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Papers by Gargi Soni

Journal of The Anatomical Society of India, Dec 1, 2010

... OF SEX FROM FEMUR: DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS Gargi Soni, Usha Dhall & Sudha Chhabra D... more ... OF SEX FROM FEMUR: DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS Gargi Soni, Usha Dhall & Sudha Chhabra Deptt of Anatomy, Maharaja Agrasen Medical College ... on the reported observation that left lower limb is functionally dominant in majority of human beings 2 (Dogra and Singh, 1971) . ...

Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Jun 1, 2013

The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of h... more The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of humerus were taken. The mean values of five measurements were significantly higher in males as compared to females (P < 0.001) with univariate analysis. The most dimorphic single parameter on the basis of discriminant analysis was epicondylar width, with an accuracy of 80% in males

Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2013

The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of h... more The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of humerus were taken. The mean values of five measurements were significantly higher in males as compared to females (P < 0.001) with univariate analysis. The most dimorphic single parameter on the basis of discriminant analysis was epicondylar width, with an accuracy of 80% in males

The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology, 2012

Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch. ... more Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch. The present study was done in 100 scapulae obtained from the bone room of the department of anatomy of the Maharaja Agrasen Medical College (MAMC), Agroha as well as the Pandit B.D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS) Rohtak. The suprascapular notch has been classified by various workers in different populations but no such data to the best of our knowledge is available from India. The aim of the present study is to study the morphometry and morphology of suprascapular notch in the population of northwest region of India. In the present study the suprascapular notch is classified on the basis of two classifications, proposed by Natsis et al and Iqbal et al. Based on the classification proposed by Natsis et al two parameters-the vertical length of the notch and transverse diameter of the notch were measured, the notch was classified into five types and following observations were made in the present study: type I, without a discrete notch (5%); type II, a notch that was longest in its transverse diameter (72%); type III, a notch that was longest in its vertical diameter (20%); type IV, a bony foramen (3%); type V, a notch and a bony foramen (none). On the basis of the classification proposed by Iqbal et al, where the shape of the notch was observed on gross examination, the results of the present study showed 'U' shaped notch in 58%, 'V' shaped notch in 7%, 'J' shaped notch in 27%, absent notch in 2%, and indentation instead of a notch was seen in 3% of cases. The complete ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament with the notch being converted to foramen in 3% and partial ossification was seen in 11% of cases.

Surgical Medicine Open Access Journal, 2019

The external anal sphincter is an elliptical cylinder of striated muscle that envelops the entire... more The external anal sphincter is an elliptical cylinder of striated muscle that envelops the entire length of the inner tube of smooth muscle, but it ends slightly more distal than the internal anal sphincter. Knowledge of the exact anatomy of the anal sphincter complex is essential for management of pathology in this area. Many anatomical and radiological studies of the external anal sphincter have been conducted till date and yet there is no consistent and consensual description of EAS. Various researchers have described the anatomy of external anal sphincter; some authors suggested it to be a single continuous sheet; others described it to be a bilaminar structure and still further it was suggested to be a triple loop system. However, most of the modern-day anatomy and surgery textbooks describe the three parts of the external anal sphincter as subcutaneous, superficial and deep. Milligan & Morgan [1] reported that the external anal sphincter consists of subcutaneous, superficial and profundus components. Goligher et al. [2] on the other hand, found no suggestion of division of the external anal sphincter into separate parts: the muscle was considered to be a single continuous sheet.

The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four... more The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four sites of communication between the musculocutaneous and the median nerves, whereas in the literature not more than two communications have been reported. © IJAV. 2010; 3: 186-187.

Abstract: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sac... more Abstract: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra or lumbarilization of 1st sacral vertebra. The aim of the present study is to highlight a case of incomplete left sided sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra found during routine undergraduate teaching for osteology.The knowledge of the possibility of presence of such transitional vertebrae will be helpful for the clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with low back pain.Also the awareness of this possible congenital anomaly is important before any spinal surgery to avoid the incorrect numbering of vertebrae and cosequently wrong level spinal surgery.

European journal of anatomy, 2013

The posterior interosseus nerve, the deep branch of the radial nerve, is vulnerable to injury dur... more The posterior interosseus nerve, the deep branch of the radial nerve, is vulnerable to injury during internal fixation of radial head fractures. It arises from the radial nerve in front of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. The aims of this study are to find the distance of the posterior interosseus nerve from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus at its entry point into the supinator muscle and its exit point from the supinator muscle; to evaluate the correlation between these distances with the length of the forearm and epicondylar width; and also to find a safe zone for approaching the proximal part of the radius, in order to minimize the chances of injury to the posterior interosseus nerve. 23 upper limbs obtained from formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected for their posterior interosseus nerve. All distances were measured with the help of sliding calipers and a measuring tape. Statistical analyses were performed using ‘SYSTAT 12 Pearson coefficient analysis’. The mean dista...

International Journal of Anatomical Variations, 2010

The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four... more The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four sites of communication between the musculocutaneous and the median nerves, whereas in the literature not more than two communications have been reported.

International Journal of Anatomical Variations, 2011

The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying two ... more The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying two precaval right renal arteries with a superior pole extra-hilar branch associated with four left renal arteries, second of which reaches the superior pole of left kidney, while the other three reach the hilum.

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Gargi Soni, Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Maharaja ... more Address for Correspondence: Dr. Gargi Soni, Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha, Hisar, India. E-Mail: bhasingargi@rediffmail.com Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1 Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha-125047, Hisar, Haryana, India. 2,3 Pandit BD sharma University of Health Sciences, [PGSUHS], Rohtak, India. The ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament either partial or complete has been identified as one of the predisposing factors in suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome since long. In the present case we found a bilateral completely ossified superior transverse scapular ligament, which is a rare finding. The Knowledge of this anatomical variation where the ossified superior transverse ligament converts the suprascapular notch into a foramen is important for clinicians in diagnosis and treatment of patients with suprascapular nerve entrapment.

Suprascapular artery which is usually a branch of thyrocervical trunk, in the present case arose ... more Suprascapular artery which is usually a branch of thyrocervical trunk, in the present case arose from the first part of the axillary artery, on both sides. It then it passed obliquely behind the clavicle and then between the trunks of brachial plexus to reach the suprascapular notch, where it was accompanied by the suprascapular nerve and both together passed beneath the transverse scapular ligament and took part in the anastomosis around the scapula.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation... more Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra or lumbarilization of 1st sacral vertebra. The aim of the present study is to highlight a case of incomplete left sided sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra found during routine undergraduate teaching for osteology.The knowledge of the possibility of presence of such transitional vertebrae will be helpful for the clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with low back pain.Also the awareness of this possible congenital anomaly is important before any spinal surgery to avoid the incorrect numbering of vertebrae and cosequently wrong level spinal surgery.

International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2017

Study was planned with objective to observe and analyze the variations in foramen transversarium ... more Study was planned with objective to observe and analyze the variations in foramen transversarium (FT) of cervical vertebrae. In this study a total of 420 cervical vertebrae belonging to 60 sets of skeletons were observed. Double FT was observed in 58 cervical vertebrae that make up 13.81 percent of all vertebrae studied. 5 percent vertebrae presented with bilateral FT whereas 8.81percent of all vertebrae had unilateral FT. Maximum number of double FT was observed in sixth cervical vertebrae. Percentage of double FT in 6 th cervical vertebrae was 46.84 of all double FT. Out of 79 double FT, 42 (53.16 percent) were observed as bilateral occurrence. Knowledge of anatomical variations of foramen transverium is important in spine surgeries especially in posterior approaches.

International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2016

International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2015

The suprascapular notch which is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapul... more The suprascapular notch which is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, medial to the coracoid process, is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament. The notch serves as a passage for suprascapular nerve to pass to supraspinous fossa. Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch or due to ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament. Morphometric studies of suprascapular notch have been done in various populations. The aim of the present study is to review the morphometric studies of suprascapular notch, identify the most common type of notch and compare the morphometry in different populations.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation... more Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra or lumbarilization of 1st sacral vertebra. The aim of the present study is to highlight a case of incomplete left sided sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra found during routine undergraduate teaching for osteology.The knowledge of the possibility of presence of such transitional vertebrae will be helpful for the clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with low back pain.Also the awareness of this possible congenital anomaly is important before any spinal surgery to avoid the incorrect numbering of vertebrae and cosequently wrong level spinal surgery. INTRODUCTION Lumbosacral transitional vertebra [LSTV] is a congenital anomaly where either the 5 th lumbar vertebra undergoes sacralization[partial or complete]or the 1

Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 2011

The present study was conducted to compare histomorphometric parameters of umbilical cord and its... more The present study was conducted to compare histomorphometric parameters of umbilical cord and its vessels in intrauterine growth retarded fetuses and normally grown fetuses. The study was conducted on umbilical cords taken from thirty intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) fetuses and thirty normally grown fetuses (NGA). Histomorphometric parameters were measured with the help of planimeter. In the present study it was found that in cross section the total umbilical cord area in IUGR group is 59.00+3.67 mm2 and in the control group is 75.91+4.77mm2 (p<0.05). Jelly area in IUGR group is 47.90+3.11 mm2 and in control group is 60.26+4.55 mm2 (p<0.05). Total vessel area in control group is 15.45+1.73 mm2 and in IUGR group is 10.95±1.20mm2 (p <0.05). Total umbilical cord area, umbilical cord jelly area and total vessel area are significantly lower in the IUGR group but no significant difference was observed in total luminal area, total area of blood vessels and wall thickness of umbilical blood vessels. So in the study it was found that histomorphometric parameters of umbilical cord of IUGR fetuses are significantly lower than that of normally grown fetuses of similar gestational age.

Tropical Gastroenterology, 2012

Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 2012

ABSTRACT Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. T... more ABSTRACT Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The variation in the number and drainage pattern of pulmonary veins is frequent and this knowledge is valuable for various procedures involving the pulmonary veins. The present study is done on 29 hearts obtained from formalin fixed cadavers from the dissecting room of department of anatomy, MAMC, Agroha, Hisar. The left atrium of these hearts was studied from external aspect for the number of pulmonary veins draining into left atrium and from internal aspect for the drainage pattern. In 13 out of 29 hearts (44.8%), variation in number of pulmonary vein was observed. In the present study the most common variation of right pulmonary veins is three veins with two ostia (10.3%) and the most common variation of left pulmonary veins is a single vein with a single ostium (17.2%).The variations of pulmonary veins are quite common with an equivocal variability in right-sided and left-sided drainage patterns. A classification is proposed to describe these variations to facilitate communication with referring clinicians.

Journal of The Anatomical Society of India, Dec 1, 2010

... OF SEX FROM FEMUR: DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS Gargi Soni, Usha Dhall &amp;amp; Sudha Chhabra D... more ... OF SEX FROM FEMUR: DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS Gargi Soni, Usha Dhall &amp;amp; Sudha Chhabra Deptt of Anatomy, Maharaja Agrasen Medical College ... on the reported observation that left lower limb is functionally dominant in majority of human beings 2 (Dogra and Singh, 1971) . ...

Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Jun 1, 2013

The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of h... more The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of humerus were taken. The mean values of five measurements were significantly higher in males as compared to females (P &lt; 0.001) with univariate analysis. The most dimorphic single parameter on the basis of discriminant analysis was epicondylar width, with an accuracy of 80% in males

Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2013

The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of h... more The present study was conducted on 80 right humeri (40 male and 40 female). Six measurements of humerus were taken. The mean values of five measurements were significantly higher in males as compared to females (P &lt; 0.001) with univariate analysis. The most dimorphic single parameter on the basis of discriminant analysis was epicondylar width, with an accuracy of 80% in males

The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology, 2012

Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch. ... more Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch. The present study was done in 100 scapulae obtained from the bone room of the department of anatomy of the Maharaja Agrasen Medical College (MAMC), Agroha as well as the Pandit B.D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS) Rohtak. The suprascapular notch has been classified by various workers in different populations but no such data to the best of our knowledge is available from India. The aim of the present study is to study the morphometry and morphology of suprascapular notch in the population of northwest region of India. In the present study the suprascapular notch is classified on the basis of two classifications, proposed by Natsis et al and Iqbal et al. Based on the classification proposed by Natsis et al two parameters-the vertical length of the notch and transverse diameter of the notch were measured, the notch was classified into five types and following observations were made in the present study: type I, without a discrete notch (5%); type II, a notch that was longest in its transverse diameter (72%); type III, a notch that was longest in its vertical diameter (20%); type IV, a bony foramen (3%); type V, a notch and a bony foramen (none). On the basis of the classification proposed by Iqbal et al, where the shape of the notch was observed on gross examination, the results of the present study showed 'U' shaped notch in 58%, 'V' shaped notch in 7%, 'J' shaped notch in 27%, absent notch in 2%, and indentation instead of a notch was seen in 3% of cases. The complete ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament with the notch being converted to foramen in 3% and partial ossification was seen in 11% of cases.

Surgical Medicine Open Access Journal, 2019

The external anal sphincter is an elliptical cylinder of striated muscle that envelops the entire... more The external anal sphincter is an elliptical cylinder of striated muscle that envelops the entire length of the inner tube of smooth muscle, but it ends slightly more distal than the internal anal sphincter. Knowledge of the exact anatomy of the anal sphincter complex is essential for management of pathology in this area. Many anatomical and radiological studies of the external anal sphincter have been conducted till date and yet there is no consistent and consensual description of EAS. Various researchers have described the anatomy of external anal sphincter; some authors suggested it to be a single continuous sheet; others described it to be a bilaminar structure and still further it was suggested to be a triple loop system. However, most of the modern-day anatomy and surgery textbooks describe the three parts of the external anal sphincter as subcutaneous, superficial and deep. Milligan & Morgan [1] reported that the external anal sphincter consists of subcutaneous, superficial and profundus components. Goligher et al. [2] on the other hand, found no suggestion of division of the external anal sphincter into separate parts: the muscle was considered to be a single continuous sheet.

The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four... more The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four sites of communication between the musculocutaneous and the median nerves, whereas in the literature not more than two communications have been reported. © IJAV. 2010; 3: 186-187.

Abstract: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sac... more Abstract: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra or lumbarilization of 1st sacral vertebra. The aim of the present study is to highlight a case of incomplete left sided sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra found during routine undergraduate teaching for osteology.The knowledge of the possibility of presence of such transitional vertebrae will be helpful for the clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with low back pain.Also the awareness of this possible congenital anomaly is important before any spinal surgery to avoid the incorrect numbering of vertebrae and cosequently wrong level spinal surgery.

European journal of anatomy, 2013

The posterior interosseus nerve, the deep branch of the radial nerve, is vulnerable to injury dur... more The posterior interosseus nerve, the deep branch of the radial nerve, is vulnerable to injury during internal fixation of radial head fractures. It arises from the radial nerve in front of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. The aims of this study are to find the distance of the posterior interosseus nerve from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus at its entry point into the supinator muscle and its exit point from the supinator muscle; to evaluate the correlation between these distances with the length of the forearm and epicondylar width; and also to find a safe zone for approaching the proximal part of the radius, in order to minimize the chances of injury to the posterior interosseus nerve. 23 upper limbs obtained from formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected for their posterior interosseus nerve. All distances were measured with the help of sliding calipers and a measuring tape. Statistical analyses were performed using ‘SYSTAT 12 Pearson coefficient analysis’. The mean dista...

International Journal of Anatomical Variations, 2010

The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four... more The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying four sites of communication between the musculocutaneous and the median nerves, whereas in the literature not more than two communications have been reported.

International Journal of Anatomical Variations, 2011

The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying two ... more The present article is in reference to a case, encountered in routine dissection, displaying two precaval right renal arteries with a superior pole extra-hilar branch associated with four left renal arteries, second of which reaches the superior pole of left kidney, while the other three reach the hilum.

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Gargi Soni, Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Maharaja ... more Address for Correspondence: Dr. Gargi Soni, Associate professor, Department of Anatomy, Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha, Hisar, India. E-Mail: bhasingargi@rediffmail.com Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1 Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha-125047, Hisar, Haryana, India. 2,3 Pandit BD sharma University of Health Sciences, [PGSUHS], Rohtak, India. The ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament either partial or complete has been identified as one of the predisposing factors in suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome since long. In the present case we found a bilateral completely ossified superior transverse scapular ligament, which is a rare finding. The Knowledge of this anatomical variation where the ossified superior transverse ligament converts the suprascapular notch into a foramen is important for clinicians in diagnosis and treatment of patients with suprascapular nerve entrapment.

Suprascapular artery which is usually a branch of thyrocervical trunk, in the present case arose ... more Suprascapular artery which is usually a branch of thyrocervical trunk, in the present case arose from the first part of the axillary artery, on both sides. It then it passed obliquely behind the clavicle and then between the trunks of brachial plexus to reach the suprascapular notch, where it was accompanied by the suprascapular nerve and both together passed beneath the transverse scapular ligament and took part in the anastomosis around the scapula.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation... more Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra or lumbarilization of 1st sacral vertebra. The aim of the present study is to highlight a case of incomplete left sided sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra found during routine undergraduate teaching for osteology.The knowledge of the possibility of presence of such transitional vertebrae will be helpful for the clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with low back pain.Also the awareness of this possible congenital anomaly is important before any spinal surgery to avoid the incorrect numbering of vertebrae and cosequently wrong level spinal surgery.

International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2017

Study was planned with objective to observe and analyze the variations in foramen transversarium ... more Study was planned with objective to observe and analyze the variations in foramen transversarium (FT) of cervical vertebrae. In this study a total of 420 cervical vertebrae belonging to 60 sets of skeletons were observed. Double FT was observed in 58 cervical vertebrae that make up 13.81 percent of all vertebrae studied. 5 percent vertebrae presented with bilateral FT whereas 8.81percent of all vertebrae had unilateral FT. Maximum number of double FT was observed in sixth cervical vertebrae. Percentage of double FT in 6 th cervical vertebrae was 46.84 of all double FT. Out of 79 double FT, 42 (53.16 percent) were observed as bilateral occurrence. Knowledge of anatomical variations of foramen transverium is important in spine surgeries especially in posterior approaches.

International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2016

International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2015

The suprascapular notch which is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapul... more The suprascapular notch which is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, medial to the coracoid process, is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament. The notch serves as a passage for suprascapular nerve to pass to supraspinous fossa. Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch or due to ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament. Morphometric studies of suprascapular notch have been done in various populations. The aim of the present study is to review the morphometric studies of suprascapular notch, identify the most common type of notch and compare the morphometry in different populations.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation... more Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a congenital anomaly which involves either the sacralisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra or lumbarilization of 1st sacral vertebra. The aim of the present study is to highlight a case of incomplete left sided sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra found during routine undergraduate teaching for osteology.The knowledge of the possibility of presence of such transitional vertebrae will be helpful for the clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with low back pain.Also the awareness of this possible congenital anomaly is important before any spinal surgery to avoid the incorrect numbering of vertebrae and cosequently wrong level spinal surgery. INTRODUCTION Lumbosacral transitional vertebra [LSTV] is a congenital anomaly where either the 5 th lumbar vertebra undergoes sacralization[partial or complete]or the 1

Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 2011

The present study was conducted to compare histomorphometric parameters of umbilical cord and its... more The present study was conducted to compare histomorphometric parameters of umbilical cord and its vessels in intrauterine growth retarded fetuses and normally grown fetuses. The study was conducted on umbilical cords taken from thirty intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) fetuses and thirty normally grown fetuses (NGA). Histomorphometric parameters were measured with the help of planimeter. In the present study it was found that in cross section the total umbilical cord area in IUGR group is 59.00+3.67 mm2 and in the control group is 75.91+4.77mm2 (p<0.05). Jelly area in IUGR group is 47.90+3.11 mm2 and in control group is 60.26+4.55 mm2 (p<0.05). Total vessel area in control group is 15.45+1.73 mm2 and in IUGR group is 10.95±1.20mm2 (p <0.05). Total umbilical cord area, umbilical cord jelly area and total vessel area are significantly lower in the IUGR group but no significant difference was observed in total luminal area, total area of blood vessels and wall thickness of umbilical blood vessels. So in the study it was found that histomorphometric parameters of umbilical cord of IUGR fetuses are significantly lower than that of normally grown fetuses of similar gestational age.

Tropical Gastroenterology, 2012

Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 2012

ABSTRACT Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. T... more ABSTRACT Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The variation in the number and drainage pattern of pulmonary veins is frequent and this knowledge is valuable for various procedures involving the pulmonary veins. The present study is done on 29 hearts obtained from formalin fixed cadavers from the dissecting room of department of anatomy, MAMC, Agroha, Hisar. The left atrium of these hearts was studied from external aspect for the number of pulmonary veins draining into left atrium and from internal aspect for the drainage pattern. In 13 out of 29 hearts (44.8%), variation in number of pulmonary vein was observed. In the present study the most common variation of right pulmonary veins is three veins with two ostia (10.3%) and the most common variation of left pulmonary veins is a single vein with a single ostium (17.2%).The variations of pulmonary veins are quite common with an equivocal variability in right-sided and left-sided drainage patterns. A classification is proposed to describe these variations to facilitate communication with referring clinicians.