Gavin Sutton - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Gavin Sutton

Lecture notes in mechanical engineering, Sep 19, 2023

This document contains the relationships and Labview code used to calculate the thermo-viscous co... more This document contains the relationships and Labview code used to calculate the thermo-viscous corrections to the resonance frequencies to terms in P2 for argon, and to terms in P for helium. It also includes: The shell-coupling model of Mehl [1] for radial modes. The improved shell-coupling model of Pitre [13]. The duct correction of Mehl [14]. The transducer correction. The 2nd order shape correction for a tri-axial ellipsoid. Correction to the triple point of water temperature. Calculation of the speed of sound. Least squares fitting procedures. The location of the working Software suite and the back-up files is given in the Appendix.

The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation cor... more The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation correction due to the uncertainty in the input parameters is calculated for the sphere TCU1 and argon gas. For typical measurement uncertainties, we find that the combined fractional uncertainty is a maximum at the lowest measurement pressure (50 kPa) and varies from: 0.26 PPM to 0.10 PPM for dF/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. 0.28 PPM to 0.17 PPM for G/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. At P = 100 kPa, both uncertainties are less than 0.2 PPM.

The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation cor... more The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation correction due to the uncertainty in the input parameters is calculated for the sphere TCU1 and argon gas. For typical measurement uncertainties, we find that the combined fractional uncertainty is a maximum at the lowest measurement pressure (50 kPa) and varies from: 0.26 PPM to 0.10 PPM for dF/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. 0.28 PPM to 0.17 PPM for G/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. At P = 100 kPa, both uncertainties are less than 0.2 PPM.

Measurement Science and Technology, Mar 7, 2022

Metrologia, Dec 9, 2010

The rate of outgassing of water vapour from metal tubing and spheres is estimated and formulae gi... more The rate of outgassing of water vapour from metal tubing and spheres is estimated and formulae given for the expected amount fraction of water added to otherwise pure gases. The relevance of these estimates to current efforts to redetermine the Boltzmann constant with relative uncertainty of measurement uR(kB) ≈ 1 × 10-6 is supported with experimental results using trace moisture sensors and combined acoustic and microwave resonators. The outgassing does not represent an insuperable obstacle to accurate determinations of the Boltzmann constant in any of the current experiments. However, all workers in this field need to evaluate the extent of outgassing and devise a strategy for estimating and minimizing its effect.

Metrologia, Jan 28, 2016

In his comment on our 2013 paper ‘A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant’ [1] Ma... more In his comment on our 2013 paper ‘A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant’ [1] Macnaughton claims that his re-analysis “…reveals systematic non-random patterns in residuals of the key fitted model equation”. He claims that “these patterns violate the assumptions underlying the analysis” and “raise questions about the validity of [our] estimate of kB”. He also claims that we deleted “troublesome” data in a “somewhat arbitrary” manner. While we are grateful to Macnaughton for his attention to our freely accessible data, we disagree with his conclusions. The dataset we analysed consists of 263 data points, while the ‘trends’ in the data to which he refers constitute at most 12 points. Concerning the improper removal of data points to which he alludes we note that all 324 data points that we acquired were included in the supplementary data, but some data were excluded from the analysis for the reasons stated in the original text. Macnaughton was able to determine the effect of including or excluding these data but did not do so. In this paper we demonstrate that none of the issues to which Macnaughton draws attention could conceivably have any significant effect on our final estimate for the Boltzmann constant or its uncertainty.

17th International Congress of Metrology, 2015

Nous décrivons un nouveau projet européen appelé impératrice, financé par le Programme européen d... more Nous décrivons un nouveau projet européen appelé impératrice, financé par le Programme européen d'innovation et de recherché en métrologie (EMPIR). Ce projet commencera pendent l'été 2015, et durera triois années. Il permettra d'améliorer de manière significative l'efficacité des processus de fabrication de haute valeur en améliorant la capacité de mesure de température. Le consortium du projet compte 18 partenaires, de la communauté de la métrologie (NMI et DI), l'industrie manufacturière de haute valeur, fabricants de capteurs de température, et le milieu universitaire. Le contrôle précis de la température garantit l'efficacité des processus et la qualité du produit. L'amélioration de l'efficacité des processus peut prendre plusieurs formes, notamment: la réduction du rejet de produits / déchets; une meilleure efficacité énergétique; l'augmentation des intervalles entre les vérifications de capteur / entretien; et la fiabilité accrue du capteur, ce qui minimise la fréquence d'intervention de l'opérateur. La traçabilité des mesures de température à l'échelle internationale de température de 1990 (ITS-90) est un facteur critique pour l'incertitude de mesure et la reproductibilité ainsi que pour la qualité et l'efficacité du contrôle de processus permettre cette traçabilité in situ (c'est-à-dire dans le processus industriel) est un thème récurrent dans ce projet.

arXiv: Instrumentation and Detectors, 2020

Intermediate level nuclear waste must be stored until it is safe for permanent disposal. Temperat... more Intermediate level nuclear waste must be stored until it is safe for permanent disposal. Temperature monitoring of waste packages is important to the nuclear decommissioning industry to support management of each package. Phosphor thermometry and thermal imaging have been used to monitor the temperature of intermediate level waste containers within the expected range of environmental storage conditions at the Sellafield Ltd site: temperatures from 10 {\deg}C to 25 {\deg}C and relative humidities from 60 %rh to 90 %rh. The feasibility of determining internal temperature from external surface temperature measurement in the required range of environmental conditions has been demonstrated.

Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2021

International Journal of Thermophysics, 2017

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2013

2013 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA), 2013

ABSTRACT In preparation for the new challenges posed by the higher temperature environments which... more ABSTRACT In preparation for the new challenges posed by the higher temperature environments which are likely to be encountered in the next generation of nuclear power plants, to maintain the safety and to ensure the long-term reliability of such plants, it is crucial that new temperature sensors and methods for in-situ measurement are investigated and developed. This is the general objective of the first workpackage of the joint research project, ENG08 MetroFission, funded in the framework of the European metrology research program. This paper will review the results obtained in developing and testing new temperature sensors and references during the course of the project. The possible continuation of these activities in the future is discussed.

EVI-GTI Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation (GTI 2017), 2017

Lecture notes in mechanical engineering, Sep 19, 2023

This document contains the relationships and Labview code used to calculate the thermo-viscous co... more This document contains the relationships and Labview code used to calculate the thermo-viscous corrections to the resonance frequencies to terms in P2 for argon, and to terms in P for helium. It also includes: The shell-coupling model of Mehl [1] for radial modes. The improved shell-coupling model of Pitre [13]. The duct correction of Mehl [14]. The transducer correction. The 2nd order shape correction for a tri-axial ellipsoid. Correction to the triple point of water temperature. Calculation of the speed of sound. Least squares fitting procedures. The location of the working Software suite and the back-up files is given in the Appendix.

The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation cor... more The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation correction due to the uncertainty in the input parameters is calculated for the sphere TCU1 and argon gas. For typical measurement uncertainties, we find that the combined fractional uncertainty is a maximum at the lowest measurement pressure (50 kPa) and varies from: 0.26 PPM to 0.10 PPM for dF/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. 0.28 PPM to 0.17 PPM for G/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. At P = 100 kPa, both uncertainties are less than 0.2 PPM.

The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation cor... more The uncertainty in the calculated Thermal Boundary Layer Correction (TBLC) / Bulk dissipation correction due to the uncertainty in the input parameters is calculated for the sphere TCU1 and argon gas. For typical measurement uncertainties, we find that the combined fractional uncertainty is a maximum at the lowest measurement pressure (50 kPa) and varies from: 0.26 PPM to 0.10 PPM for dF/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. 0.28 PPM to 0.17 PPM for G/F moving from the (0,2) to (0,10) mode. At P = 100 kPa, both uncertainties are less than 0.2 PPM.

Measurement Science and Technology, Mar 7, 2022

Metrologia, Dec 9, 2010

The rate of outgassing of water vapour from metal tubing and spheres is estimated and formulae gi... more The rate of outgassing of water vapour from metal tubing and spheres is estimated and formulae given for the expected amount fraction of water added to otherwise pure gases. The relevance of these estimates to current efforts to redetermine the Boltzmann constant with relative uncertainty of measurement uR(kB) ≈ 1 × 10-6 is supported with experimental results using trace moisture sensors and combined acoustic and microwave resonators. The outgassing does not represent an insuperable obstacle to accurate determinations of the Boltzmann constant in any of the current experiments. However, all workers in this field need to evaluate the extent of outgassing and devise a strategy for estimating and minimizing its effect.

Metrologia, Jan 28, 2016

In his comment on our 2013 paper ‘A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant’ [1] Ma... more In his comment on our 2013 paper ‘A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant’ [1] Macnaughton claims that his re-analysis “…reveals systematic non-random patterns in residuals of the key fitted model equation”. He claims that “these patterns violate the assumptions underlying the analysis” and “raise questions about the validity of [our] estimate of kB”. He also claims that we deleted “troublesome” data in a “somewhat arbitrary” manner. While we are grateful to Macnaughton for his attention to our freely accessible data, we disagree with his conclusions. The dataset we analysed consists of 263 data points, while the ‘trends’ in the data to which he refers constitute at most 12 points. Concerning the improper removal of data points to which he alludes we note that all 324 data points that we acquired were included in the supplementary data, but some data were excluded from the analysis for the reasons stated in the original text. Macnaughton was able to determine the effect of including or excluding these data but did not do so. In this paper we demonstrate that none of the issues to which Macnaughton draws attention could conceivably have any significant effect on our final estimate for the Boltzmann constant or its uncertainty.

17th International Congress of Metrology, 2015

Nous décrivons un nouveau projet européen appelé impératrice, financé par le Programme européen d... more Nous décrivons un nouveau projet européen appelé impératrice, financé par le Programme européen d'innovation et de recherché en métrologie (EMPIR). Ce projet commencera pendent l'été 2015, et durera triois années. Il permettra d'améliorer de manière significative l'efficacité des processus de fabrication de haute valeur en améliorant la capacité de mesure de température. Le consortium du projet compte 18 partenaires, de la communauté de la métrologie (NMI et DI), l'industrie manufacturière de haute valeur, fabricants de capteurs de température, et le milieu universitaire. Le contrôle précis de la température garantit l'efficacité des processus et la qualité du produit. L'amélioration de l'efficacité des processus peut prendre plusieurs formes, notamment: la réduction du rejet de produits / déchets; une meilleure efficacité énergétique; l'augmentation des intervalles entre les vérifications de capteur / entretien; et la fiabilité accrue du capteur, ce qui minimise la fréquence d'intervention de l'opérateur. La traçabilité des mesures de température à l'échelle internationale de température de 1990 (ITS-90) est un facteur critique pour l'incertitude de mesure et la reproductibilité ainsi que pour la qualité et l'efficacité du contrôle de processus permettre cette traçabilité in situ (c'est-à-dire dans le processus industriel) est un thème récurrent dans ce projet.

arXiv: Instrumentation and Detectors, 2020

Intermediate level nuclear waste must be stored until it is safe for permanent disposal. Temperat... more Intermediate level nuclear waste must be stored until it is safe for permanent disposal. Temperature monitoring of waste packages is important to the nuclear decommissioning industry to support management of each package. Phosphor thermometry and thermal imaging have been used to monitor the temperature of intermediate level waste containers within the expected range of environmental storage conditions at the Sellafield Ltd site: temperatures from 10 {\deg}C to 25 {\deg}C and relative humidities from 60 %rh to 90 %rh. The feasibility of determining internal temperature from external surface temperature measurement in the required range of environmental conditions has been demonstrated.

Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2021

International Journal of Thermophysics, 2017

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2013

2013 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA), 2013

ABSTRACT In preparation for the new challenges posed by the higher temperature environments which... more ABSTRACT In preparation for the new challenges posed by the higher temperature environments which are likely to be encountered in the next generation of nuclear power plants, to maintain the safety and to ensure the long-term reliability of such plants, it is crucial that new temperature sensors and methods for in-situ measurement are investigated and developed. This is the general objective of the first workpackage of the joint research project, ENG08 MetroFission, funded in the framework of the European metrology research program. This paper will review the results obtained in developing and testing new temperature sensors and references during the course of the project. The possible continuation of these activities in the future is discussed.

EVI-GTI Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation (GTI 2017), 2017