George Balabanis - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by George Balabanis

Research paper thumbnail of Signalling Effects in Luxury Consumption

ACR European Advances, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Snob/Bandwagon Consumption Scale

Research paper thumbnail of Explaining Variation in Conspicuous Consumption: An Empirical Examination

Marketing Dynamism & Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same…, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the Influence of Corporate Image on Country of Origin Image. The Case of Spain

Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Bases of e-store loyalty: Perceived switching barriers and satisfaction

Journal of Business Research, 2006

Loyalty, its antecedents, and its consequences have been considered extensively. Store loyalty, i... more Loyalty, its antecedents, and its consequences have been considered extensively. Store loyalty, in particular e-store loyalty, has not, however, received the same level of attention despite the increase in the number of organisations that sell directly over the Internet. This paper focuses on two antecedents of e-store loyalty, perceived switching barriers and satisfaction, and the way in which they interact. It found that customers do not consider themselves loyal to the e-store they frequent despite being largely satisfied, that the impact of switching barriers varies at different levels of customer satisfaction, and that what customers consider to be a switching barrier differs at different levels of customer satisfaction.

Research paper thumbnail of Explaining the product‐specificity of country‐of‐origin effects

International Marketing Review, 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of product typicality in explaining... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of product typicality in explaining the product‐specificity of country of origin (COO) effects.Design/methodology/approachTo help select stimuli used in the study, two dimensions of product typicality regarding COO images were created. A total of 416 participants from a business school in Taiwan participated in this experiment and rated their perceived COO images and attitudes towards specific products from select countries.FindingsThe results indicate that product typicality can help explain the discrepancies between COO images across products from a country, and across COOs of a product. Typical products received more favourable consumer attitudes and stronger COO images than atypical ones. This study also manipulated two other factors, product type and product category level. While product type had no significant impact on the effects of typicality, tests on product category level revealed enhanced effects for subordin...

Research paper thumbnail of The human values’ lenses of country of origin images

International Marketing Review, 2002

By using a core element of culture, human values, the paper seeks to identify patterns in the way... more By using a core element of culture, human values, the paper seeks to identify patterns in the way individuals perceive other countries and their products. Based on the above a conceptual framework and a set of hypotheses were developed. Variables such as direct contact with a country, fluency in a country’s language as well as demographic differences are included as control variables. Results indicated that human values can predict better country of origin images than other variables. However, the predictive ability of different human values was inconsistent across the two samples, suggesting that the context within which values are developed is important.

Research paper thumbnail of In-group and out-group orientations and their relation to formation of Country of Origin Image stereotypes

International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2007

Page 1. 328 Int. J. Business and Globalisation, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Inderscience... more Page 1. 328 Int. J. Business and Globalisation, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. In-group and out-group orientations and their relation to formation of Country of Origin Image stereotypes George Balabanis ...

Research paper thumbnail of Being an entrepreneurial exporter: does it pay?

International Business Review, 2003

The relationship between the adoption of an entrepreneurial posture and export performance has ra... more The relationship between the adoption of an entrepreneurial posture and export performance has rarely been explored in the export marketing literature and this empirical inquiry strives to fill this gap. Following a review of the relevant literature, specific organisational and environmental factors were identified as potential determinants of firms' abilities to adopt an entrepreneurial posture and export performance. The study findings reveal that firms with organic organisational structures and relatively large size are more likely to adopt an entrepreneurial posture. Additionally, entrepreneurial posture was found to impact positively export performance whereas environmental hostility affects negatively export performance. Finally, study results indicated that exporters adopt an entrepreneurial posture within dynamic environments but not in hostile and diverse environments. The implications of the study for marketing researchers and practitioners are highlighted and future research streams identified.

Research paper thumbnail of Determinants and Direction of Trading Companies′ Development in Europe

European Journal of Marketing, 1993

Recently many EC countries have expressed an increasing interest in the development of strong tra... more Recently many EC countries have expressed an increasing interest in the development of strong trading companies (TCs) which will assist in the growth of national exports. However, a lack of clear direction for the envisaged TCs′ development has been observed. Attempts to identify the mechanisms by which TCs change their structure and strategies. A set of internal and external factors which influence TCs′ development and change has been identified and combined in a comprehensive conceptual framework. Both institutional and competitive (market) approaches are included. Based on this theoretical framework the direction of European TCs′ development route across a number of possible dimensions is explored. The research involved a sample of large EC TCs and a sample of EC environmental agents which were found to influence directly or indirectly TCs′ development.

Research paper thumbnail of Market orientation in the top 200 British charity organizations and its impact on their performance

European Journal of Marketing, 1997

Examines the degree to which leading UK charities have adopted the marketing concept in the last ... more Examines the degree to which leading UK charities have adopted the marketing concept in the last five years and how this has affected their performance. Based on Kohli and Jaworski’s (1990) work, an adaptation of the MARKOR scale was used to measure charities’ orientation towards their markets for funds and volunteers (donors). A mail questionnaire was sent to the top 200 UK charity organizations and a response rate of 29 per cent was achieved. Although charities’ orientation towards their donor market is still relatively low, it has significantly increased in the last five years. No differences in the levels of donor market orientation among different type of charities were observed. Donor market orientation was negatively related to the organizational size and the number of departments. A lag effect between donor market orientation and performance was detected. Discusses limitations and recommendations for future research.

Research paper thumbnail of Corporate social responsibility and economic performance in the top British companies: are they linked?

European Business Review, 1998

This paper investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the ec... more This paper investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the economic performance of corporations. It first examines the theories that suggest a relationship between the two. To test these theories, measures of CSR performance and disclosure developed by the New Consumer Group were analysed against the (past, concurrent and subsequent to CSR performance period) economic performance of 56 large UK companies. Economic performance included: financial (return on capital employed, return on equity and gross profit to sales ratios); and capital market performance (systematic risk and excess market valuation). The results supported the conclusion that (past, concurrent and subsequent) economic performance is related to both CSR performance and disclosure. However, the relationships were weak and lacked an overall consistency. For example, past economic performance was found to partly explain variations in firms’ involvement in philanthropic activities. CSR...

Research paper thumbnail of Emergent Marketing Strategies and Performance: The Effects of Market Uncertainty and Strategic Feedback Systems

British Journal of Management, 2012

Although many process-based studies appear in the strategic management literature, little attenti... more Although many process-based studies appear in the strategic management literature, little attention has been devoted to the formation process of marketing strategies. Drawing on enactment and information-processing theories, this study views the external environment as a source of information (i.e. enacted) and organizations as informationprocessing entities. We propose a conceptual framework of antecedents and market performance consequences of emergent marketing strategies and test it with a sample of 214 UK enterprises. The results suggest that dimensions of market uncertainty (i.e. dynamism and complexity) and strategic feedback systems influence the formation of emergent marketing strategy. Furthermore, the data reveal that market uncertainty aspects condition the association between emergent marketing strategies and market performance in different ways. These findings provide new insights into how emergent marketing strategies evolve and influence organizational outcomes.

Research paper thumbnail of The Relationship Between Diversification and Performance in Export Intermediary Firms

British Journal of Management, 2001

The study examines the impact of product, functional and geographical diversification on the sale... more The study examines the impact of product, functional and geographical diversification on the sales, exports and profitability of export intermediaries (EIs). It is based on a mailed survey of a sample of 135 British EIs. The results indicated that product and unrelated functional diversification are important to an EI's export stability. EIs that tend to carry undifferentiated products also exhibit more stable export sales. Although geographical diversification itself was not found to affect performance, focus on the economically developed countries seems to be critical for an EI's stability and growth of sales and exports.

Research paper thumbnail of Matching Modes of Export Strategy Development to Different Environmental Conditions

British Journal of Management, 2007

Despite its increasing importance on current literature, prior research on export strategy develo... more Despite its increasing importance on current literature, prior research on export strategy development is limited to the examination of the effectiveness of only two strategy-making modes (formal planning and the entrepreneurial mode) in a noncomparative manner. In contrast, this study evaluates and compares the effects of four different strategy-making approaches on export performance and examines which of the four approaches performs better under different environmental conditions. Specifically, the study examines three characteristics of the environment: dynamism, hostility and diversity. Empirical research on a sample of British exporters confirmed that the choice of the strategy development mode is an important element in the determination of export performance and that environmental conditions moderate this relationship. Of the export strategy-making modes examined, the entrepreneurial and adaptive modes appear to be the most successful.

Research paper thumbnail of Surrogate Boycotts against Multinational Corporations: Consumers’ Choice of Boycott Targets

British Journal of Management, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Web_Appendix - Favoritism Toward Foreign and Domestic Brands: A Comparison of Different Theoretical Explanations

Web_Appendix for Favoritism Toward Foreign and Domestic Brands: A Comparison of Different Theoret... more Web_Appendix for Favoritism Toward Foreign and Domestic Brands: A Comparison of Different Theoretical Explanations by George Balabanis, Anastasia Stathopoulou and Jiayu Qiao in Journal of International Marketing

Research paper thumbnail of Inconsistencies in the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism: the role of brand, product category and country of origin

International Marketing Review, 2017

Purpose Despite the well-established impact of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) on purchase intention... more Purpose Despite the well-established impact of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) on purchase intentions, extant literature offers limited evidence on actual purchase behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to address the gap by investigating the factors underlying variations in CET behaviour using reported brand purchases. Product category, product cost and visibility, brand and country of origin (COO) of purchased products are investigated for their impact on the differences in the behavioural effects of CET. Design/methodology/approach This study uses survey data collected in the USA from a sample of 468 consumers. Self-reported brand purchases are used and involve ten product categories, 432 brands, and 22 countries of origin. Logistic regressions for repeated measures are used to test the hypotheses formulated. Findings The results confirm that product category is an important determinant of the behavioural effects of CET. CET also has a significant impact on purchases of the most ex...

Research paper thumbnail of Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the “bandwagon” luxury consumption behavior

This paper examines the impact of a number of psychological factors on consumers' propensity to e... more This paper examines the impact of a number of psychological factors on consumers' propensity to engage in the "bandwagon" type of luxury consumption. It develops and empirically confirms a conceptual model of bandwagon consumption of luxury products. In general, results show that a consumer's interdependent selfconcept underlies bandwagon luxury consumption. This relationship is mediated by the level of a consumer's status-seeking predispositions, susceptibility to normative influence and need for uniqueness. The study concludes that these psychological constructs explain well a large part of bandwagon luxury consumption and can be used as inputs in the development of marketing strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of Some Attitudinal Predictors of Home-Shopping through the Internet

Journal of Marketing Management, 1999

... 362 George Balabanis and Stefanos Vassileiou ... In particular, the Internet has the followin... more ... 362 George Balabanis and Stefanos Vassileiou ... In particular, the Internet has the following advantages (Berthon et aI, 1996): (1) interactivity; (2) a 24-hour a day accessibility; (3) reaches a large global audience; (4) marketers do not have to try to reach consumers, consumers ...

Research paper thumbnail of Signalling Effects in Luxury Consumption

ACR European Advances, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Snob/Bandwagon Consumption Scale

Research paper thumbnail of Explaining Variation in Conspicuous Consumption: An Empirical Examination

Marketing Dynamism & Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same…, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the Influence of Corporate Image on Country of Origin Image. The Case of Spain

Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Bases of e-store loyalty: Perceived switching barriers and satisfaction

Journal of Business Research, 2006

Loyalty, its antecedents, and its consequences have been considered extensively. Store loyalty, i... more Loyalty, its antecedents, and its consequences have been considered extensively. Store loyalty, in particular e-store loyalty, has not, however, received the same level of attention despite the increase in the number of organisations that sell directly over the Internet. This paper focuses on two antecedents of e-store loyalty, perceived switching barriers and satisfaction, and the way in which they interact. It found that customers do not consider themselves loyal to the e-store they frequent despite being largely satisfied, that the impact of switching barriers varies at different levels of customer satisfaction, and that what customers consider to be a switching barrier differs at different levels of customer satisfaction.

Research paper thumbnail of Explaining the product‐specificity of country‐of‐origin effects

International Marketing Review, 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of product typicality in explaining... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of product typicality in explaining the product‐specificity of country of origin (COO) effects.Design/methodology/approachTo help select stimuli used in the study, two dimensions of product typicality regarding COO images were created. A total of 416 participants from a business school in Taiwan participated in this experiment and rated their perceived COO images and attitudes towards specific products from select countries.FindingsThe results indicate that product typicality can help explain the discrepancies between COO images across products from a country, and across COOs of a product. Typical products received more favourable consumer attitudes and stronger COO images than atypical ones. This study also manipulated two other factors, product type and product category level. While product type had no significant impact on the effects of typicality, tests on product category level revealed enhanced effects for subordin...

Research paper thumbnail of The human values’ lenses of country of origin images

International Marketing Review, 2002

By using a core element of culture, human values, the paper seeks to identify patterns in the way... more By using a core element of culture, human values, the paper seeks to identify patterns in the way individuals perceive other countries and their products. Based on the above a conceptual framework and a set of hypotheses were developed. Variables such as direct contact with a country, fluency in a country’s language as well as demographic differences are included as control variables. Results indicated that human values can predict better country of origin images than other variables. However, the predictive ability of different human values was inconsistent across the two samples, suggesting that the context within which values are developed is important.

Research paper thumbnail of In-group and out-group orientations and their relation to formation of Country of Origin Image stereotypes

International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2007

Page 1. 328 Int. J. Business and Globalisation, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Inderscience... more Page 1. 328 Int. J. Business and Globalisation, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. In-group and out-group orientations and their relation to formation of Country of Origin Image stereotypes George Balabanis ...

Research paper thumbnail of Being an entrepreneurial exporter: does it pay?

International Business Review, 2003

The relationship between the adoption of an entrepreneurial posture and export performance has ra... more The relationship between the adoption of an entrepreneurial posture and export performance has rarely been explored in the export marketing literature and this empirical inquiry strives to fill this gap. Following a review of the relevant literature, specific organisational and environmental factors were identified as potential determinants of firms' abilities to adopt an entrepreneurial posture and export performance. The study findings reveal that firms with organic organisational structures and relatively large size are more likely to adopt an entrepreneurial posture. Additionally, entrepreneurial posture was found to impact positively export performance whereas environmental hostility affects negatively export performance. Finally, study results indicated that exporters adopt an entrepreneurial posture within dynamic environments but not in hostile and diverse environments. The implications of the study for marketing researchers and practitioners are highlighted and future research streams identified.

Research paper thumbnail of Determinants and Direction of Trading Companies′ Development in Europe

European Journal of Marketing, 1993

Recently many EC countries have expressed an increasing interest in the development of strong tra... more Recently many EC countries have expressed an increasing interest in the development of strong trading companies (TCs) which will assist in the growth of national exports. However, a lack of clear direction for the envisaged TCs′ development has been observed. Attempts to identify the mechanisms by which TCs change their structure and strategies. A set of internal and external factors which influence TCs′ development and change has been identified and combined in a comprehensive conceptual framework. Both institutional and competitive (market) approaches are included. Based on this theoretical framework the direction of European TCs′ development route across a number of possible dimensions is explored. The research involved a sample of large EC TCs and a sample of EC environmental agents which were found to influence directly or indirectly TCs′ development.

Research paper thumbnail of Market orientation in the top 200 British charity organizations and its impact on their performance

European Journal of Marketing, 1997

Examines the degree to which leading UK charities have adopted the marketing concept in the last ... more Examines the degree to which leading UK charities have adopted the marketing concept in the last five years and how this has affected their performance. Based on Kohli and Jaworski’s (1990) work, an adaptation of the MARKOR scale was used to measure charities’ orientation towards their markets for funds and volunteers (donors). A mail questionnaire was sent to the top 200 UK charity organizations and a response rate of 29 per cent was achieved. Although charities’ orientation towards their donor market is still relatively low, it has significantly increased in the last five years. No differences in the levels of donor market orientation among different type of charities were observed. Donor market orientation was negatively related to the organizational size and the number of departments. A lag effect between donor market orientation and performance was detected. Discusses limitations and recommendations for future research.

Research paper thumbnail of Corporate social responsibility and economic performance in the top British companies: are they linked?

European Business Review, 1998

This paper investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the ec... more This paper investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the economic performance of corporations. It first examines the theories that suggest a relationship between the two. To test these theories, measures of CSR performance and disclosure developed by the New Consumer Group were analysed against the (past, concurrent and subsequent to CSR performance period) economic performance of 56 large UK companies. Economic performance included: financial (return on capital employed, return on equity and gross profit to sales ratios); and capital market performance (systematic risk and excess market valuation). The results supported the conclusion that (past, concurrent and subsequent) economic performance is related to both CSR performance and disclosure. However, the relationships were weak and lacked an overall consistency. For example, past economic performance was found to partly explain variations in firms’ involvement in philanthropic activities. CSR...

Research paper thumbnail of Emergent Marketing Strategies and Performance: The Effects of Market Uncertainty and Strategic Feedback Systems

British Journal of Management, 2012

Although many process-based studies appear in the strategic management literature, little attenti... more Although many process-based studies appear in the strategic management literature, little attention has been devoted to the formation process of marketing strategies. Drawing on enactment and information-processing theories, this study views the external environment as a source of information (i.e. enacted) and organizations as informationprocessing entities. We propose a conceptual framework of antecedents and market performance consequences of emergent marketing strategies and test it with a sample of 214 UK enterprises. The results suggest that dimensions of market uncertainty (i.e. dynamism and complexity) and strategic feedback systems influence the formation of emergent marketing strategy. Furthermore, the data reveal that market uncertainty aspects condition the association between emergent marketing strategies and market performance in different ways. These findings provide new insights into how emergent marketing strategies evolve and influence organizational outcomes.

Research paper thumbnail of The Relationship Between Diversification and Performance in Export Intermediary Firms

British Journal of Management, 2001

The study examines the impact of product, functional and geographical diversification on the sale... more The study examines the impact of product, functional and geographical diversification on the sales, exports and profitability of export intermediaries (EIs). It is based on a mailed survey of a sample of 135 British EIs. The results indicated that product and unrelated functional diversification are important to an EI's export stability. EIs that tend to carry undifferentiated products also exhibit more stable export sales. Although geographical diversification itself was not found to affect performance, focus on the economically developed countries seems to be critical for an EI's stability and growth of sales and exports.

Research paper thumbnail of Matching Modes of Export Strategy Development to Different Environmental Conditions

British Journal of Management, 2007

Despite its increasing importance on current literature, prior research on export strategy develo... more Despite its increasing importance on current literature, prior research on export strategy development is limited to the examination of the effectiveness of only two strategy-making modes (formal planning and the entrepreneurial mode) in a noncomparative manner. In contrast, this study evaluates and compares the effects of four different strategy-making approaches on export performance and examines which of the four approaches performs better under different environmental conditions. Specifically, the study examines three characteristics of the environment: dynamism, hostility and diversity. Empirical research on a sample of British exporters confirmed that the choice of the strategy development mode is an important element in the determination of export performance and that environmental conditions moderate this relationship. Of the export strategy-making modes examined, the entrepreneurial and adaptive modes appear to be the most successful.

Research paper thumbnail of Surrogate Boycotts against Multinational Corporations: Consumers’ Choice of Boycott Targets

British Journal of Management, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Web_Appendix - Favoritism Toward Foreign and Domestic Brands: A Comparison of Different Theoretical Explanations

Web_Appendix for Favoritism Toward Foreign and Domestic Brands: A Comparison of Different Theoret... more Web_Appendix for Favoritism Toward Foreign and Domestic Brands: A Comparison of Different Theoretical Explanations by George Balabanis, Anastasia Stathopoulou and Jiayu Qiao in Journal of International Marketing

Research paper thumbnail of Inconsistencies in the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism: the role of brand, product category and country of origin

International Marketing Review, 2017

Purpose Despite the well-established impact of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) on purchase intention... more Purpose Despite the well-established impact of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) on purchase intentions, extant literature offers limited evidence on actual purchase behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to address the gap by investigating the factors underlying variations in CET behaviour using reported brand purchases. Product category, product cost and visibility, brand and country of origin (COO) of purchased products are investigated for their impact on the differences in the behavioural effects of CET. Design/methodology/approach This study uses survey data collected in the USA from a sample of 468 consumers. Self-reported brand purchases are used and involve ten product categories, 432 brands, and 22 countries of origin. Logistic regressions for repeated measures are used to test the hypotheses formulated. Findings The results confirm that product category is an important determinant of the behavioural effects of CET. CET also has a significant impact on purchases of the most ex...

Research paper thumbnail of Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the “bandwagon” luxury consumption behavior

This paper examines the impact of a number of psychological factors on consumers' propensity to e... more This paper examines the impact of a number of psychological factors on consumers' propensity to engage in the "bandwagon" type of luxury consumption. It develops and empirically confirms a conceptual model of bandwagon consumption of luxury products. In general, results show that a consumer's interdependent selfconcept underlies bandwagon luxury consumption. This relationship is mediated by the level of a consumer's status-seeking predispositions, susceptibility to normative influence and need for uniqueness. The study concludes that these psychological constructs explain well a large part of bandwagon luxury consumption and can be used as inputs in the development of marketing strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of Some Attitudinal Predictors of Home-Shopping through the Internet

Journal of Marketing Management, 1999

... 362 George Balabanis and Stefanos Vassileiou ... In particular, the Internet has the followin... more ... 362 George Balabanis and Stefanos Vassileiou ... In particular, the Internet has the following advantages (Berthon et aI, 1996): (1) interactivity; (2) a 24-hour a day accessibility; (3) reaches a large global audience; (4) marketers do not have to try to reach consumers, consumers ...