Rabindra Garada - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Rabindra Garada
Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why co... more Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc. Abstract-Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc.
So far the conception of the word "development" has been highly economized in true sense of its a... more So far the conception of the word "development" has been highly economized in true sense of its approach and application worldwide. But the problems of development do not inclusively fall in the realm of economics alone. Further, the economic rationality is incomplete without referring to social ethics. Acknowledging this somehow the sociologists and development economists have delimited the economic conceptualization of the term "development" for a sensible comprehension of its retrospective results and future prospects. In this article we have reassessed and recaptured the quintessence of development discourse engaging classical economists, institutional theorists and diffusion theorists on the one hand and the sociologists and dependency theorists, on the other. Our critical overview reveals that while the economists explore the cause and consequences for the development and underdevelopment of a country in term of economic variables the sociologists conceive it in term of a state or state of conditions structured or induced by the economic and non-economic factors for the same. Nevertheless, their views and counterviews on development and underdevelopment largely complement to one another. However, the former gives a coherent theory of development to which the latter explains with a framework of critical thinking. Our study also reflect that the structural-functional assumption of society held by the sociologist and modernists and criticized by dependency theorists could not be the effective substitute against classical and neo-classical theory of economic development in the world. However, our study substantiate that underdevelopment refers to a state of backwardness or conditions of arrested development whereas development refers to a state of advancement or conditions of continuous development. Further, the conception of development has been realized much more than just a socioeconomic endeavour.Interrogating the development discourses certainly proposes a new turn in the article.
The structural-functional and conflict theories have been the most dominating macro-sociological ... more The structural-functional and conflict theories have been the most dominating macro-sociological theories since the conception of the subject "Sociology" in the western world. Addition to their intellectual par excellence the emergence of neo-functionalism and critical theory has been exceptional in the academic world. Now all four macro-sociological theories epitomise a store house of knowledge by which the sociologists can comprehend the social reality more easily, appropriately and objectively than before. However, coming of neo-functionalism and critical theory has reshaped the inherent limitations built in the structural-functional and conflict perspectives in sociology. In fact, the protagonists of each theory in sociology have processed and promoted the macro-sociology differently suspecting and criticizing to one another. However, actualising the sociological imagination, investigation, application and evaluation (IIAE) gone through these macro theoretical perspectives has been a daunting task for the sociologists in particular and other social scientists in general. Unfortunately, the sociologists have largely neglected the latter two dimensions emphasising the former two. As a result, the twin objectives of sociology such as endeavouring positivism and promoting social activism have been largely detached, and rather, the former has displaced the latter making sociology as if an one-dimensional objective science. Our study reveals that without analysing the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) of the sociological theories we cannot capture the predicament and prospects of the macro-theories in sociology. We have also given a critical reflection to it in the context of Indian sociology. In this article, we have developed a creative cross-Figure Format using IIAE analysis and SWOT analysis of macro-sociological theories in detail.
Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why co... more Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc. Abstract-Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc.
Most of the Forest Reservation in Kandhamal subdivision was carried out before Revenue Survey and... more Most of the Forest Reservation in Kandhamal subdivision was carried out before Revenue Survey and Settlement of land rights was finalized consequences seems to be that in absence of recognized rights in unsurveyed areas, the Reservation of forests seems to have ignored tribal settlements interspersed within these forests. The problem seems to have been aggravated because even proper physical verification of the areas proposed to be declared as Reserve Forests wasn' t taken up to ensure whether settlements existed within these RFs. Govt. has banned shifting cultivation and seasonal collection of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) since 1996, the two major sources of income. As regular Survey/Settlement has not been made, the rights of the tribal were not transferred to the tribal even if they have been cultivating since long. As a result a large tract of land ceded away from the tribals, making them more vulnerable to different situations.
No matter how different sociological ontology, epistemology and methodology are, they pull togeth... more No matter how different sociological ontology, epistemology and methodology are, they pull together reasoning the social world for a better human understanding. So of their diverse theoretical paradigms and perspectives that developed over the time, make sociology a distinct discipline. But so far, their internal contradictions and dualism remain unresolved, and rather invites challenges for the future prospect of world sociology. The challenge is not how they thrive humans on different or diverse universe of meanings but to see their cross-boundaries of meanings. Our study also reveals that now the foundationlism-the theoretical narratives of Durkheim, Marx and Weber (DMW) have been reconstructed and regained with a fresh lease of life in the sociological world. But the proponents for such original building blocks are not always visible protagonists. However, in this context, the neo-functional theorists buttress structural functionalism with some radicalism whereas the critical theorists juxtapose the conflict theoretical perspectives uncovering many missing dimensions of exclusions of sociological marginal and minorities.
Functionalism is the most outstanding Intellectual acumen of European world, but among the absolu... more Functionalism is the most outstanding Intellectual acumen of European world, but among the absolute elitist approaches ever explored by early pathfinders of sociology in comprehending the social reality worldwide. No doubt, it has been excelled as an exceptional academic perspective among all social science perspectives worldwide; however, its face value is getting redundant in the country like India, where the dominant social structures push the subalterns down and pulls them out of their established social patterns. It runs away from the realities and gets enticed with Indian dominant ideology and western methodology. The tragedy is that it does not endorse the salient reflections of cultural diversities and pluralism nurtured by the subaltern castes, tribes and gender in the Indian society. Our study reveals that going beyond the prospect of the structural-functional perspective on Indian society will definitely be an uphill task. And instead of, going right through the accounts of the early travelers' visits, orientalist' studies, missionary views, British officials' ethnographic studies, indological perspective, Marxist perspective, etc on Indian society has been a critical heart searching for the subaltern people and their ethnic autonomy in Indian sociology. Addition to that, the Indological hegemony, and its related functional ideology still persist like "cultural watchdog" against any possibility of the subaltern perspective in contemporary India. Unfortunately, the authentic essence and liberating presence of the subaltern groups in Indian sociology is largely missing. Contrary to it, although, the subaltern consciousness as a liberating intellectual project has been gaining momentum but grappling with stiff oppositions. Since the dominant discourse on mainstream sociology has grudge against such development, it requires more scrutiny and debate for the sociology in India. Thus, an analytical reviews but critical history of Indian sociology has been sufficed to our purpose under the study. We have developed a resourceful analytical framework with Figure format in a comparative knowledge base for the study of Indian society in detail.
It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environ... more It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environment, but also adversely affects their interrelationship over the years. In this context, our household survey and field study observation reveal that the entire Talcher coal belt is undergoing a rapid change from its 'culture of ecology' to the 'culture of pollution', because coal mining operations have not simply disrupted the local peasants' access to agro-economy, and their common property resources (CPRs) i.e. village forests, fresh air, clean water sources, etc, but also have detached them from their earlier environmental ethics and green thinking at present. But, pollution impact has gone to such an extent that the very environment is as if, retreating/revenging the mining affected people in unexpected ways. Many of them now, painfully apprehend the menace of excruciating heat of summer time, tragedy of fly of coal dusts and impacts of land degradation, deforestation, water pollution, etc. But, hard reality is that nobody is damn serious about environmental regeneration, and rather, they are busy adjusting themselves with its degeneration. Thus, this paper reflects on the emerging crisis of human-environmental relationship. Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:
The extent of social transformation of any socially discriminated people may be better judged fro... more The extent of social transformation of any socially discriminated people may be better judged from the social philosophies propounded by their great leaders like Gandhi and Ambedkar in modern India. Gandhi is dead, so are Ambedkar and Marx. However, neither their philosophies-Gandhism, Ambedkarism and Marxism are dead nor could they posthumously suppress to one another. Their philosophical axis-may be different and dialectical such as for example absolutism versus relativism, positivism versus phenomenalism and theological versus metaphysical but remain the far sighted discourse for the liberation and emancipation of dalit in India. Our study also reveals that the protagonists of Gandhism, Ambedkarism and Marxism are either eating their humble pie in the circumstances of their failures or feeling like fishes out of water in the company of other outdated philosophies for the cause of dalit at present. Further, the change agents like heart, mind, conscience, science, violence, non-violence, constitutionalism, religion, state and village perceived in Gandhism, Ambedkarism and Marxism could not break loose the thread of casteism.
Land is the most critical factor of production for a myriad of economic activities for human sett... more Land is the most critical factor of production for a myriad of economic activities for human settlement worldwide although it is in limited supply. It is therefore, essential that its allocation across different economic activities and uses should be based on sound theoretical premises, combined with the ground realities of multiple objectives-a few of which regularly exceed the narrowly defined goals of economic growth per se. For traditional communities, 'access to lands is directly associated with civilization paradigms and cultural ethos, which rather decide their 'economics', and not one other way round that could be true for modern, techno-centric civilizations. Most mainstream discourses of history have, however, tried to find the crisis in the 'absence of state interventions and a dig into the social history points to deeper roots of the crisis, which rather intensified after the entry of the 'welfare' state. In a predominantly, agrarian economy such as for example in India and Odisha, the entitlement to livelihood and access to the factors of production, especially land and forests, are essential objectives that require to ascertain allocation of land across different uses and users.
The leading power giant NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) has achieved the bench mark sta... more The leading power giant NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) has achieved the bench mark status for Indian power sector at present. In term of its power production and profit generation it has become one amongst the incomparable public sector units in India. Beside this acclaimed status it is quite famous for producing adversities-coal-fired environments, ash fly and coal dust pollution and consequent health risks in its locations. Of many environmental related studies, NTPC's environment impact assessment (EIA) study and its environment policy and management system (EPMS) are unique but lack their actual application in regenerating the ecological health in and around the thermal plants. It is also true that in order to reduce resettlement and rehabilitation cost NTPC project deliberately avoids acquiring households and displacing people faraway from its power plants' locations. Consequently, the affected villagers staying nearby by the projects cannot rescue themselves of pollutants caused health risks generated in the thermal plant environment. In case of Odisha, the health hazards of affected villagers who have been staying close to Thermal plants, for instance, are therefore direct and cumulative. Our study reveals that NTPC affected villagers' health goes beyond medical facilities and village amenities. The field observation and focus group based people's perception on polluted environments and pollutants and consequent health risks are critically analysed in the paper. A collective stand point-views and counter views were sought during interviewing of the respondents in the affected villages. The article reflects upon the questions of affected people's health and hygiene versus thermal plant and village amenities in NTPC Kaniha locality. The article also warns that the preventive and correctional measures taken by NTPC projects fail to generate an environmental friendly atmosphere in the coal-fired plant area in Odisha.
Global Journals Inc. (USA), 2013
It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environ... more It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environment, but also adversely affects their interrelationship over the years. In this context, our household survey and field study observation reveal that the entire Talcher coal belt is undergoing a rapid change from its 'culture of ecology' to the 'culture of pollution', because coal mining operations have not simply disrupted the local peasants' access to agro-economy, and their common property resources (CPRs) i.e. village forests, fresh air, clean water sources, etc, but also have detached them from their earlier environmental ethics and green thinking at present. But, pollution impact has gone to such an extent that the very environment is as if, retreating/revenging the mining affected people in unexpected ways. Many of them now, painfully apprehend the menace of excruciating heat of summer time, tragedy of fly of coal dusts and impacts of land degradation, deforestation, water pollution, etc. But, hard reality is that nobody is damn serious about environmental regeneration, and rather, they are busy adjusting themselves with its degeneration. Thus, this paper reflects on the emerging crisis of human-environmental relationship. Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:
The Dam project as probably the most development initiative of modern civilization manages the wa... more The Dam project as probably the most development initiative of modern civilization manages the water for the economic development of nation-state worldwide. However, it brings forth a mixed consequence of water's use, abuse, power and pollution worldwide. The project usually tends to have some appropriate ends to achieve and means to attain these through different strategies and procedural processes that mostly include land acquisition, displacement, compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation starting from its commencement to its end or throughout the construction of the project. However, the project authorities by using these processual strategies take their rights to displace people from their hearths and homes but without having a qualm of introspection that the project displaced people hardly have their rights to development after displacement. However, the resettlement and rehabilitation policy seems to be resolving the crisis of human displacement versus economic development but to what extent it does remains a significant research query. Our overviews on Dam projects reveal a divergence thesis of human displacement versus economic development for the possibility of their convergence. In this context, the displacement projects in Odisha have been undergoing lots of changes and challenges in the last several decades. The paper analyses the Dam project caused land acquisition and related resettlement and rehabilitation issues in Odisha. The annals of such studies will help rectifying the problems related to resettlement and rehabilitation issues in the country.
Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why co... more Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc. Abstract-Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc.
So far the conception of the word "development" has been highly economized in true sense of its a... more So far the conception of the word "development" has been highly economized in true sense of its approach and application worldwide. But the problems of development do not inclusively fall in the realm of economics alone. Further, the economic rationality is incomplete without referring to social ethics. Acknowledging this somehow the sociologists and development economists have delimited the economic conceptualization of the term "development" for a sensible comprehension of its retrospective results and future prospects. In this article we have reassessed and recaptured the quintessence of development discourse engaging classical economists, institutional theorists and diffusion theorists on the one hand and the sociologists and dependency theorists, on the other. Our critical overview reveals that while the economists explore the cause and consequences for the development and underdevelopment of a country in term of economic variables the sociologists conceive it in term of a state or state of conditions structured or induced by the economic and non-economic factors for the same. Nevertheless, their views and counterviews on development and underdevelopment largely complement to one another. However, the former gives a coherent theory of development to which the latter explains with a framework of critical thinking. Our study also reflect that the structural-functional assumption of society held by the sociologist and modernists and criticized by dependency theorists could not be the effective substitute against classical and neo-classical theory of economic development in the world. However, our study substantiate that underdevelopment refers to a state of backwardness or conditions of arrested development whereas development refers to a state of advancement or conditions of continuous development. Further, the conception of development has been realized much more than just a socioeconomic endeavour.Interrogating the development discourses certainly proposes a new turn in the article.
The structural-functional and conflict theories have been the most dominating macro-sociological ... more The structural-functional and conflict theories have been the most dominating macro-sociological theories since the conception of the subject "Sociology" in the western world. Addition to their intellectual par excellence the emergence of neo-functionalism and critical theory has been exceptional in the academic world. Now all four macro-sociological theories epitomise a store house of knowledge by which the sociologists can comprehend the social reality more easily, appropriately and objectively than before. However, coming of neo-functionalism and critical theory has reshaped the inherent limitations built in the structural-functional and conflict perspectives in sociology. In fact, the protagonists of each theory in sociology have processed and promoted the macro-sociology differently suspecting and criticizing to one another. However, actualising the sociological imagination, investigation, application and evaluation (IIAE) gone through these macro theoretical perspectives has been a daunting task for the sociologists in particular and other social scientists in general. Unfortunately, the sociologists have largely neglected the latter two dimensions emphasising the former two. As a result, the twin objectives of sociology such as endeavouring positivism and promoting social activism have been largely detached, and rather, the former has displaced the latter making sociology as if an one-dimensional objective science. Our study reveals that without analysing the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) of the sociological theories we cannot capture the predicament and prospects of the macro-theories in sociology. We have also given a critical reflection to it in the context of Indian sociology. In this article, we have developed a creative cross-Figure Format using IIAE analysis and SWOT analysis of macro-sociological theories in detail.
Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why co... more Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc. Abstract-Sexual violence against women despite being highly condemned and goddamned in most places, why continues to be an alarmingly endemic and pandemic issue, raises a substantial gender query. This article explores an analytical connection that persists between the inclusive interpretation of sex, gender and sexuality, on the most typical way, and the actuality of human sexual violence, on the strange. This study discloses that the masculine heterosexual and gender interpretation of sex and sexuality perpetuates such violence. The dimensions and factors for sexual abuse/ violence are structured and processed such ways that female gender is often desecrated by men, homosexuals or lesbians are despised by heterosexuals, and feminine submissiveness is violently abused by masculine aggressiveness in different social settings. To demystify the gendered activated stock-still violence against women a sexual exploitation/violence specific based on hetero and non-hetero sexual orientations in cross Figure format has been creatively endeavoured in this article. Our study also tresses that since sexual violence of basic nature going tougher/ complicated with newer individual findings/ interpretations at present context, the researchers have to develop a theoretical comprehensive perspective on the entire gospel of sexual violence against women that has been persisting across global regions, religions, races, etc.
Most of the Forest Reservation in Kandhamal subdivision was carried out before Revenue Survey and... more Most of the Forest Reservation in Kandhamal subdivision was carried out before Revenue Survey and Settlement of land rights was finalized consequences seems to be that in absence of recognized rights in unsurveyed areas, the Reservation of forests seems to have ignored tribal settlements interspersed within these forests. The problem seems to have been aggravated because even proper physical verification of the areas proposed to be declared as Reserve Forests wasn' t taken up to ensure whether settlements existed within these RFs. Govt. has banned shifting cultivation and seasonal collection of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) since 1996, the two major sources of income. As regular Survey/Settlement has not been made, the rights of the tribal were not transferred to the tribal even if they have been cultivating since long. As a result a large tract of land ceded away from the tribals, making them more vulnerable to different situations.
No matter how different sociological ontology, epistemology and methodology are, they pull togeth... more No matter how different sociological ontology, epistemology and methodology are, they pull together reasoning the social world for a better human understanding. So of their diverse theoretical paradigms and perspectives that developed over the time, make sociology a distinct discipline. But so far, their internal contradictions and dualism remain unresolved, and rather invites challenges for the future prospect of world sociology. The challenge is not how they thrive humans on different or diverse universe of meanings but to see their cross-boundaries of meanings. Our study also reveals that now the foundationlism-the theoretical narratives of Durkheim, Marx and Weber (DMW) have been reconstructed and regained with a fresh lease of life in the sociological world. But the proponents for such original building blocks are not always visible protagonists. However, in this context, the neo-functional theorists buttress structural functionalism with some radicalism whereas the critical theorists juxtapose the conflict theoretical perspectives uncovering many missing dimensions of exclusions of sociological marginal and minorities.
Functionalism is the most outstanding Intellectual acumen of European world, but among the absolu... more Functionalism is the most outstanding Intellectual acumen of European world, but among the absolute elitist approaches ever explored by early pathfinders of sociology in comprehending the social reality worldwide. No doubt, it has been excelled as an exceptional academic perspective among all social science perspectives worldwide; however, its face value is getting redundant in the country like India, where the dominant social structures push the subalterns down and pulls them out of their established social patterns. It runs away from the realities and gets enticed with Indian dominant ideology and western methodology. The tragedy is that it does not endorse the salient reflections of cultural diversities and pluralism nurtured by the subaltern castes, tribes and gender in the Indian society. Our study reveals that going beyond the prospect of the structural-functional perspective on Indian society will definitely be an uphill task. And instead of, going right through the accounts of the early travelers' visits, orientalist' studies, missionary views, British officials' ethnographic studies, indological perspective, Marxist perspective, etc on Indian society has been a critical heart searching for the subaltern people and their ethnic autonomy in Indian sociology. Addition to that, the Indological hegemony, and its related functional ideology still persist like "cultural watchdog" against any possibility of the subaltern perspective in contemporary India. Unfortunately, the authentic essence and liberating presence of the subaltern groups in Indian sociology is largely missing. Contrary to it, although, the subaltern consciousness as a liberating intellectual project has been gaining momentum but grappling with stiff oppositions. Since the dominant discourse on mainstream sociology has grudge against such development, it requires more scrutiny and debate for the sociology in India. Thus, an analytical reviews but critical history of Indian sociology has been sufficed to our purpose under the study. We have developed a resourceful analytical framework with Figure format in a comparative knowledge base for the study of Indian society in detail.
It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environ... more It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environment, but also adversely affects their interrelationship over the years. In this context, our household survey and field study observation reveal that the entire Talcher coal belt is undergoing a rapid change from its 'culture of ecology' to the 'culture of pollution', because coal mining operations have not simply disrupted the local peasants' access to agro-economy, and their common property resources (CPRs) i.e. village forests, fresh air, clean water sources, etc, but also have detached them from their earlier environmental ethics and green thinking at present. But, pollution impact has gone to such an extent that the very environment is as if, retreating/revenging the mining affected people in unexpected ways. Many of them now, painfully apprehend the menace of excruciating heat of summer time, tragedy of fly of coal dusts and impacts of land degradation, deforestation, water pollution, etc. But, hard reality is that nobody is damn serious about environmental regeneration, and rather, they are busy adjusting themselves with its degeneration. Thus, this paper reflects on the emerging crisis of human-environmental relationship. Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:
The extent of social transformation of any socially discriminated people may be better judged fro... more The extent of social transformation of any socially discriminated people may be better judged from the social philosophies propounded by their great leaders like Gandhi and Ambedkar in modern India. Gandhi is dead, so are Ambedkar and Marx. However, neither their philosophies-Gandhism, Ambedkarism and Marxism are dead nor could they posthumously suppress to one another. Their philosophical axis-may be different and dialectical such as for example absolutism versus relativism, positivism versus phenomenalism and theological versus metaphysical but remain the far sighted discourse for the liberation and emancipation of dalit in India. Our study also reveals that the protagonists of Gandhism, Ambedkarism and Marxism are either eating their humble pie in the circumstances of their failures or feeling like fishes out of water in the company of other outdated philosophies for the cause of dalit at present. Further, the change agents like heart, mind, conscience, science, violence, non-violence, constitutionalism, religion, state and village perceived in Gandhism, Ambedkarism and Marxism could not break loose the thread of casteism.
Land is the most critical factor of production for a myriad of economic activities for human sett... more Land is the most critical factor of production for a myriad of economic activities for human settlement worldwide although it is in limited supply. It is therefore, essential that its allocation across different economic activities and uses should be based on sound theoretical premises, combined with the ground realities of multiple objectives-a few of which regularly exceed the narrowly defined goals of economic growth per se. For traditional communities, 'access to lands is directly associated with civilization paradigms and cultural ethos, which rather decide their 'economics', and not one other way round that could be true for modern, techno-centric civilizations. Most mainstream discourses of history have, however, tried to find the crisis in the 'absence of state interventions and a dig into the social history points to deeper roots of the crisis, which rather intensified after the entry of the 'welfare' state. In a predominantly, agrarian economy such as for example in India and Odisha, the entitlement to livelihood and access to the factors of production, especially land and forests, are essential objectives that require to ascertain allocation of land across different uses and users.
The leading power giant NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) has achieved the bench mark sta... more The leading power giant NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) has achieved the bench mark status for Indian power sector at present. In term of its power production and profit generation it has become one amongst the incomparable public sector units in India. Beside this acclaimed status it is quite famous for producing adversities-coal-fired environments, ash fly and coal dust pollution and consequent health risks in its locations. Of many environmental related studies, NTPC's environment impact assessment (EIA) study and its environment policy and management system (EPMS) are unique but lack their actual application in regenerating the ecological health in and around the thermal plants. It is also true that in order to reduce resettlement and rehabilitation cost NTPC project deliberately avoids acquiring households and displacing people faraway from its power plants' locations. Consequently, the affected villagers staying nearby by the projects cannot rescue themselves of pollutants caused health risks generated in the thermal plant environment. In case of Odisha, the health hazards of affected villagers who have been staying close to Thermal plants, for instance, are therefore direct and cumulative. Our study reveals that NTPC affected villagers' health goes beyond medical facilities and village amenities. The field observation and focus group based people's perception on polluted environments and pollutants and consequent health risks are critically analysed in the paper. A collective stand point-views and counter views were sought during interviewing of the respondents in the affected villages. The article reflects upon the questions of affected people's health and hygiene versus thermal plant and village amenities in NTPC Kaniha locality. The article also warns that the preventive and correctional measures taken by NTPC projects fail to generate an environmental friendly atmosphere in the coal-fired plant area in Odisha.
Global Journals Inc. (USA), 2013
It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environ... more It is an unquestionable fact that coal mining not only undermines its affected people and environment, but also adversely affects their interrelationship over the years. In this context, our household survey and field study observation reveal that the entire Talcher coal belt is undergoing a rapid change from its 'culture of ecology' to the 'culture of pollution', because coal mining operations have not simply disrupted the local peasants' access to agro-economy, and their common property resources (CPRs) i.e. village forests, fresh air, clean water sources, etc, but also have detached them from their earlier environmental ethics and green thinking at present. But, pollution impact has gone to such an extent that the very environment is as if, retreating/revenging the mining affected people in unexpected ways. Many of them now, painfully apprehend the menace of excruciating heat of summer time, tragedy of fly of coal dusts and impacts of land degradation, deforestation, water pollution, etc. But, hard reality is that nobody is damn serious about environmental regeneration, and rather, they are busy adjusting themselves with its degeneration. Thus, this paper reflects on the emerging crisis of human-environmental relationship. Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:
The Dam project as probably the most development initiative of modern civilization manages the wa... more The Dam project as probably the most development initiative of modern civilization manages the water for the economic development of nation-state worldwide. However, it brings forth a mixed consequence of water's use, abuse, power and pollution worldwide. The project usually tends to have some appropriate ends to achieve and means to attain these through different strategies and procedural processes that mostly include land acquisition, displacement, compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation starting from its commencement to its end or throughout the construction of the project. However, the project authorities by using these processual strategies take their rights to displace people from their hearths and homes but without having a qualm of introspection that the project displaced people hardly have their rights to development after displacement. However, the resettlement and rehabilitation policy seems to be resolving the crisis of human displacement versus economic development but to what extent it does remains a significant research query. Our overviews on Dam projects reveal a divergence thesis of human displacement versus economic development for the possibility of their convergence. In this context, the displacement projects in Odisha have been undergoing lots of changes and challenges in the last several decades. The paper analyses the Dam project caused land acquisition and related resettlement and rehabilitation issues in Odisha. The annals of such studies will help rectifying the problems related to resettlement and rehabilitation issues in the country.