Gaurav Panwar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Gaurav Panwar
Cornell University - arXiv, Apr 2, 2022
Owing to the meteoric rise in the usage of cryptocurrencies, there has been a widespread adaptati... more Owing to the meteoric rise in the usage of cryptocurrencies, there has been a widespread adaptation of traditional financial applications such as lending, borrowing, margin trading, and more, to the cryptocurrency realm. In some cases, the inherently transparent and unregulated nature of cryptocurrencies leads to attacks on users of these applications. One such attack is frontrunning, where a malicious entity leverages the knowledge of currently unprocessed financial transactions submitted by users and attempts to get its own transaction(s) executed ahead of the unprocessed ones. The consequences of this can be financial loss, inaccurate transactions, and even exposure to more attacks. We propose FIRST, a framework that prevents frontrunning attacks, and is built using cryptographic protocols including verifiable delay functions and aggregate signatures. In our design, we have a federated setup for generating the public parameters of the VDF, thus removing the need for a single trusted setup. We formally analyze FIRST, prove its security using the Universal Composability framework and experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of FIRST.
2022 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies
In this paper, we study efficient and authorized rewriting of transactions already written to a b... more In this paper, we study efficient and authorized rewriting of transactions already written to a blockchain. Mutable transactions will make a fraction of all blockchain transactions, but will be a necessity to meet the needs of privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The state-of-the-art rewriting approaches have several shortcomings, such as being coarse-grained, inability to expunge data, absence of revocation mechanisms, lack of user anonymity, and inefficiency. We present ReTRACe, an efficient framework for transaction-level blockchain rewrites, that is fine-grained and supports revocation. ReTRACe is designed by composing a novel revocable chameleon hash with ephemeral trapdoor scheme, a novel revocable fast attribute based encryption scheme, and a dynamic group signature scheme. We discuss ReTRACe, and its constituent primitives in detail, along with their security analyses, and present experimental results to demonstrate scalability.
Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy, 2019
Distributed credit networks, such as Ripple [19] and Stellar [23], are becoming popular as an alt... more Distributed credit networks, such as Ripple [19] and Stellar [23], are becoming popular as an alternative means for financial transactions. However, the current designs do not preserve user privacy or are not truly decentralized. In this paper, we explore the creation of a distributed credit network that preserves user and transaction privacy and unlinkability. We propose BlAnC, a novel, fully decentralized blockchain-based credit network where credit transfer between a sender-receiver pair happens on demand. In BlAnC, multiple concurrent transactions can occur seamlessly, and malicious network actors that do not follow the protocols and/or disrupt operations can be identified efficiently. We perform security analysis of our proposed protocols in the universal composability framework to demonstrate its strength, and discuss how our network handles operational dynamics. We also present preliminary experiments and scalability analyses. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy → Distributed systems security;
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in... more Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in communication networks (e.g., Internet and mobile ad hoc networks) with an information-centric paradigm, which prioritizes the delivery of named content, oblivious of the contents’ origin. Content and client security, provenance, and identity privacy are intrinsic by design in the ICN paradigm as opposed to the current host centric paradigm where they have been instrumented as an after-thought. However, given its nascency, the ICN paradigm has several open security and privacy concerns. In this article, we survey the existing literature in security and privacy in ICN and present open questions. More specifically, we explore three broad areas: security threats, privacy risks, and access control enforcement mechanisms. We present the underlying principle of the existing works, discuss the drawbacks of the proposed approaches, and explore potential future research directions. In security, ...
2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM), 2020
It is well known fact that masonry structures suffers extensive loss during earthquakes, leading ... more It is well known fact that masonry structures suffers extensive loss during earthquakes, leading to notable damage of lives. Majority of structures in India are Un-Reinforced masonry (URM) which are not strong and vulnerable under moderate earthquakes. Masonry construction remains vulnerable to seismic force due to many reasons like lack of integral action between brick and mortar, low shear strength of masonry, heavy mass and varying construction practices. Therefore, it is essential to increase seismic resistance of masonry structures utilizing dissimilar retrofitting measures. Past earthquakes in India and other countries reveals low seismic resistance of URM structure and extensive damage caused. Reconstruction of damaged structure may be very costly and time consuming therefore retrofitting is the best alternative to enhance the seismic performance of damaged structures. Many conventional and non-conventional techniques like, using ferrocement, shotcrete, steel elements applica...
Paripex Indian Journal Of Research, 2018
The present clinical study is comprising of 181 cases of Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) brought to Em... more The present clinical study is comprising of 181 cases of Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) brought to Emergency and then transferred to the Department of ENT & HNS of Muzaffarnagar medical college& Hospital in a span of 20 months (i.e from June 2015 to Jan.2016) and the study reveals that Road traffic accidents (RTA) is the most common etiology of MFT and accounts for 94 cases (51.92%) followed by Fall from height in 26 cases (14.37%), Physical assault in 22 cases (12.16%), Bear slap in 18 cases (9.94%), other causes including work-place accidents & domestic accidents in 12 cases (6.63%) and Gun shot injuries in 9 cases (4.98%). The cases of MFT were analysed according to the etiology, age, sex distribution and type of injury (soft tissue injury, skeletal injury or mixed type of injury). Maximum number of MFT cases lies in the age group of 21-30 years i.e 42 cases (23.20%) & 31-40 years i.e 38 cases (20.99%) and together accounts for 80 cases i.e 44.19% of all 181 cases. The mixed type o...
Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, 2017
Request aggregation is a fundamental feature of named data networking (NDN). This feature aims to... more Request aggregation is a fundamental feature of named data networking (NDN). This feature aims to improve consumers' quality of experience and reduce network traffic by reducing content retrieval latency and eliminating redundant communication, respectively. However, the negative aspects of request aggregation have not been studied. In this paper, we inspect different facets of request aggregation and introduce one of its harmful behavior, which can create an implicit Denial of Service (iDoS) vulnerability. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy → Denial-of-service attacks; • Networks → Network simulations; Wireless access networks;
Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2019
Organized surveillance, especially by governments poses a major challenge to individual privacy, ... more Organized surveillance, especially by governments poses a major challenge to individual privacy, due to the resources governments have at their disposal, and the possibility of overreach. Given the impact of invasive monitoring, in most democratic countries, government surveillance is, in theory, monitored and subject to public oversight to guard against violations. In practice, there is a difficult fine balance between safeguarding individual's privacy rights and not diluting the efficacy of national security investigations, as exemplified by reports on government surveillance programs that have caused public controversy, and have been challenged by civil and privacy rights organizations. Surveillance is generally conducted through a mechanism where federal agencies obtain a warrant from a federal or state judge (e.g., the US FISA court, Supreme Court in Canada) to subpoena a company or service-provider (e.g., Google, Microsoft) for their customers' data. The courts provide annual statistics on the requests (accepted, rejected), while the companies provide annual transparency reports for public auditing. However, in practice, the statistical information provided by the courts and companies is at a very high level, generic, is released after-the-fact, and is inadequate for auditing the operations. Often this is attributed to the lack of scalable mechanisms for reporting and transparent auditing. In this paper, we present SAMPL, a novel auditing framework which leverages cryptographic mechanisms, such as zero knowledge proofs, Pedersen commitments, Merkle trees, and public ledgers to create a scalable mechanism for auditing electronic surveillance processes involving multiple actors. SAMPL is the first framework that can identify the actors (e.g., agencies and companies) that violate the purview of the court orders. We experimentally demonstrate the scalability for SAMPL for handling concurrent monitoring processes without undermining their secrecy and auditability. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy → Distributed systems security; Security protocols; Social aspects of security and privacy; Privacy protections; • Social and professional topics → Governmental regulations; • Applied computing → Law.
2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), 2021
We propose a novel framework for off-chain execution and verification of computationally-intensiv... more We propose a novel framework for off-chain execution and verification of computationally-intensive smart contracts. Our framework is the first solution that avoids duplication of computing effort across multiple contractors, does not require trusted execution environments, supports computations that do not have deterministic results, and supports general-purpose computations written in a high-level language. Our experiments reveal that some intensive applications may require as much as 141 million gas, approximately 71x more than the current block gas limit for computation in Ethereum today, and can be avoided by utilizing the proposed framework.
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, 2021
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2017
Coupled with the rapid increase in mobile device users and the bandwidth and latency demands are ... more Coupled with the rapid increase in mobile device users and the bandwidth and latency demands are the continuous increase of devices' processing capabilities, storage, and wireless connectivity options. The multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) is proposed to satisfy mobile users' increasing needs. The Information-Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm is better tuned (than the current Internet Protocol approach) to support multi-RAT communications. ICN eschews the connection-based content retrieval model used today and has desirable features such as data naming, in-network caching, and device mobility-a paradigm ripe for exploration. We propose DICE, an ICN forwarding strategy that helps a device dynamically select a subset of its multi-RAT interfaces for communication. DICE assesses the state of edge links and network congestion to determine the minimum number of interfaces required to to perform data delivery. We perform simulations to compare DICE's performance with bestroute2 and multicast strategies (part of the named data networking simulator, ndnSIM). We show that DICE is the best of both worlds: providing a higher delivery ratio (0.2-2 times) and much lower overhead (by 2-8 times) for di erent packet rates.
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 2019
Infections, trauma, iatrogenic causes, congenital malformations, or complications of systemic dis... more Infections, trauma, iatrogenic causes, congenital malformations, or complications of systemic diseases can result in perforation of the nasal septum. An intranasal stent is a removable prosthesis that can be inserted into the nasal cavity to support the form of nose. The stenting can be used for recanalization and nasal valve preservation. This case report presents a method for the fabrication of a customized nasal stent in a 14-year-old female patient with posttraumatic unilateral collapsed nasal vestibule.
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 2018
Double lip is a rare abnormality. It affects the lips, more often the upper lips and could be acq... more Double lip is a rare abnormality. It affects the lips, more often the upper lips and could be acquired or congenital. It may be associated with Ascher's syndrome or occur in isolation. In this deformity, there is an accessory fold of redundant mucous membrane inside the vermillion border. This cupid's bow-shaped accessory tissue is usually conspicuous during smiling but maybe occasionally visible even at rest. For the patient, this atypical facial deformity most importantly creates an aesthetic problem. Nonetheless, it may also interfere with their speech or function. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and gives appropriate esthetic and functional results. In this article, we have presented two case reports of congenital maxillary double lip. The etiology, clinical presentation, histopathology and treatment of this infrequent anomaly have been discussed.
IEEE Sensors Journal, 2019
This paper presents a novel wireless underwater data acquisition system for sensing Electric Orga... more This paper presents a novel wireless underwater data acquisition system for sensing Electric Organ Discharge (EOD) signals generated from the weakly electric fish S. macrurus. Variation in frequency and amplitude of the EOD signals are of interest by biologists to study behavioral and environmental effects on electric organ cells. In order to record the EOD signals, a miniature wearable wireless sensing system is designed for the target fish. The system consists of a custom-designed integrated Analog Front-End (AFE), an ATmega328p microcontroller unit (MCU) and a wireless transmitter (TX), as well as a battery with a power management module. In order to save TX power, the wireless sensor only transmits the calculated frequency and amplitude information of the EOD signal based on a proposed gainfeedback control method. A receiver attached to a host computer receives the wirelessly transmitted EOD data to perform further analysis. A wearable waterproof backpack for the fish is designed to house the wireless sensor and battery. The overall system has been successfully tested in a clinical experiment with the weakly electric fish. The AFE integrated circuit, which includes a novel rail-to-rail dynamic comparator, is fabricated in a 0.18µm CMOS process. The total area of the core circuit is 1.0 mm 2. The LNPA achieved a Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) of 1.8. The AFE power consumption is 2.2 µW from a single +1.8 V supply, whereas the overall system power consumption is 15 mW. The proposed gain-feedback control structure for frequency and amplitude measurement saves the transmitter data rate by 3,756 times compared with sending the raw data.
2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), 2018
One major benefit of named-data networking (NDN) is its potential to control network load by leve... more One major benefit of named-data networking (NDN) is its potential to control network load by leveraging in-network caching and request aggregation. Both the network operator and consumers benefit from these features, as operating costs are reduced and quality-of-experience is increased. However, request aggregation, combined with NDN's loop prevention mechanisms, can create denial-of-service (DoS) against client interests (intentionally and unintentionally) by clients employing multicast forwarding. In this paper, we discuss this problem and propose three increasingly efficient solutions to address the problem; our arguments are backed by simulation and numerical analyses.
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 2017
Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, associated risk factors, characteristic... more Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, associated risk factors, characteristics, and pattern of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in the permanent anterior teeth among school children of North East Delhi area. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was done in 3000 school-going children aged 7-14 years. Materials and Methods: A detailed case history and clinical examination were performed on the entire sample population. TDIs were recorded according to Andreasen's epidemiological classification of TDIs including World Health Organization codes. Statistical Analysis Used: For finding the independent association of the significant variables with outcome, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results: A prevalence of 10.7% was observed in the sample being studied. Dental trauma was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with male gender, and high statistical significance (P < 0.001) was noted with age, participation in sports, lip seal, and overjet. Fall of the child while playing by himself/herself was the most common cause; afternoon and schools were the most common time and place of occurrence of TDIs, respectively. Single tooth enamel fractures in the left maxillary central incisors were most commonly seen. Adhesive restorations were the most frequent form of treatment required. Conclusions: Organizing studies addressing the prevention and treatment needs of TDIs and educational programs aimed toward parents and school teachers are of paramount importance. Furthermore, recognizing the tremendous treatment negligence is extremely critical to adequately analyze indifference of the people toward dental trauma and its consequences.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2017
The parents of the patient reported that the child was born at complete 36 weeks. Physical examin... more The parents of the patient reported that the child was born at complete 36 weeks. Physical examination revealed an intact palate at birth. The patient was apparently normal till she was 10-monthold, when she got hospitalized for pneumonia. She had reported with very high fever, cough, poor feeding, irritability, respiratory insufficiency and failure to thrive. Blood cultures and investigations (complete blood count, haemoglobin, random blood glucose levels, HbA1c) were performed. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae and a few group B streptococci. It was at this time when the random blood glucose of the patient was observed to be above 500 mg/dl, Hb A1c at a level of 7.5% and the patient was first diagnosed with IDDM. Supportive care included IV antibiotics, IV insulin, total parenteral nutrition, and mechanical ventilation via orotracheal intubation. DISCUSSION Palatal perforations create a communication between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. Most often palatal defects are congenital.
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2017
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in... more Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in communication networks (e.g., Internet and mobile ad hoc networks) with an information-centric paradigm, which prioritizes the delivery of named content, oblivious of the contents' origin. Content and client security, provenance, and identity privacy are intrinsic by design in the ICN paradigm as opposed to the current host centric paradigm where they have been instrumented as an afterthought. However, given its nascency, the ICN paradigm has several open security and privacy concerns. In this article, we survey the existing literature in security and privacy in ICN and present open questions. More specifically, we explore three broad areas: security threats, privacy risks, and access control enforcement mechanisms. We present the underlying principle of the existing works, discuss the drawbacks of the proposed approaches, and explore potential future research directions. In security, we review attack scenarios, such as denial of service, cache pollution, and content poisoning. In privacy, we discuss user privacy and anonymity, name and signature privacy, and content privacy. ICN's feature of ubiquitous caching introduces a major challenge for access control enforcement that requires special attention. We review existing access control mechanisms including encryption-based, attribute-based, session-based, and proxy re-encryption-based access control schemes. We conclude the survey with lessons learned and scope for future work.
![Research paper thumbnail of 5G Spectrum and Standards [Book Reviews]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96231175/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](IEEE Wireless Communications, 2017
Cornell University - arXiv, Apr 2, 2022
Owing to the meteoric rise in the usage of cryptocurrencies, there has been a widespread adaptati... more Owing to the meteoric rise in the usage of cryptocurrencies, there has been a widespread adaptation of traditional financial applications such as lending, borrowing, margin trading, and more, to the cryptocurrency realm. In some cases, the inherently transparent and unregulated nature of cryptocurrencies leads to attacks on users of these applications. One such attack is frontrunning, where a malicious entity leverages the knowledge of currently unprocessed financial transactions submitted by users and attempts to get its own transaction(s) executed ahead of the unprocessed ones. The consequences of this can be financial loss, inaccurate transactions, and even exposure to more attacks. We propose FIRST, a framework that prevents frontrunning attacks, and is built using cryptographic protocols including verifiable delay functions and aggregate signatures. In our design, we have a federated setup for generating the public parameters of the VDF, thus removing the need for a single trusted setup. We formally analyze FIRST, prove its security using the Universal Composability framework and experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of FIRST.
2022 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies
In this paper, we study efficient and authorized rewriting of transactions already written to a b... more In this paper, we study efficient and authorized rewriting of transactions already written to a blockchain. Mutable transactions will make a fraction of all blockchain transactions, but will be a necessity to meet the needs of privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The state-of-the-art rewriting approaches have several shortcomings, such as being coarse-grained, inability to expunge data, absence of revocation mechanisms, lack of user anonymity, and inefficiency. We present ReTRACe, an efficient framework for transaction-level blockchain rewrites, that is fine-grained and supports revocation. ReTRACe is designed by composing a novel revocable chameleon hash with ephemeral trapdoor scheme, a novel revocable fast attribute based encryption scheme, and a dynamic group signature scheme. We discuss ReTRACe, and its constituent primitives in detail, along with their security analyses, and present experimental results to demonstrate scalability.
Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy, 2019
Distributed credit networks, such as Ripple [19] and Stellar [23], are becoming popular as an alt... more Distributed credit networks, such as Ripple [19] and Stellar [23], are becoming popular as an alternative means for financial transactions. However, the current designs do not preserve user privacy or are not truly decentralized. In this paper, we explore the creation of a distributed credit network that preserves user and transaction privacy and unlinkability. We propose BlAnC, a novel, fully decentralized blockchain-based credit network where credit transfer between a sender-receiver pair happens on demand. In BlAnC, multiple concurrent transactions can occur seamlessly, and malicious network actors that do not follow the protocols and/or disrupt operations can be identified efficiently. We perform security analysis of our proposed protocols in the universal composability framework to demonstrate its strength, and discuss how our network handles operational dynamics. We also present preliminary experiments and scalability analyses. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy → Distributed systems security;
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in... more Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in communication networks (e.g., Internet and mobile ad hoc networks) with an information-centric paradigm, which prioritizes the delivery of named content, oblivious of the contents’ origin. Content and client security, provenance, and identity privacy are intrinsic by design in the ICN paradigm as opposed to the current host centric paradigm where they have been instrumented as an after-thought. However, given its nascency, the ICN paradigm has several open security and privacy concerns. In this article, we survey the existing literature in security and privacy in ICN and present open questions. More specifically, we explore three broad areas: security threats, privacy risks, and access control enforcement mechanisms. We present the underlying principle of the existing works, discuss the drawbacks of the proposed approaches, and explore potential future research directions. In security, ...
2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM), 2020
It is well known fact that masonry structures suffers extensive loss during earthquakes, leading ... more It is well known fact that masonry structures suffers extensive loss during earthquakes, leading to notable damage of lives. Majority of structures in India are Un-Reinforced masonry (URM) which are not strong and vulnerable under moderate earthquakes. Masonry construction remains vulnerable to seismic force due to many reasons like lack of integral action between brick and mortar, low shear strength of masonry, heavy mass and varying construction practices. Therefore, it is essential to increase seismic resistance of masonry structures utilizing dissimilar retrofitting measures. Past earthquakes in India and other countries reveals low seismic resistance of URM structure and extensive damage caused. Reconstruction of damaged structure may be very costly and time consuming therefore retrofitting is the best alternative to enhance the seismic performance of damaged structures. Many conventional and non-conventional techniques like, using ferrocement, shotcrete, steel elements applica...
Paripex Indian Journal Of Research, 2018
The present clinical study is comprising of 181 cases of Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) brought to Em... more The present clinical study is comprising of 181 cases of Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) brought to Emergency and then transferred to the Department of ENT & HNS of Muzaffarnagar medical college& Hospital in a span of 20 months (i.e from June 2015 to Jan.2016) and the study reveals that Road traffic accidents (RTA) is the most common etiology of MFT and accounts for 94 cases (51.92%) followed by Fall from height in 26 cases (14.37%), Physical assault in 22 cases (12.16%), Bear slap in 18 cases (9.94%), other causes including work-place accidents & domestic accidents in 12 cases (6.63%) and Gun shot injuries in 9 cases (4.98%). The cases of MFT were analysed according to the etiology, age, sex distribution and type of injury (soft tissue injury, skeletal injury or mixed type of injury). Maximum number of MFT cases lies in the age group of 21-30 years i.e 42 cases (23.20%) & 31-40 years i.e 38 cases (20.99%) and together accounts for 80 cases i.e 44.19% of all 181 cases. The mixed type o...
Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, 2017
Request aggregation is a fundamental feature of named data networking (NDN). This feature aims to... more Request aggregation is a fundamental feature of named data networking (NDN). This feature aims to improve consumers' quality of experience and reduce network traffic by reducing content retrieval latency and eliminating redundant communication, respectively. However, the negative aspects of request aggregation have not been studied. In this paper, we inspect different facets of request aggregation and introduce one of its harmful behavior, which can create an implicit Denial of Service (iDoS) vulnerability. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy → Denial-of-service attacks; • Networks → Network simulations; Wireless access networks;
Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2019
Organized surveillance, especially by governments poses a major challenge to individual privacy, ... more Organized surveillance, especially by governments poses a major challenge to individual privacy, due to the resources governments have at their disposal, and the possibility of overreach. Given the impact of invasive monitoring, in most democratic countries, government surveillance is, in theory, monitored and subject to public oversight to guard against violations. In practice, there is a difficult fine balance between safeguarding individual's privacy rights and not diluting the efficacy of national security investigations, as exemplified by reports on government surveillance programs that have caused public controversy, and have been challenged by civil and privacy rights organizations. Surveillance is generally conducted through a mechanism where federal agencies obtain a warrant from a federal or state judge (e.g., the US FISA court, Supreme Court in Canada) to subpoena a company or service-provider (e.g., Google, Microsoft) for their customers' data. The courts provide annual statistics on the requests (accepted, rejected), while the companies provide annual transparency reports for public auditing. However, in practice, the statistical information provided by the courts and companies is at a very high level, generic, is released after-the-fact, and is inadequate for auditing the operations. Often this is attributed to the lack of scalable mechanisms for reporting and transparent auditing. In this paper, we present SAMPL, a novel auditing framework which leverages cryptographic mechanisms, such as zero knowledge proofs, Pedersen commitments, Merkle trees, and public ledgers to create a scalable mechanism for auditing electronic surveillance processes involving multiple actors. SAMPL is the first framework that can identify the actors (e.g., agencies and companies) that violate the purview of the court orders. We experimentally demonstrate the scalability for SAMPL for handling concurrent monitoring processes without undermining their secrecy and auditability. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy → Distributed systems security; Security protocols; Social aspects of security and privacy; Privacy protections; • Social and professional topics → Governmental regulations; • Applied computing → Law.
2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), 2021
We propose a novel framework for off-chain execution and verification of computationally-intensiv... more We propose a novel framework for off-chain execution and verification of computationally-intensive smart contracts. Our framework is the first solution that avoids duplication of computing effort across multiple contractors, does not require trusted execution environments, supports computations that do not have deterministic results, and supports general-purpose computations written in a high-level language. Our experiments reveal that some intensive applications may require as much as 141 million gas, approximately 71x more than the current block gas limit for computation in Ethereum today, and can be avoided by utilizing the proposed framework.
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, 2021
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 2017
Coupled with the rapid increase in mobile device users and the bandwidth and latency demands are ... more Coupled with the rapid increase in mobile device users and the bandwidth and latency demands are the continuous increase of devices' processing capabilities, storage, and wireless connectivity options. The multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) is proposed to satisfy mobile users' increasing needs. The Information-Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm is better tuned (than the current Internet Protocol approach) to support multi-RAT communications. ICN eschews the connection-based content retrieval model used today and has desirable features such as data naming, in-network caching, and device mobility-a paradigm ripe for exploration. We propose DICE, an ICN forwarding strategy that helps a device dynamically select a subset of its multi-RAT interfaces for communication. DICE assesses the state of edge links and network congestion to determine the minimum number of interfaces required to to perform data delivery. We perform simulations to compare DICE's performance with bestroute2 and multicast strategies (part of the named data networking simulator, ndnSIM). We show that DICE is the best of both worlds: providing a higher delivery ratio (0.2-2 times) and much lower overhead (by 2-8 times) for di erent packet rates.
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 2019
Infections, trauma, iatrogenic causes, congenital malformations, or complications of systemic dis... more Infections, trauma, iatrogenic causes, congenital malformations, or complications of systemic diseases can result in perforation of the nasal septum. An intranasal stent is a removable prosthesis that can be inserted into the nasal cavity to support the form of nose. The stenting can be used for recanalization and nasal valve preservation. This case report presents a method for the fabrication of a customized nasal stent in a 14-year-old female patient with posttraumatic unilateral collapsed nasal vestibule.
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 2018
Double lip is a rare abnormality. It affects the lips, more often the upper lips and could be acq... more Double lip is a rare abnormality. It affects the lips, more often the upper lips and could be acquired or congenital. It may be associated with Ascher's syndrome or occur in isolation. In this deformity, there is an accessory fold of redundant mucous membrane inside the vermillion border. This cupid's bow-shaped accessory tissue is usually conspicuous during smiling but maybe occasionally visible even at rest. For the patient, this atypical facial deformity most importantly creates an aesthetic problem. Nonetheless, it may also interfere with their speech or function. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and gives appropriate esthetic and functional results. In this article, we have presented two case reports of congenital maxillary double lip. The etiology, clinical presentation, histopathology and treatment of this infrequent anomaly have been discussed.
IEEE Sensors Journal, 2019
This paper presents a novel wireless underwater data acquisition system for sensing Electric Orga... more This paper presents a novel wireless underwater data acquisition system for sensing Electric Organ Discharge (EOD) signals generated from the weakly electric fish S. macrurus. Variation in frequency and amplitude of the EOD signals are of interest by biologists to study behavioral and environmental effects on electric organ cells. In order to record the EOD signals, a miniature wearable wireless sensing system is designed for the target fish. The system consists of a custom-designed integrated Analog Front-End (AFE), an ATmega328p microcontroller unit (MCU) and a wireless transmitter (TX), as well as a battery with a power management module. In order to save TX power, the wireless sensor only transmits the calculated frequency and amplitude information of the EOD signal based on a proposed gainfeedback control method. A receiver attached to a host computer receives the wirelessly transmitted EOD data to perform further analysis. A wearable waterproof backpack for the fish is designed to house the wireless sensor and battery. The overall system has been successfully tested in a clinical experiment with the weakly electric fish. The AFE integrated circuit, which includes a novel rail-to-rail dynamic comparator, is fabricated in a 0.18µm CMOS process. The total area of the core circuit is 1.0 mm 2. The LNPA achieved a Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) of 1.8. The AFE power consumption is 2.2 µW from a single +1.8 V supply, whereas the overall system power consumption is 15 mW. The proposed gain-feedback control structure for frequency and amplitude measurement saves the transmitter data rate by 3,756 times compared with sending the raw data.
2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), 2018
One major benefit of named-data networking (NDN) is its potential to control network load by leve... more One major benefit of named-data networking (NDN) is its potential to control network load by leveraging in-network caching and request aggregation. Both the network operator and consumers benefit from these features, as operating costs are reduced and quality-of-experience is increased. However, request aggregation, combined with NDN's loop prevention mechanisms, can create denial-of-service (DoS) against client interests (intentionally and unintentionally) by clients employing multicast forwarding. In this paper, we discuss this problem and propose three increasingly efficient solutions to address the problem; our arguments are backed by simulation and numerical analyses.
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 2017
Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, associated risk factors, characteristic... more Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, associated risk factors, characteristics, and pattern of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in the permanent anterior teeth among school children of North East Delhi area. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was done in 3000 school-going children aged 7-14 years. Materials and Methods: A detailed case history and clinical examination were performed on the entire sample population. TDIs were recorded according to Andreasen's epidemiological classification of TDIs including World Health Organization codes. Statistical Analysis Used: For finding the independent association of the significant variables with outcome, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results: A prevalence of 10.7% was observed in the sample being studied. Dental trauma was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with male gender, and high statistical significance (P < 0.001) was noted with age, participation in sports, lip seal, and overjet. Fall of the child while playing by himself/herself was the most common cause; afternoon and schools were the most common time and place of occurrence of TDIs, respectively. Single tooth enamel fractures in the left maxillary central incisors were most commonly seen. Adhesive restorations were the most frequent form of treatment required. Conclusions: Organizing studies addressing the prevention and treatment needs of TDIs and educational programs aimed toward parents and school teachers are of paramount importance. Furthermore, recognizing the tremendous treatment negligence is extremely critical to adequately analyze indifference of the people toward dental trauma and its consequences.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2017
The parents of the patient reported that the child was born at complete 36 weeks. Physical examin... more The parents of the patient reported that the child was born at complete 36 weeks. Physical examination revealed an intact palate at birth. The patient was apparently normal till she was 10-monthold, when she got hospitalized for pneumonia. She had reported with very high fever, cough, poor feeding, irritability, respiratory insufficiency and failure to thrive. Blood cultures and investigations (complete blood count, haemoglobin, random blood glucose levels, HbA1c) were performed. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae and a few group B streptococci. It was at this time when the random blood glucose of the patient was observed to be above 500 mg/dl, Hb A1c at a level of 7.5% and the patient was first diagnosed with IDDM. Supportive care included IV antibiotics, IV insulin, total parenteral nutrition, and mechanical ventilation via orotracheal intubation. DISCUSSION Palatal perforations create a communication between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. Most often palatal defects are congenital.
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2017
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in... more Information-Centric Networking (ICN) replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in communication networks (e.g., Internet and mobile ad hoc networks) with an information-centric paradigm, which prioritizes the delivery of named content, oblivious of the contents' origin. Content and client security, provenance, and identity privacy are intrinsic by design in the ICN paradigm as opposed to the current host centric paradigm where they have been instrumented as an afterthought. However, given its nascency, the ICN paradigm has several open security and privacy concerns. In this article, we survey the existing literature in security and privacy in ICN and present open questions. More specifically, we explore three broad areas: security threats, privacy risks, and access control enforcement mechanisms. We present the underlying principle of the existing works, discuss the drawbacks of the proposed approaches, and explore potential future research directions. In security, we review attack scenarios, such as denial of service, cache pollution, and content poisoning. In privacy, we discuss user privacy and anonymity, name and signature privacy, and content privacy. ICN's feature of ubiquitous caching introduces a major challenge for access control enforcement that requires special attention. We review existing access control mechanisms including encryption-based, attribute-based, session-based, and proxy re-encryption-based access control schemes. We conclude the survey with lessons learned and scope for future work.
IEEE Wireless Communications, 2017