Transplantation Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan. The experimental group was mobilized early after 4 hours and the control group had routine bed rest for 6 hours post-sheath removal. Both groups received the usual care. A structured questionnaire and checklist were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).The results revealed that the two groups feel pain varying between no pain and mild (85%) in the cases and in the controls (89.0%) from one hour up to four hours but significant back pain increased clearly at five hours and six hours for the controls group (5 th hours severe (6%) very severe (0.5%). P. value 0.000 significant and 6 th hours severe (27.5%) very severe (6%). This study concluded that back pain reduction was statistically significant among the experimental group compared to the control group.

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, May 13, 2023

Background: Urinary tract infection is a widespread microbial disease and 2nd most disease in wom... more Background: Urinary tract infection is a widespread microbial disease and 2nd most disease in women due to the anatomy of women type 2 diabetes is a high risk of infection of the urinary tract. Objective: To identify the agent that causes urinary tract infections in diabetic patients, select the best antibiotic, and assess the types of diabetes that are connected with urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods: From May to August 2018, a hospital-based crosssectional study was carried out. According to the established methodology, urine samples were obtained for culture and identification. All isolates underwent an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20 was used to import the data from Epi-data version 3.2.1. Results: The study's findings indicated that E. coli is the most prevalent bacterium, with a prevalence of approximately (30.2%). It is followed by K. pneumoniae (26.3%), and then by Staphylococcus aureus and Saprophiticus in percentage (15%). Gentamicin has a high rate of antibiotic sensitivity (approximately 36%), while Ceftazidime has a high rate of antibiotic resistance (about 35%). Around (52%) of people are resistant to Ceftriaxone and Cloxacillin. Conclusions: There was a high rate of UTI in diabetes patients. Female diabetics were more likely to experience UTIs than male diabetics.E. coli and K. pneumoniae species making up the majority of isolates. The isolated pathogens were highly susceptible to Gentamicin, Cloxacillin, and Ceftriaxone. These findings demonstrate the importance of glycemic management in diabetics for reducing UTIs, regardless of age or sex. By treating UTIs with the appropriate antimicrobial medications and monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated microorganisms, antibiotic-resistant urinary organisms can be managed.

Journal of Women Health Care and Gynaecology

Background: Delivery is the process of birth. As the uterus contracts, the lower part stretches a... more Background: Delivery is the process of birth. As the uterus contracts, the lower part stretches and thins, the cervix expands, the birth canal is formed, and the baby sinks through the pelvis, Platelet counts of less than 150,000 per cubic millimeter during uncomplicated pregnancies are described as gestational thrombocytopenia if no alternative cause is identified. Platelet counts may be even lower in women with pregnancy-related complications. Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the platelet count and platelet index in women after normal delivery. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the city of Shendi during the period from March (2021) to January (2022) and measured the platelet count and platelet index in women after normal delivery. P.value of the test at the 95-confidence level was 0.000, less than 0.05, indicating significant variation between the case and control groups in platelet counts. Hundreds of venous blood samples were collected for use i...

International Journal of Pathogen Research, Mar 28, 2023

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, Feb 25, 2023

Background: Operating room contamination is recognized as one of the most common life-threatening... more Background: Operating room contamination is recognized as one of the most common life-threatening microbial contaminations in hospital environments, especially operating rooms and other specialty units, and is an everincreasing cause of nosocomial infections. Objective: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial contaminants in Shendi hospital operating room. Between July-September 2021. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples were collected from various locations in the operating room and all isolated bacteria were identified. The study isolated five types of bacteria from the Shendi Hospital operating room. Results: The results showed that Micrococcus was the most common bacterial contaminant isolated from the operating room. Leteus 21 (32.3%) Staphylococci. Epidermis 16 (24.6%), Staphylococci aureus 11 (16.9%), Bacillus sp. 9 (13.8%), Bacillus cereus 8 (12.3%)) and the lowest contaminants were isolated from soil 15 (23%), and focus lamp 5 (7.7%). This study may point to the fact that the Shendi Hospital operating room had bacterial contamination that could lead to postoperative wound infections (SSI). Reasons for contamination may be due to excessive attendance, personnel movement, and ineffective sterilization and disinfection procedures. Conclusions: Bacterial contamination was highest in operating room beds, followed by carts, floors, and focused lambs. Micrococcus spp, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and Bacillus species have proven to be the most serious contaminants in the operating room, and are a dangerous cause of hospital-acquired infections, killing patients and hospital staff threatening. This may indicate that the sterilization method is not efficient enough, putting the patient at risk for postoperative infection. Some organisms were resistant to Gentamicin and highly sensitive to Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone.

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Urinary tract infections frequently occur in diabetic patients due to an impaired imm... more Background: Urinary tract infections frequently occur in diabetic patients due to an impaired immune status and increased glucose content in the urine among other reasons. This makes UTIs very important to investigate. Complicated cases of UTI may be frequent but are more common in diabetics with more severe consequences. And so warrant further investigations. The proper management of UTI in diabetics is crucial as prompt diagnosis and correct use of antibiotics are vital for treatment. Finding alternative antimicrobial agents from plant extracts has received growing interest. Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) is a safe, non-toxic, cheap spice that has been reported to have antimicrobial effects against various pathogenic bacteria. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ginger extract on different types of bacteria isolated from diabetic patients suffering from urinary tract infections. Methodology: A cross- sectional and hospital-based study has been conducted at t...

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic metabolic disorder that can lead to diabetic nep... more Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic metabolic disorder that can lead to diabetic nephropathy (DN), a leading cause of end-stage renal disease around the world. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare microalbuminuria and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with diabetes mellitus to healthy normal controls in Shendi, Sudan. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based case-control study was carried out in Shendi, Sudan. Between June and October of 2021 This study included 50 participants, 30 of whom had clinically confirmed diabetes as cases and 20 who appeared to be healthy as controls. In this study, blood and random urine samples were collected from each case and control, and the levels of microalbuminuria and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) were estimated using an A25 chemistry analyzer and an Ichroma immuno-analyzer, respectively. The data was collected with a structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Results: In our study, patient...

SAR journal of medicine, May 24, 2022

Background: While most people follow social distancing and are avoiding contact with anyone displ... more Background: While most people follow social distancing and are avoiding contact with anyone displaying flu-like symptoms, still asymptomatic patients are having positive SAR COV 2 test can transfer disease to others, as well as the outcome of their disease sill not well understood. Objective: To assess the clinical course of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who had a positive PCR test in multicenter. Methods: This was a prospective cohort multicenter study conducted in the study was conducted in Khartoum State COVID-19 Centres. Namely Alia Hospital, Fedail, and Ministry of Health Laboratories during the period from December 2020 to April 2021. Data was collected using a questionnaire from 98 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire was filled with patients after taking informed consent. Results: The mean age was 49±7.3 years. Males were 58(59.2%) and females were 40(40.8%). The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The frequency of symptomatic patients' COVID-19 positive test results experience symptoms was 80(81.6%), while the frequency of asymptomatic patients was 18(18.4%). The time and period of appearance of manifestations among COVID 19 patients, the study indicated that among symptomatic patients after PCR test, the moment of appearance of symptoms was 1-7 days in 76(95%) and 8-14 days after test in 4(5%). After 28 days follow up the outcome of the patients was recovery 76(76.6%), remain Asymptomatic 18(18.4%), and remain symptomatic 4(4.0%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the appearance of symptoms before and after the PCR test was significantly affected by chronic diseases as well as chronic medications in use (P. value <0.05).

Asian journal of biology, Mar 28, 2023

Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020

C oronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, now calle... more C oronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, now called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has been spreading rapidly in many countries worldwide since the pandemic began in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province in China, in December 2019 (1,2). In South Korea, a confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported on January 20, 2020, and the number of confirmed cases has increased markedly since late February, especially in the Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do regions (3). Mass infection at a religious institution in Daegu City was the main cause of the surge in COVID-19 cases, which affected almost two thirds of the patients diagnosed in Daegu. To prevent further spread in the community, all members of this group were screened for SARS-CoV-2, regardless of whether they had symptoms. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) analysis of the nasopharyngeal swab samples from 10,459 persons showed 4,259 (40.7%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 (4). The exponential increase in COVID-19 cases in this area was so severe that local and government medical institutions were not able to handle the surge. Thus, many symptomatic patients, including some with advanced respiratory insufficiency, had to wait at home for hospitalization because no beds were available (3,5). In addition, hospital overload because of crowding with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 prevented adequate allocation of medical resources for patients with higher mortality risk because of age and presence of underlying conditions. To promote efficient allocation of advanced medical resources to severe COVID-19 patients, on March 2, 2020, South Korea implemented community treatment centers (CTCs), novel institutions to accommodate and monitor asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic case-patients who do not require hospital admission (6). The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 could range from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and even death (7-9). Several studies have been published on the clinical characteristics or outcomes of COVID-19, but most analyzed data from hospitalized patients (10-12). To date, details of

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, Jan 18, 2023

Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. T... more Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. This virus has a higher degree of lethality than other endemic viruses Covid-19 diagnosis is based on viral detection, isolation, or serological changes. For cytopathic effects, sputum cytology is routinely performed for nearly all patients with chest symptoms. Objective: The study aimed to find Cytological change in sputum samples of COVID-19 patients in Shendi town. Materials and Methods: This study includes 45 subjects. Thirty were known as Covid 19 positive cases by PCR, and 15 were healthy subjects. Two sputum smears were collected from the study group then fixed in (95% Ethanol alcohol) and stained with Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains, then screening for any cytomorphological changes and microbes. Result: In cytology screening, intranuclear inclusion and inflammatory cells were observed in all sputum samples (100%) of patients infected with covid-19, other cytomorphological changes that appeared were nuclear atypia (96.6%), cytolysis (64.4%) and destructive change (fibrocytes) in (30%). None of the cytomorphological changes mentioned above were observed in the control sample. Co-infection with bacteria and fungi (aspergillus & Candida) exists in (66.6%) of Covid-19 patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between infection with covid-19 and the cytomorphological changes characterized in their sputum P. value was less than (0.05). Intranuclear inclusion in this study was a specific and sensitive indicator for Covid-19. There was no correlation between the period of infection and distractive change appearance or invasion with microorganisms of the study group (P. value more than 0.05), But confections with microorganisms were statistically correlated to the age of the study group (P. value less than 0.05). Conclusion: Cellular changes and consistency of Sputum and saliva samples can provide inexpensive, rapid diagnostic, minimally invasive techniques for Covid-19, particularly in densely populated developing countries and areas.

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry

Insulin resistance (IR) is an essential factor in the etiology of type2 diabetes and is likewise ... more Insulin resistance (IR) is an essential factor in the etiology of type2 diabetes and is likewise related to a big range of different pathophysiologic sequelae along with hypertension, hyperlipidemia. we carried out this cross-sectional examination to the evaluation of insulin resistance in obese people. A total of 60 obese people 20% males and 80% female were divided into 4 groups overweight (20.0%), obesity class1(36.6%), obesity class2(16.6%), and obesity class3(26.6%). Blood samples were obtained from each participant and analyzed for fasting blood glucose (FBG) as well as insulin levels. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. The results showed a positive correlation between insulin resistance and insulin levels (mean 1.1+0.91, 7.1+10.1, r=0.490, P. value= 0.0001 respectively). There was no correlation between insulin resistance and FBG (mean 1.1+0.91, 75.7+10.9, r=0.52, P. value = 0.691 respectively). The analysis also showed a significant positive correlation between ins...

Microbiology Research Journal International

Background: The prevalence of nosocomial infections has continued to rise due to microbial contam... more Background: The prevalence of nosocomial infections has continued to rise due to microbial contamination of the hospital environment. Operating room contamination, on the other hand, is one of the most common and life-threatening sources of nosocomial infections. Objective: The goal of this research is to isolate and identify bacterial contaminants in operating rooms and equipment in EnNahud, West Kordofan. Methods: A total of 45 samples (from three hospitals) were collected from various operating theatre sites between September and December 2020. Using the accepted bacteriological methods (ISO/TC 147/SC 4 Microbiological techniques), all isolated bacteria were identified. S. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were employed as control bacterial strains to track the entire bacteriological process. Results: Five kinds of bacteria were recovered from the 45 (100%) positive specimens in three hospitals in this study. The number of polluted hospitals is on t...

SAR journal of pathology and microbiology, May 24, 2022

Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogen is an important health risk, usually ... more Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogen is an important health risk, usually gramnegative bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics by the production of beta-lactamase enzyme, CTX-M-type enzymes are a group of class A extended-spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs) that are rapidly Spreading among gram-negative worldwide. CTX-M-type ESBLs exhibit powerful activity against cefotaxime and ceftriaxone antibiotics but generally not against ceftazidime, in some geographical areas, CTX-M is now the most prevalent ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae. There are 172 known variants of CTX-M genes identified until August 25, 2016. Objectives: This present study aims to identify the gene, namely: CTX-M, Responsible for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from different samples of Sudanese patients in Shendi city (urine, pus, and wound). Methodology: 200 samples were identified as gram-negative bacteria. Identification of the isolates was done by using conventional biochemical methods, and ESBLs were screened according to (CLSI) guidelines. ESBLs Positive strains were tested for the presence of ESBL encoding CTX-M, Gene by using PCR with specific primers for the detection of CTX-M. Results: ESBL found to be higher in P. aeruginosa n=18(78.3%) Klebsiella spp n=45 (64.2%). Escherichia coli n=51(57.3%) Proteus n=8(53.3%) the total of ESBL from all gram-negative isolate represent n=122 (61%). The presence of the CTX-M, the gene was confirmed in n=57(46.8%) in all isolates. The CTX-M gene were detected in n= 17 (37.8%) Klebsiella spp, n=28(55%) of Escherichia coli, n=3(37.5%) in Proteus and n=9 (50%) in P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa isolates represent a high percentage of ESBL producers followed by Klebsiella spp, then Escherichia coli and proteus spp CTX-M gen detected commonly in Escherichia coli followed by P. aeruginosa then Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp. The study concludes that the ESBL production within gram-negative bacteria was high and the CTX-M gene was spread in Shendi city.

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Covid-19 can Cause Various Conditions Including respiratory, enteric, and neurologica... more Background: Covid-19 can Cause Various Conditions Including respiratory, enteric, and neurological diseases, and led to a pandemic that has affected millions worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Shendi teaching hospital which is located in Shendi town in Sudan to evaluate Haematological parameters and D. Dimer in patients with Covid-19 Infection in the period between May to September 2021. The study included (50) patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 Infection and the study groups were compared with (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. 50 venous blood samples as case and 50 as control transferred into Tri sodium citrate and EDTA anticoagulant. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (22) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the Covid-19 Infection patients were; (60%) males and (40) females. Complete blood count (CBC) indicated the mean values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC, i...

SAR Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Background: Breast cancer is common in Sudan and most patients are detected at later stages of th... more Background: Breast cancer is common in Sudan and most patients are detected at later stages of the disease due to the lack of awareness and absence of early screening programs. The majority of breast cancers originate in the epithelium lining the milk ducts. It is believed that most breast canceras are slow growing and progress from precancerous cells, which have cellular and nuclear changes that can be identified microscopically. Aim: To cytological screening of breast cancer in breast fluid. Methods: This is a cross-sectional feasible study conducted in Shendi town, 200 samples of different breast fluids from asymptomatic women. (100 nipple aspiration fluid, 50 milk smear, 50 postpartum milk) have been collected and screened cytologically. Stained by pap stain. Results: After cytology screening of breast fluid in, milk 30/50(60%) of women were non-cell secretors and 20/50 (40%) of women were cell secretors. Cells that appeared among the secreting group were a few epithelial cells ...