Georgina Izquierdo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Georgina Izquierdo

Geofisica Internacional, Apr 1, 1993

Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteración hidrotermal en zonas geotérmicas activa... more Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteración hidrotermal en zonas geotérmicas activas son de gran interés, ya que su ocurrencia es un reflejo de la temperatura y presión del medio. Así, los minerales arcillosos formados como producto de la alteración hidrotermal de las rocas en el yacimiento del campo geotérmico de Los Humeros, Puebla, México, han sido caracterizados por difracción de rayos X (DRX). Como un buen ejemplo de aplicación de la DRX se seleccionó el pozo H29. Por medio de esta técnica, se identificaron en la fracción arcillosa de los recortes de perforación de este pozo caolinita, esmectita, illita y clorita. Por otro lado, se determinó el índice de cristalinidad en illitas y se calculó el contenido de FeIV en cloritas. Los resultados muestran una transformación gradual de los filosilicatos en función de la composición de las rocas y de la temperatura del medio. Sin embargo a profundidad, la proporción relativa de esmectita en la fracción arcillosa es considerable.

Geotermia - Revista Mexicana de Geoenergia, Aug 1, 1999

…, 2006

The distribution of hydrothermal minerals, mineral assemblages and fluid inclusion data were take... more The distribution of hydrothermal minerals, mineral assemblages and fluid inclusion data were taken from drill cuttings from the production zone of wells all over the Cerro Prieto geothermal field. The production zone has been termed the silica-epidote mineralized zone (SEMZ), and is located in the deep part of the gray shale where thick layers of sandstone are found. Common mineral assemblages show three temperature ranges in the SEMZ: <200º C, 200-250º C and 250-300º C. The first range is characterized by clays, calcite and quartz; the second by quartz, epidote, chlorite and mica, and the third by epidote, amphibole, illite and chlorite. The study of fluid inclusions in authigenic grain quartz has shown two-phase fluid inclusions (liquid + vapor) of different salinities. A wide range exists of homogenization temperatures (Th) and for some wells there is a good agreement between Th and direct temperature measurements.

In Mexico, there are many geothermal fields, which are characterized by high temperature but low ... more In Mexico, there are many geothermal fields, which are characterized by high temperature but low permeability. In this work one of these fields is studied, which is a producer with high enthalpy but low mass flow production. The scope of this work is to analyze two neighboring areas of Los Humeros geothermal field (LHGF); whose performance is contrasting. According to productivity behavior, it was found that low permeability of rock formation is related with unfavorable balance between exploitation and water entrance as recharge. Analysis of static temperature profiles of some wells of the field provides temperature range between 300 and 360°C at the bottom. During drilling, low fluid circulation loss (no more than 20m 3 /hr) is observed in wells of this study zone. However, there is a marked difference, in productive characteristics in wells, located in neighboring zone. In this study, the behavior of producer wells located at the western side of the unproductive zone is compared with the unproductive wells. The main conclusion resulting from this study is that the presence of geological structures influences the productive or unproductive behavior of the wells. As a practical application of this study evaluation of stored heat in area of non-producer wells, and its recovery through the use of non-conventional techniques, is proposed. One of these, are related to the methodology of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS).

Journal of Hydrology, 2005

Groundwaters from the phreatic aquifer within and surrounding of the Cerro Prieto geothermal fiel... more Groundwaters from the phreatic aquifer within and surrounding of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field were analyzed geochemically and isotopically in order to establish a hydrodynamic model of the study zone, which is located in the Mexicali Valley between 655,000-685,000 m E-W and 3,605,000-3,576,000 m N-S relative to UTM coordinates. Based on their chemical composition three types of water were recognized: chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. However four groups of water were identified on a statistical multi-variable method of cluster analysis (A-D). The average temperature is 25 8C; with a few exceptions in the south where temperature can be as high as 47 8C. Stable isotope ratios for some waters plot close to the world meteoric line, corresponding to the original unaltered waters of the zone. The hydrogeochemistry varies in relation to three principal processes: evaporation, infiltration of water used in agriculture and rock interaction by reaction with evaporitic deposits. Major quartz, calcite and plagioclase and minor smectite, kaolinite, halite, sylvite and gypsum were identified by X-ray diffraction in lacustrine sediments of the central part of the zone. Chemical modeling indicates saturation with respect to calcite and undersaturation with respect to gypsum. By incorporating chemical and isotope data into geological and isopotential well information, a hydrodynamic model has been postulated. In this hydrodynamic model the water (A) enters the study zone from the east and it is originally of the old Colorado River water. The water samples on which the model is based were draw from agricultural wells that intersected two aquifers, a shallow and a deep one, representing the recharge to the zone. The salinity of the deep aquifer water (B) is lower than that of the shallow aquifer water (C) and so is the stable isotope ratio. The difference is though to be due to dissolution of evaporates, evaporation and possible infiltration of spent agriculture water. Both waters then pass through lacustrine sediments and gain in salinity and become isotopically heavier mainly by evaporation in a stagnate flow. They eventually emerge as a

Inorganica Chimica Acta, 1983

Abstract The complexes [M(CO)4·dipyam] [M = Cr, Mo, W; dipyam: di-2-pyridylamine, (C5H4N)2NH] are... more Abstract The complexes [M(CO)4·dipyam] [M = Cr, Mo, W; dipyam: di-2-pyridylamine, (C5H4N)2NH] are triclinic, space group P 1 , Z = 2. The molybdenum and tungsten complexes are isostructual. Cell dimensions (Cr, Mo, W) are a = 8.436(2), 6.919(1), 6.951(1); b = 8.893(2), 13,385(2), 13.352(2); c = 10.382(2), 8.504(1), 8.455(1) A; α = 88.8(1), 81.0(1), 81.0(1); β = 82.1(1), 68.3(1), 68.3(1); γ = 65.4(1), 86.1(1), 85.9(1)°. A single crystal structure determination for [Mo(CO)4·dipyam] (1266 reflections, R = 0.062) shows the complex to be octahedral and mononuclear, but with an intermolecular contact between the uncoordinated NH group and a carbonyl oxygen atom in an adjoining molecule which is close enough(H---O calc., 2.23 A) to satisfy the usual criterion for a weak hydrogen bond. The NH and B2 carbonyl stretching frequencies in the crystal are 55 cm−1 and about 40 cm−1, respectively, lower than in solution, consistent with the proposed hydrogen-bonded structure. The tungsten complex is similar with perhaps a marginally stronger hydrogen bond, but the infrared and structural data for [Cr(CO)4·dipyam] indicate that in this case hydrogen-bonding is minimal or non-existent.

Geofísica …, 2002

... PALABRAS CLAVE: Campo geotérmico de Cerro Prieto, índices de calentamiento, ingeniería de ...... more ... PALABRAS CLAVE: Campo geotérmico de Cerro Prieto, índices de calentamiento, ingeniería de ... LIPPMANN, JM, HA TRUESDELL, SE HALFMAN-. DOOLEY and MA MAÑON, 1991. ... _____. Georgina Izquierdo. 1. , Alfonso Aragón. 1. , Enrique. Portugal. 1. , Víctor M. Arellano. ...

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1991

The Los Azufres caldera (Michoacfin, Mexico) is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB).... more The Los Azufres caldera (Michoacfin, Mexico) is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB). The pre-caldera volcanic basement consists of a 3-km-thick pile of andesitic flows, intruded and/or overlain by rhyolitic and dacitic domes and flows. The geochemistry of the volcanic layers has been investigated in three deep wells (A9, A25 and A48) down to 3.0 km. Such deep wells have given the opportunity to investigate the geochemical changes related to the hydrothermal metamorphism as well as the stratigraphy of the thick volcanic pile. Systematic analysis of major elements in cores and cuttings shows that the partial to total hydrothermal metamorphism of the series from the greenschist to the amphibolite facies produces significant geochemical changes on the whole-rock geochemistry. Gains in CO2, H20 and depletions in alkalis are especially observed and may be related with the crystallization of carbonates and phyllosilicates. However, the depth-concentration profiles have shown that most other elements (such as A1, Fe, Ca, Mg, P and Ti) display moderate changes due to hydrothermal alteration in comparison with their initial variations of magmatic origin. Rythmic compositional changes are observed all along the volcanic pile, with progressive changes in rock composition from basalts to dacites within four megasequences of a few hundred meters thickness. Elements rather immobile under hydrothermal conditions, such as Ti, have been especially useful for the reconstruction of magmatic sequence stratigraphy. Variations of element concentrations seem mostly due to magmatic differentiation of parental basalts which produces compositions from basaltic andesites to dacites. However, the four magmatic suites distinguished display calc-alkaline features coherent with other suites of the MVB volcanoes.

TECNOLOGIA Y CIENCIAS DEL AGUA

ABSTRACT

The presence of HCl in fluids in the Los Humeros geothermal reservoir has resulted in accelerated... more The presence of HCl in fluids in the Los Humeros geothermal reservoir has resulted in accelerated corrosion of wells in the area known as Colapso Central and along the east direction of the field side. The main objective of this work is to recognize the origin of the fluid acidity, on the basis of the evaluation of available chemical and mineralogical information. Considering the expected alteration due to HCl in other geothermal systems, no relation to the available information from Los Humeros was found. It is possible that acidity in the geothermal fluids is recent, and generated when the deep low liquid saturation reservoir was reached by drilling. On the other hand, the occurrence of H2SO4 is evident due to the advanced argillic alteration of surface and subsurface rocks in some areas of the field. From the paper of D’Amore et al., 1990 we made the hypothesis that in the natural state in Los Humeros a high salinity brine could exist bellow the two known reservoirs. This high sa...

With data from 42 wells from the Los Humeros geothermal field the corresponding values of pressur... more With data from 42 wells from the Los Humeros geothermal field the corresponding values of pressure and temperature for the unperturbed fluids of the reservoir were derived. On the basis of the analyzed data, reservoir models in one and two dimensions for the initial state were developed. The models reveal the existence of at least two reservoirs. The first and shallower one is located between 1025 m. a. s. l. and 1600 m. a. s. l. and it is classified as liquid-dominant. The pressure profile of this stratum corresponds to a 300 and 330°C boiling water column. The second reservoir is located between 850 m. a. s. l. and 100 m. a. s. l. and it is defined as a low liquid saturation reservoir. Temperatures for this zone were estimated between 300°C and 400 °C.

Based on hydrogeochemical, stable isotopes data and the chemical equilibrium of the Fischer-Tropc... more Based on hydrogeochemical, stable isotopes data and the chemical equilibrium of the Fischer-Tropchs reaction (Giggenbach methodology), the interaction of the aquifers, and the reservoir process were studied. Additionally, gas equlibria methods involving Fischer-Tropsch-PyriteMagnetite; and Fischer-Tropsch-Pyrite-Hematite-PyriteMagnetite reactions also were used in order to define if these approaches may be applied to evaluate reservoir temperature and mass steam fraction in the new Cerro Prieto IV area.

El basamento local del campo geotermico Los Humeros esta formado por un complejo metamorfico del ... more El basamento local del campo geotermico Los Humeros esta formado por un complejo metamorfico del Paleozoico y una secuencia sedimentaria, constituida por lutitas ricas en cloritas y muscovitas del Mesozoico, y una intrusion granitica del Terciario Inferior y andesitas del Plioceno. La presencia de dos yacimientos geotermicos fue reconocida con registros de presion realizados en el area del Colapso Central. Un yacimiento de vapor a profundidad y otro menos profundo que produce mezcla de fluidos (liquido + vapor), el cual esta claramente relacionado con la mineralogia hidrotermal. Los datos geoquimicos confirman la presencia de dos yacimientos. Uno somero con pH neutro y temperatura alrededor de 280 oC y otro mas profundo con temperatura mas alta. La clasificacion quimica de los fluidos muestra aguas tipo cloruradas y bicarbonatadas. Los estudios mineralogicos permitieron identificar ambas zonas productoras: Una con tipica alteracion hidrotermal considerada de alto rango, y otra donde...

The damage effect in a well is defined as the natural or induced alteration of the petrophysical ... more The damage effect in a well is defined as the natural or induced alteration of the petrophysical properties of the rock formation, which characterizes the flow of fluids. The natural result of the damage existence is the decrease of the formation permeability, the increase in the drawdown pressures of the system and the diminution of the flow rate capacity. Due to decrease of the capabilities of the production and injection wells, the concept of the damage effect is analyzed. The damage effect, ordinary is determined through the analysis of transient pressure test. A new methodology was introduced recently and is presented here, in order to determine the damage effect using data of output tests. This methodology uses the geothermal inflow type-curve affected with damage, which is a useful tool for determining the value of the damage in a well at the time of its output test. At the present the inflow type curve is applicable to wells producing flow mixture with H2O-CO2NaCl. In this p...

Tecnologia y Ciencias del Agua, 2015

Para inferir las distribuciones de presion no perturbadas del fluido del yacimiento, se analizo u... more Para inferir las distribuciones de presion no perturbadas del fluido del yacimiento, se analizo una considerable cantidad de informacion relacionada con los aspectos geologicos, geoquimicos, geofisicos, de perforacion e ingenieria de yacimientos, correspondiente a 42 pozos del campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla. Sobre la base de los datos analizados se desarrollaron modelos de distribucion de la presion del yacimiento en su estado inicial. Dichos modelos revelan la existencia de, cuando menos, dos yacimientos. El primero y mas superficial se encuentra localizado entre 1,600 y 1,025 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm), y dada su excelente concordancia con el perfil de presion correspondiente a una columna de agua en ebullicion, puede afirmarse que se trata de un yacimiento de liquido dominante. El perfil de presion de este yacimiento corresponde a una columna de agua en ebullicion de 300 a 330oC aproximadamente. El segundo yacimiento se encuentra localizado por debajo de los 85...

Ingenieria Hidraulica En Mexico, 2001

Biblioteca de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Base de datos de artículos de revistas, ...

Geofisica Internacional, Jun 13, 2012

Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteracion hidrotermal en zonas geotermicas activa... more Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteracion hidrotermal en zonas geotermicas activas son de gran interes, ya que su ocurrencia es un reflejo de la temperatura y presion del medio. Asi, los minerales arcillosos formados como producto de la alteracion hidrotermal de las rocas en el yacimiento del campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico, han sido caracterizados por difraccion de rayos X (DRX). Como un buen ejemplo de aplicacion de la DRX se selecciono el pozo H29. Por medio de esta tecnica, se identificaron en la fraccion arcillosa de los recortes de perforacion de este pozo caolinita, esmectita, illita y clorita. Por otro lado, se determino el indice de cristalinidad en illitas y se calculo el contenido de Fe IV en cloritas. Los resultados muestran una transformacion gradual de los filosilicatos en funcion de la composicion de las rocas y de la temperatura del medio. Sin embargo a profundidad, la proporcion relativa de esmectita en la fraccion arcillosa es considerable.

Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications, 2015

Rock matrix stimulation has been used to clean, to recover and to enhance well productivity in oi... more Rock matrix stimulation has been used to clean, to recover and to enhance well productivity in oil systems. Recently, for the same purposes this methodology began to be applied in geothermal systems. In order to investigate the solubility of altered volcanic rocks in acid solution used in rock matrix stimulation; experiments were carried out on samples of igneous hydrothermal altered rocks from the Los Humeros geothermal reservoir. Industrially, the common acid solutions used during acid well stimulation are HCl 10% and a mixture of HCl 10% and HF 5%. In this work, experiments were conducted in the laboratory using the referred acid solutions at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 110 ± 5°C. The chemistry, the mineralogy and the permeability of selected rocks from Los Humeros geothermal field were determined before and after the reaction with each acid solution. Mineral dissolution is selective and depends on the permeability of the rocks, the type and the intensity of hydrothermal alteration. As it is expected, Calcite readily reacts with acids leaving empty cavities, veins and micro fractures (worm holes). Calc-silicates are resistant to acid solutions. If Calcite is absent dissolution of minerals is observed in the external surfaces of the specimen in contact with the acid solution giving rise to a rough texture and leaving the rock matrix unreacted

Geofisica Internacional, Apr 1, 1993

Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteración hidrotermal en zonas geotérmicas activa... more Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteración hidrotermal en zonas geotérmicas activas son de gran interés, ya que su ocurrencia es un reflejo de la temperatura y presión del medio. Así, los minerales arcillosos formados como producto de la alteración hidrotermal de las rocas en el yacimiento del campo geotérmico de Los Humeros, Puebla, México, han sido caracterizados por difracción de rayos X (DRX). Como un buen ejemplo de aplicación de la DRX se seleccionó el pozo H29. Por medio de esta técnica, se identificaron en la fracción arcillosa de los recortes de perforación de este pozo caolinita, esmectita, illita y clorita. Por otro lado, se determinó el índice de cristalinidad en illitas y se calculó el contenido de FeIV en cloritas. Los resultados muestran una transformación gradual de los filosilicatos en función de la composición de las rocas y de la temperatura del medio. Sin embargo a profundidad, la proporción relativa de esmectita en la fracción arcillosa es considerable.

Geotermia - Revista Mexicana de Geoenergia, Aug 1, 1999

…, 2006

The distribution of hydrothermal minerals, mineral assemblages and fluid inclusion data were take... more The distribution of hydrothermal minerals, mineral assemblages and fluid inclusion data were taken from drill cuttings from the production zone of wells all over the Cerro Prieto geothermal field. The production zone has been termed the silica-epidote mineralized zone (SEMZ), and is located in the deep part of the gray shale where thick layers of sandstone are found. Common mineral assemblages show three temperature ranges in the SEMZ: <200º C, 200-250º C and 250-300º C. The first range is characterized by clays, calcite and quartz; the second by quartz, epidote, chlorite and mica, and the third by epidote, amphibole, illite and chlorite. The study of fluid inclusions in authigenic grain quartz has shown two-phase fluid inclusions (liquid + vapor) of different salinities. A wide range exists of homogenization temperatures (Th) and for some wells there is a good agreement between Th and direct temperature measurements.

In Mexico, there are many geothermal fields, which are characterized by high temperature but low ... more In Mexico, there are many geothermal fields, which are characterized by high temperature but low permeability. In this work one of these fields is studied, which is a producer with high enthalpy but low mass flow production. The scope of this work is to analyze two neighboring areas of Los Humeros geothermal field (LHGF); whose performance is contrasting. According to productivity behavior, it was found that low permeability of rock formation is related with unfavorable balance between exploitation and water entrance as recharge. Analysis of static temperature profiles of some wells of the field provides temperature range between 300 and 360°C at the bottom. During drilling, low fluid circulation loss (no more than 20m 3 /hr) is observed in wells of this study zone. However, there is a marked difference, in productive characteristics in wells, located in neighboring zone. In this study, the behavior of producer wells located at the western side of the unproductive zone is compared with the unproductive wells. The main conclusion resulting from this study is that the presence of geological structures influences the productive or unproductive behavior of the wells. As a practical application of this study evaluation of stored heat in area of non-producer wells, and its recovery through the use of non-conventional techniques, is proposed. One of these, are related to the methodology of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS).

Journal of Hydrology, 2005

Groundwaters from the phreatic aquifer within and surrounding of the Cerro Prieto geothermal fiel... more Groundwaters from the phreatic aquifer within and surrounding of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field were analyzed geochemically and isotopically in order to establish a hydrodynamic model of the study zone, which is located in the Mexicali Valley between 655,000-685,000 m E-W and 3,605,000-3,576,000 m N-S relative to UTM coordinates. Based on their chemical composition three types of water were recognized: chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. However four groups of water were identified on a statistical multi-variable method of cluster analysis (A-D). The average temperature is 25 8C; with a few exceptions in the south where temperature can be as high as 47 8C. Stable isotope ratios for some waters plot close to the world meteoric line, corresponding to the original unaltered waters of the zone. The hydrogeochemistry varies in relation to three principal processes: evaporation, infiltration of water used in agriculture and rock interaction by reaction with evaporitic deposits. Major quartz, calcite and plagioclase and minor smectite, kaolinite, halite, sylvite and gypsum were identified by X-ray diffraction in lacustrine sediments of the central part of the zone. Chemical modeling indicates saturation with respect to calcite and undersaturation with respect to gypsum. By incorporating chemical and isotope data into geological and isopotential well information, a hydrodynamic model has been postulated. In this hydrodynamic model the water (A) enters the study zone from the east and it is originally of the old Colorado River water. The water samples on which the model is based were draw from agricultural wells that intersected two aquifers, a shallow and a deep one, representing the recharge to the zone. The salinity of the deep aquifer water (B) is lower than that of the shallow aquifer water (C) and so is the stable isotope ratio. The difference is though to be due to dissolution of evaporates, evaporation and possible infiltration of spent agriculture water. Both waters then pass through lacustrine sediments and gain in salinity and become isotopically heavier mainly by evaporation in a stagnate flow. They eventually emerge as a

Inorganica Chimica Acta, 1983

Abstract The complexes [M(CO)4·dipyam] [M = Cr, Mo, W; dipyam: di-2-pyridylamine, (C5H4N)2NH] are... more Abstract The complexes [M(CO)4·dipyam] [M = Cr, Mo, W; dipyam: di-2-pyridylamine, (C5H4N)2NH] are triclinic, space group P 1 , Z = 2. The molybdenum and tungsten complexes are isostructual. Cell dimensions (Cr, Mo, W) are a = 8.436(2), 6.919(1), 6.951(1); b = 8.893(2), 13,385(2), 13.352(2); c = 10.382(2), 8.504(1), 8.455(1) A; α = 88.8(1), 81.0(1), 81.0(1); β = 82.1(1), 68.3(1), 68.3(1); γ = 65.4(1), 86.1(1), 85.9(1)°. A single crystal structure determination for [Mo(CO)4·dipyam] (1266 reflections, R = 0.062) shows the complex to be octahedral and mononuclear, but with an intermolecular contact between the uncoordinated NH group and a carbonyl oxygen atom in an adjoining molecule which is close enough(H---O calc., 2.23 A) to satisfy the usual criterion for a weak hydrogen bond. The NH and B2 carbonyl stretching frequencies in the crystal are 55 cm−1 and about 40 cm−1, respectively, lower than in solution, consistent with the proposed hydrogen-bonded structure. The tungsten complex is similar with perhaps a marginally stronger hydrogen bond, but the infrared and structural data for [Cr(CO)4·dipyam] indicate that in this case hydrogen-bonding is minimal or non-existent.

Geofísica …, 2002

... PALABRAS CLAVE: Campo geotérmico de Cerro Prieto, índices de calentamiento, ingeniería de ...... more ... PALABRAS CLAVE: Campo geotérmico de Cerro Prieto, índices de calentamiento, ingeniería de ... LIPPMANN, JM, HA TRUESDELL, SE HALFMAN-. DOOLEY and MA MAÑON, 1991. ... _____. Georgina Izquierdo. 1. , Alfonso Aragón. 1. , Enrique. Portugal. 1. , Víctor M. Arellano. ...

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1991

The Los Azufres caldera (Michoacfin, Mexico) is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB).... more The Los Azufres caldera (Michoacfin, Mexico) is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB). The pre-caldera volcanic basement consists of a 3-km-thick pile of andesitic flows, intruded and/or overlain by rhyolitic and dacitic domes and flows. The geochemistry of the volcanic layers has been investigated in three deep wells (A9, A25 and A48) down to 3.0 km. Such deep wells have given the opportunity to investigate the geochemical changes related to the hydrothermal metamorphism as well as the stratigraphy of the thick volcanic pile. Systematic analysis of major elements in cores and cuttings shows that the partial to total hydrothermal metamorphism of the series from the greenschist to the amphibolite facies produces significant geochemical changes on the whole-rock geochemistry. Gains in CO2, H20 and depletions in alkalis are especially observed and may be related with the crystallization of carbonates and phyllosilicates. However, the depth-concentration profiles have shown that most other elements (such as A1, Fe, Ca, Mg, P and Ti) display moderate changes due to hydrothermal alteration in comparison with their initial variations of magmatic origin. Rythmic compositional changes are observed all along the volcanic pile, with progressive changes in rock composition from basalts to dacites within four megasequences of a few hundred meters thickness. Elements rather immobile under hydrothermal conditions, such as Ti, have been especially useful for the reconstruction of magmatic sequence stratigraphy. Variations of element concentrations seem mostly due to magmatic differentiation of parental basalts which produces compositions from basaltic andesites to dacites. However, the four magmatic suites distinguished display calc-alkaline features coherent with other suites of the MVB volcanoes.

TECNOLOGIA Y CIENCIAS DEL AGUA

ABSTRACT

The presence of HCl in fluids in the Los Humeros geothermal reservoir has resulted in accelerated... more The presence of HCl in fluids in the Los Humeros geothermal reservoir has resulted in accelerated corrosion of wells in the area known as Colapso Central and along the east direction of the field side. The main objective of this work is to recognize the origin of the fluid acidity, on the basis of the evaluation of available chemical and mineralogical information. Considering the expected alteration due to HCl in other geothermal systems, no relation to the available information from Los Humeros was found. It is possible that acidity in the geothermal fluids is recent, and generated when the deep low liquid saturation reservoir was reached by drilling. On the other hand, the occurrence of H2SO4 is evident due to the advanced argillic alteration of surface and subsurface rocks in some areas of the field. From the paper of D’Amore et al., 1990 we made the hypothesis that in the natural state in Los Humeros a high salinity brine could exist bellow the two known reservoirs. This high sa...

With data from 42 wells from the Los Humeros geothermal field the corresponding values of pressur... more With data from 42 wells from the Los Humeros geothermal field the corresponding values of pressure and temperature for the unperturbed fluids of the reservoir were derived. On the basis of the analyzed data, reservoir models in one and two dimensions for the initial state were developed. The models reveal the existence of at least two reservoirs. The first and shallower one is located between 1025 m. a. s. l. and 1600 m. a. s. l. and it is classified as liquid-dominant. The pressure profile of this stratum corresponds to a 300 and 330°C boiling water column. The second reservoir is located between 850 m. a. s. l. and 100 m. a. s. l. and it is defined as a low liquid saturation reservoir. Temperatures for this zone were estimated between 300°C and 400 °C.

Based on hydrogeochemical, stable isotopes data and the chemical equilibrium of the Fischer-Tropc... more Based on hydrogeochemical, stable isotopes data and the chemical equilibrium of the Fischer-Tropchs reaction (Giggenbach methodology), the interaction of the aquifers, and the reservoir process were studied. Additionally, gas equlibria methods involving Fischer-Tropsch-PyriteMagnetite; and Fischer-Tropsch-Pyrite-Hematite-PyriteMagnetite reactions also were used in order to define if these approaches may be applied to evaluate reservoir temperature and mass steam fraction in the new Cerro Prieto IV area.

El basamento local del campo geotermico Los Humeros esta formado por un complejo metamorfico del ... more El basamento local del campo geotermico Los Humeros esta formado por un complejo metamorfico del Paleozoico y una secuencia sedimentaria, constituida por lutitas ricas en cloritas y muscovitas del Mesozoico, y una intrusion granitica del Terciario Inferior y andesitas del Plioceno. La presencia de dos yacimientos geotermicos fue reconocida con registros de presion realizados en el area del Colapso Central. Un yacimiento de vapor a profundidad y otro menos profundo que produce mezcla de fluidos (liquido + vapor), el cual esta claramente relacionado con la mineralogia hidrotermal. Los datos geoquimicos confirman la presencia de dos yacimientos. Uno somero con pH neutro y temperatura alrededor de 280 oC y otro mas profundo con temperatura mas alta. La clasificacion quimica de los fluidos muestra aguas tipo cloruradas y bicarbonatadas. Los estudios mineralogicos permitieron identificar ambas zonas productoras: Una con tipica alteracion hidrotermal considerada de alto rango, y otra donde...

The damage effect in a well is defined as the natural or induced alteration of the petrophysical ... more The damage effect in a well is defined as the natural or induced alteration of the petrophysical properties of the rock formation, which characterizes the flow of fluids. The natural result of the damage existence is the decrease of the formation permeability, the increase in the drawdown pressures of the system and the diminution of the flow rate capacity. Due to decrease of the capabilities of the production and injection wells, the concept of the damage effect is analyzed. The damage effect, ordinary is determined through the analysis of transient pressure test. A new methodology was introduced recently and is presented here, in order to determine the damage effect using data of output tests. This methodology uses the geothermal inflow type-curve affected with damage, which is a useful tool for determining the value of the damage in a well at the time of its output test. At the present the inflow type curve is applicable to wells producing flow mixture with H2O-CO2NaCl. In this p...

Tecnologia y Ciencias del Agua, 2015

Para inferir las distribuciones de presion no perturbadas del fluido del yacimiento, se analizo u... more Para inferir las distribuciones de presion no perturbadas del fluido del yacimiento, se analizo una considerable cantidad de informacion relacionada con los aspectos geologicos, geoquimicos, geofisicos, de perforacion e ingenieria de yacimientos, correspondiente a 42 pozos del campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla. Sobre la base de los datos analizados se desarrollaron modelos de distribucion de la presion del yacimiento en su estado inicial. Dichos modelos revelan la existencia de, cuando menos, dos yacimientos. El primero y mas superficial se encuentra localizado entre 1,600 y 1,025 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm), y dada su excelente concordancia con el perfil de presion correspondiente a una columna de agua en ebullicion, puede afirmarse que se trata de un yacimiento de liquido dominante. El perfil de presion de este yacimiento corresponde a una columna de agua en ebullicion de 300 a 330oC aproximadamente. El segundo yacimiento se encuentra localizado por debajo de los 85...

Ingenieria Hidraulica En Mexico, 2001

Biblioteca de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Base de datos de artículos de revistas, ...

Geofisica Internacional, Jun 13, 2012

Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteracion hidrotermal en zonas geotermicas activa... more Los filosilicatos formados como producto de la alteracion hidrotermal en zonas geotermicas activas son de gran interes, ya que su ocurrencia es un reflejo de la temperatura y presion del medio. Asi, los minerales arcillosos formados como producto de la alteracion hidrotermal de las rocas en el yacimiento del campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla, Mexico, han sido caracterizados por difraccion de rayos X (DRX). Como un buen ejemplo de aplicacion de la DRX se selecciono el pozo H29. Por medio de esta tecnica, se identificaron en la fraccion arcillosa de los recortes de perforacion de este pozo caolinita, esmectita, illita y clorita. Por otro lado, se determino el indice de cristalinidad en illitas y se calculo el contenido de Fe IV en cloritas. Los resultados muestran una transformacion gradual de los filosilicatos en funcion de la composicion de las rocas y de la temperatura del medio. Sin embargo a profundidad, la proporcion relativa de esmectita en la fraccion arcillosa es considerable.

Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications, 2015

Rock matrix stimulation has been used to clean, to recover and to enhance well productivity in oi... more Rock matrix stimulation has been used to clean, to recover and to enhance well productivity in oil systems. Recently, for the same purposes this methodology began to be applied in geothermal systems. In order to investigate the solubility of altered volcanic rocks in acid solution used in rock matrix stimulation; experiments were carried out on samples of igneous hydrothermal altered rocks from the Los Humeros geothermal reservoir. Industrially, the common acid solutions used during acid well stimulation are HCl 10% and a mixture of HCl 10% and HF 5%. In this work, experiments were conducted in the laboratory using the referred acid solutions at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 110 ± 5°C. The chemistry, the mineralogy and the permeability of selected rocks from Los Humeros geothermal field were determined before and after the reaction with each acid solution. Mineral dissolution is selective and depends on the permeability of the rocks, the type and the intensity of hydrothermal alteration. As it is expected, Calcite readily reacts with acids leaving empty cavities, veins and micro fractures (worm holes). Calc-silicates are resistant to acid solutions. If Calcite is absent dissolution of minerals is observed in the external surfaces of the specimen in contact with the acid solution giving rise to a rough texture and leaving the rock matrix unreacted