Gaber El Enany - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Gaber El Enany
Advanced Materials, 1992
Nickel nanowires have been formed by stationary electrochemical deposition of nickel into mesopor... more Nickel nanowires have been formed by stationary electrochemical deposition of nickel into mesoporous silicon templates from the modified Watts bath. Monitoring of the porous silicon potential during the electrochemical deposition has given the determination of the emergence of Ni on the outer surface of porous layer. Maximum filling factor of porous silicon with Ni has been achieved to 67%. The pore dimensions have been found to define the length and diameter of the Ni nanowires that have equaled to 10 μm and 100-120 nm, respectively. The polycrystalline nature of the nickel nanowires, as well as the expansion of nickel lattice constant in comparison with bulk material has been established by analyzing the X-ray diffraction spectra. The synthesized samples have possessed ferromagnetic properties, which have been confirmed by temperature measurements of the magnetization. Smaller values of the specific magnetization of the Ni/PS samples and the atomic magnetic moment of Ni atoms at the low temperature with respect to those of bulk material have been suggested to be mostly caused by formation of nickel silicide at the beginning of the Ni electrochemical deposition.
Electrodeposition of Polymer Electrolyte Coated MnO2 for 3D Microbatteries
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2009
not Available.
Enhanced Capacitance of Thermally Reduced Hexagonal Graphene Oxide for High Performance Supercapacitor
Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 2014
ABSTRACT An easy method, cost effective, and scalable approach was developed for the preparation ... more ABSTRACT An easy method, cost effective, and scalable approach was developed for the preparation of graphene nanosheets. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by modified Hummer method, and thermal reduction was performed in air ambient at 350°C. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy indicate that GO is reduced to graphene. A perfect hexagonal GO structure was confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images. After thermal reduction, few layers of thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) with dimension of hundred nanometers were obtained. The electrochemical properties of the graphene nanosheets as electrode materials for supercapacitors were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Higher specific capacitance of 731 F g−1 in 1M H2SO4 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1, and a large specific capacitance of 451 F g−1 was preserved at high scan rate of 100 mV s−1.
The heavy metals pollution in water, sediments and fish of Lake Manzala affected form the disposa... more The heavy metals pollution in water, sediments and fish of Lake Manzala affected form the disposal of wastewater, industrial and agricultural drainage water into the lake on the environmental situation. A pilot plant with an industrial discharge flow of 135L/h designed according to the activated sludge plant to simulate between the biological and chemical treatment with the addition of alum to the aeration tank with dosages of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L. The industrial discharge had concentrations of Lead and BOD<sub>5</sub> with an average range 1.22, 145mg/L respectively. That means the average Pb was high up to 25 times than the allowed permissible concentration. The optimization of the chemical-biological process using 200mg/L Alum dosage compared has improvement of Lead and BOD<sub>5</sub> removal efficiency to 61.76% and 56% respectively.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2014
The high rate activated sludge stage of the multiple-stage sludge treatment plant is characterize... more The high rate activated sludge stage of the multiple-stage sludge treatment plant is characterized by high efficiencies of treatment, cost, and size, compared to conventional activated sludge treatment plants. A pilot plant with an industrial discharge flow of 135L/h was designed according to the highly loaded activated sludge stage (A-stage). The plant simulated the biological and chemical treatment of sludge by adding alum to the aeration tank in dosages of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L. The results clearly indicate that the highly-loaded activated sludge, the A-stage of the absorption/bio-oxidation system, has a high efficiency for the elimination of organic and inorganic matters. Without adding aluminum salt, the chemical oxygen demand, the total phosphate and the total nitrate were approximately 52.43%, 47.82%, and 40.09% respectively. The chemical-biological process with a dosage of 200mg/L alum resulted in 76.07% reduced chemical oxygen demand and improved efficiency of phosphate and nitrate removal to 73.5% and 66.98% respectively compared with the biological process in the A-stage.
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011
3D microbatteries are proposed as a step change in the energy and power per footprint of surface ... more 3D microbatteries are proposed as a step change in the energy and power per footprint of surface mountable rechargeable batteries for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other small electronic devices. Within a battery electrode, a 3D nanoarchitecture gives mesoporosity, increasing power by reducing the length of the diffusion path; in the separator region it can form the basis of a robust but porous solid, isolating the electrodes and immobilising an otherwise fluid electrolyte. 3D microarchitecture of the whole cell allows fabrication of interdigitated or interpenetrating networks that minimise the ionic path length between the electrodes in a thick cell. This article outlines the design principles for 3D microbatteries and estimates the geometrical and physical requirements of the materials. It then gives selected examples of recent progress in the techniques available for fabrication of 3D battery structures by successive deposition of electrodes, electrolytes and current collectors onto microstructured substrates by self-assembly methods.
Electrochemistry Communications, 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by ca... more Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by cathodic electropolymerisation of acrylonitrile in acetonitrile with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte. The electronic barrier properties of the films were confirmed by impedance spectroscopy of carbon |PAN| Hg cells while the ionic resistance of the films varied from 200 kX cm 2 in the dry state to 1.4 X cm 2 when plasticised with 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate. A galvanic cell was prepared by successive electrodepositions of MnO 2 and PAN on a carbon substrate, using liquid lithium amalgam as the top contact. The cell showed a stable open circuit potential and behaved normally under the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT).
Electrochemistry Communications, 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by ca... more Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by cathodic electropolymerisation of acrylonitrile in acetonitrile with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte. The electronic barrier properties of the films were confirmed by impedance spectroscopy of carbon |PAN| Hg cells while the ionic resistance of the films varied from 200 kX cm 2 in the dry state to 1.4 X cm 2 when plasticised with 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate. A galvanic cell was prepared by successive electrodepositions of MnO 2 and PAN on a carbon substrate, using liquid lithium amalgam as the top contact. The cell showed a stable open circuit potential and behaved normally under the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT).
Electrochemistry Communications, 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by ca... more Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by cathodic electropolymerisation of acrylonitrile in acetonitrile with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte. The electronic barrier properties of the films were confirmed by impedance spectroscopy of carbon |PAN| Hg cells while the ionic resistance of the films varied from 200 kX cm 2 in the dry state to 1.4 X cm 2 when plasticised with 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate. A galvanic cell was prepared by successive electrodepositions of MnO 2 and PAN on a carbon substrate, using liquid lithium amalgam as the top contact. The cell showed a stable open circuit potential and behaved normally under the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT).
Advanced Materials, 1992
Nickel nanowires have been formed by stationary electrochemical deposition of nickel into mesopor... more Nickel nanowires have been formed by stationary electrochemical deposition of nickel into mesoporous silicon templates from the modified Watts bath. Monitoring of the porous silicon potential during the electrochemical deposition has given the determination of the emergence of Ni on the outer surface of porous layer. Maximum filling factor of porous silicon with Ni has been achieved to 67%. The pore dimensions have been found to define the length and diameter of the Ni nanowires that have equaled to 10 μm and 100-120 nm, respectively. The polycrystalline nature of the nickel nanowires, as well as the expansion of nickel lattice constant in comparison with bulk material has been established by analyzing the X-ray diffraction spectra. The synthesized samples have possessed ferromagnetic properties, which have been confirmed by temperature measurements of the magnetization. Smaller values of the specific magnetization of the Ni/PS samples and the atomic magnetic moment of Ni atoms at the low temperature with respect to those of bulk material have been suggested to be mostly caused by formation of nickel silicide at the beginning of the Ni electrochemical deposition.
Electrodeposition of Polymer Electrolyte Coated MnO2 for 3D Microbatteries
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2009
not Available.
Enhanced Capacitance of Thermally Reduced Hexagonal Graphene Oxide for High Performance Supercapacitor
Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 2014
ABSTRACT An easy method, cost effective, and scalable approach was developed for the preparation ... more ABSTRACT An easy method, cost effective, and scalable approach was developed for the preparation of graphene nanosheets. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by modified Hummer method, and thermal reduction was performed in air ambient at 350°C. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy indicate that GO is reduced to graphene. A perfect hexagonal GO structure was confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images. After thermal reduction, few layers of thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) with dimension of hundred nanometers were obtained. The electrochemical properties of the graphene nanosheets as electrode materials for supercapacitors were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Higher specific capacitance of 731 F g−1 in 1M H2SO4 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1, and a large specific capacitance of 451 F g−1 was preserved at high scan rate of 100 mV s−1.
The heavy metals pollution in water, sediments and fish of Lake Manzala affected form the disposa... more The heavy metals pollution in water, sediments and fish of Lake Manzala affected form the disposal of wastewater, industrial and agricultural drainage water into the lake on the environmental situation. A pilot plant with an industrial discharge flow of 135L/h designed according to the activated sludge plant to simulate between the biological and chemical treatment with the addition of alum to the aeration tank with dosages of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L. The industrial discharge had concentrations of Lead and BOD<sub>5</sub> with an average range 1.22, 145mg/L respectively. That means the average Pb was high up to 25 times than the allowed permissible concentration. The optimization of the chemical-biological process using 200mg/L Alum dosage compared has improvement of Lead and BOD<sub>5</sub> removal efficiency to 61.76% and 56% respectively.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2014
The high rate activated sludge stage of the multiple-stage sludge treatment plant is characterize... more The high rate activated sludge stage of the multiple-stage sludge treatment plant is characterized by high efficiencies of treatment, cost, and size, compared to conventional activated sludge treatment plants. A pilot plant with an industrial discharge flow of 135L/h was designed according to the highly loaded activated sludge stage (A-stage). The plant simulated the biological and chemical treatment of sludge by adding alum to the aeration tank in dosages of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L. The results clearly indicate that the highly-loaded activated sludge, the A-stage of the absorption/bio-oxidation system, has a high efficiency for the elimination of organic and inorganic matters. Without adding aluminum salt, the chemical oxygen demand, the total phosphate and the total nitrate were approximately 52.43%, 47.82%, and 40.09% respectively. The chemical-biological process with a dosage of 200mg/L alum resulted in 76.07% reduced chemical oxygen demand and improved efficiency of phosphate and nitrate removal to 73.5% and 66.98% respectively compared with the biological process in the A-stage.
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011
3D microbatteries are proposed as a step change in the energy and power per footprint of surface ... more 3D microbatteries are proposed as a step change in the energy and power per footprint of surface mountable rechargeable batteries for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other small electronic devices. Within a battery electrode, a 3D nanoarchitecture gives mesoporosity, increasing power by reducing the length of the diffusion path; in the separator region it can form the basis of a robust but porous solid, isolating the electrodes and immobilising an otherwise fluid electrolyte. 3D microarchitecture of the whole cell allows fabrication of interdigitated or interpenetrating networks that minimise the ionic path length between the electrodes in a thick cell. This article outlines the design principles for 3D microbatteries and estimates the geometrical and physical requirements of the materials. It then gives selected examples of recent progress in the techniques available for fabrication of 3D battery structures by successive deposition of electrodes, electrolytes and current collectors onto microstructured substrates by self-assembly methods.
Electrochemistry Communications, 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by ca... more Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by cathodic electropolymerisation of acrylonitrile in acetonitrile with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte. The electronic barrier properties of the films were confirmed by impedance spectroscopy of carbon |PAN| Hg cells while the ionic resistance of the films varied from 200 kX cm 2 in the dry state to 1.4 X cm 2 when plasticised with 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate. A galvanic cell was prepared by successive electrodepositions of MnO 2 and PAN on a carbon substrate, using liquid lithium amalgam as the top contact. The cell showed a stable open circuit potential and behaved normally under the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT).
Electrochemistry Communications, 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by ca... more Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by cathodic electropolymerisation of acrylonitrile in acetonitrile with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte. The electronic barrier properties of the films were confirmed by impedance spectroscopy of carbon |PAN| Hg cells while the ionic resistance of the films varied from 200 kX cm 2 in the dry state to 1.4 X cm 2 when plasticised with 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate. A galvanic cell was prepared by successive electrodepositions of MnO 2 and PAN on a carbon substrate, using liquid lithium amalgam as the top contact. The cell showed a stable open circuit potential and behaved normally under the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT).
Electrochemistry Communications, 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by ca... more Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were grown on glassy carbon, nickel foam and MnO 2 substrates by cathodic electropolymerisation of acrylonitrile in acetonitrile with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte. The electronic barrier properties of the films were confirmed by impedance spectroscopy of carbon |PAN| Hg cells while the ionic resistance of the films varied from 200 kX cm 2 in the dry state to 1.4 X cm 2 when plasticised with 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate. A galvanic cell was prepared by successive electrodepositions of MnO 2 and PAN on a carbon substrate, using liquid lithium amalgam as the top contact. The cell showed a stable open circuit potential and behaved normally under the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT).