Getachew Ferede - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Getachew Ferede

Research paper thumbnail of {"__content__"=>"Distribution and larval breeding habitats of mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia.", "i"=>{"__content__"=>"Aedes"}}

Epidemiology and health, 2018

The mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of ... more The mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of mosquito species in the study areas. A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices. Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with mosquito larvae, with a container index of...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with HIV at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

ISRN Tropical Medicine, 2013

Background. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and is a major oppo... more Background. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and is a major opportunistic pathogen in immunecompromised hosts. This study assessed the prevalence of T. gondii and associated risk factors among people living with HIV. Methods and Materials. A cross-sectional study was carried out among people living with HIV attending Gondar University Hospital. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic factors, and 10mL of venous blood was collected for anti-Toxoplasma antibody test and determination of CD4 levels. Serum was tested in duplicate for anti-Toxoplasma antibody using rapid slide agglutination test. Results. A total of 170 study subjects were enrolled in the study. Seroprevalence of T. gondii among the study participants was 76.5% (95% CI: 69.0-82.8). High proportions of seropositive individuals (64.7%) were found under the child bearing age groups. The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of HIV monoinfected participants was 495.7 ± 334 cells/mm 3 while coinfected study participants had mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of 403.5 ± 218.7 cells/mm 3 with value of 0.01. Conclusion. The seroprevalence of T. gondii among people living with HIV was high. Cautious followup of HIV-positive patients is needed to prevent development of toxoplasmic encephalitis and other related complications.

Research paper thumbnail of Bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among patients with pus and/or wound discharge at Gondar university hospital

BMC Research Notes, 2014

Background: In spite of advances in control of infections, wound infections have not completely c... more Background: In spite of advances in control of infections, wound infections have not completely controlled due to many reasons. The widespread uses of antibiotics, together with the length of time over which they have been available have led to major problems of resistant organisms contributing to morbidity and mortality. This study was aimed to assess bacterial isolates and their drug susceptibility patterns from patients with pus and/or wound discharge. . Socio-demographic and laboratory results were collected from the University Hospital Microbiology Laboratory unit registration books by using a standard data collection format. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 628 study subjects were included in the study with bacterial isolation rate of 441 (70.2%). Of all, 344 (54.8%) were males. Two hundred eighty two (63.9%) of the isolates were gram positive and 159 (36.1%) were gram negative. About 331/ 441 (75.0%) of the total isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (32.9%), Coagulase Negative staphylococci (14.7%), Streptococcus spp. (11.6%), Escherichia coli (9.5%), Klebsiella spp. (6.3%). The result showed that 66.2% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, followed 59.8% for ampicillin, 59.1% for cotrimoxazole, 51.7% for penicillin; least resistant being 6.3% for gentamycin. Conclusion: High prevalence of bacterial isolates were found; S. aureus being the dominant. Most of the isolates were resistant to many of the antibiotics tested where all isolates of Pseudomonas spp. being resistant to two or more antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility test is necessary for effective control of wound infections.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and related factors of anemia in HAART-naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC Hematology, 2013

Background: Anaemia is a common complication of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (... more Background: Anaemia is a common complication of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and may have various causes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and related factors of anemia in HAART-naive HIV positive Patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on HAART naive HIV positive patients at the Gondar University Hospital between September 2011 and August 2012. Socio-demographic and immunohematological (hemoglobin and CD4+ T cells) data were collected carefully from the existing ART logbook and patient follow up cards. Anaemia was defined according to the WHO criteria. Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia was 138 (35%). Female HAART naive HIV positive patients had significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalence of anaemia than males (62% Vs 38%). The prevalence of anaemia at different CD4 level was; 6 (4%) with CD4 count greater than 500 cells/μL, 18 (13%) with a CD4 count of 350-500 cells/μL, 37 (27%) with a CD4 count of 200-349 cells/μL, 44 (32%) with a CD4 count of 100-199 cells/μL, 14 (10%) with a CD4 count of 50-99 and 19 (14%) with CD4 count of less than 50 cells/μL. Conclusions: Our findings showed that one-third of HAART naïve HIV positive patients were anaemic and the increase in prevalence of anaemia with decreased CD4 cell count was statistically significant. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of anaemia in these patients are essential.

Research paper thumbnail of Malaria, Typhoid Fever, and Their Coinfection among Febrile Patients at a Rural Health Center in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Advances in Medicine, 2014

Background. Malaria and typhoid fever are major public health problems in tropical and subtropica... more Background. Malaria and typhoid fever are major public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries. People in endemic areas are at risk of contracting both infections concurrently. Objectives. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria, typhoid, and their coinfection among febrile patients. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 febrile patients suspected for malaria and/or typhoid fever from April to May, 2013, at Ayinba Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected for blood culture, Widal test, and blood film preparation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Results. The prevalence of malaria was 36.5% ( = 73). Among these 32 (43.8%), 30 (41.1%) and 11 (15.1%) were positive for P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections, respectively. The seroprevalence of typhoid fever was 38 (19%), but 1 (0.5%) with blood culture. Malaria typhoid fever coinfection was 13 (6.5%). 2-5-year-old children and poor hand washing habit were significantly associated with malaria and typhoid infection, respectively ( < 0.05). Conclusions. The prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever was found high. Further studies should be done on the other determinants of malaria and typhoid fever coinfection in different seasons and different study areas.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of malaria from blood smears examination: a seven-year retrospective study from metema hospital, northwest ethiopia

Malaria research and treatment, 2013

Background. Malaria is a major public health problem in Ethiopia where an estimated 68% of the po... more Background. Malaria is a major public health problem in Ethiopia where an estimated 68% of the population lives in malarious areas. Studying its prevalence is necessary to implement effective control measures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine seven-year slide positive rate of malaria. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted at Metema Hospital from September 2006 to August 2012. Seven-year malaria cases data had been collected from laboratory registration book. Results. A total of 55,833 patients were examined for malaria; of these, 9486 (17%) study subjects were positive for malaria. The predominant Plasmodium species detected was P. falciparum (8602) (90.7%) followed by P. vivax (852) (9%). A slide positive rate of malaria within the last seven years (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) was almost constant with slight fluctuation. The age groups of 5-14 years old were highly affected by malariainfection (1375) (20.1%), followed by 15-29 years old (3986) (18.5%). High slide positive rate of malaria occurred during spring (September-November), followed by summer (June-August). Conclusion. Slide positive rate of malaria was high in study area. Therefore, health planners and administrators should give intensive health education for the community.

Research paper thumbnail of Urinary tract infection among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC Women's Health, 2014

Background: Many women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. In developing ... more Background: Many women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. In developing countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where access to emergency obstetrical care is often limited, obstetric fistula usually occurs as a result of prolonged obstructed labour. Obstetric fistula patients have many social and health related problems like urinary tract infections (UTIs). Despite this reality there was limited data on prevalence UTIs on those patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, drug susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of UTI among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from January to May, 2013 at Gondar University Hospital. From each post repair obstetric fistula patients, socio-demographic and UTIs associated risk factors were collected by using a structured questionnaire. After the removal of their catheters, the mid-stream urine was collected and cultured on CLED. After overnight incubation, significant bacteriuria was sub-cultured on Blood Agar Plate (BAP) and MacConkey (MAC). The bacterial species were identified by series of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar university hospital, northwest Ethiopia

BMC Research Notes, 2014

Background: Hematological abnormalities are common in HIV positive patients. Of these, thrombocyt... more Background: Hematological abnormalities are common in HIV positive patients. Of these, thrombocytopenia is a known complication which has been associated with progression of disease. However, its magnitude and associated factors in HAART naive HIV positive patients is not known in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia in HAART naïve HIV positive patients. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from September 2011 through August 2012. Socio-demographic variables and immunohematological (platelets and CD4+ T cells) values were carefully reviewed from medical records. Associated factors and outcomes were assessed using logistic regression.

Research paper thumbnail of Bacterial isolates and drug susceptibility patterns of ear discharge from patients with ear infection at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders, 2013

Background: Ear infection is a common problem for both children and adults especially in developi... more Background: Ear infection is a common problem for both children and adults especially in developing countries. However in Ethiopia particularly in the study area, there is no recent data that shows the magnitude of the problem. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial isolates and their drug susceptibility patterns from patients who had ear infection.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction: Total Lymphocyte Count as surrogate marker for CD4 Cell Count in HIV-Infected Individuals in Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

AIDS Research and Therapy, 2013

After publication of this work [1], we noted that we inadvertently failed to include the complete... more After publication of this work [1], we noted that we inadvertently failed to include the complete list of all coauthors. The full list of authors has now been added and the Authors' contributions and competing interests section modified accordingly.

Research paper thumbnail of Types and drug susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from eye discharge samples at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC research notes, 2014

The type and pattern of organisms that cause ocular infection changes over time. Moreover, the ca... more The type and pattern of organisms that cause ocular infection changes over time. Moreover, the causative organisms have developed increased drug resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalent bacterial agents of eye discharge and their drug susceptibility patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia from September, 2009 to August, 2012. Culture and drug susceptibility test results of patients who had eye infections were taken for analysis. Eye discharge samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, blood agar and chocolate agar plates. A standard biochemical procedure was used for full identification of bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar by using disk diffusion method. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. Result: A total of 102 eye discharges were submitted for microbiological evaluation, of which (60.8%) had bacterial growth. The most frequently isolated bacterial isolates were gram-positive bacteria (74.2%). The predominant bacterial species isolated was Coagulase-negative staphylococci (27.4%) followed by S. aureus (21%). Within the age group of 1 day-2 years old, (66.1%) of bacteria were isolated. Most of the bacterial isolates were resistance to ampicilin (71%), amoxicilin (62.9%), erythromycin (43.5%), gentamicin (45.2%), penicillin (71%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (58.1%), and tetracycline (64.6%) while Ceftriaxon and Ciprofloxacin showed (75.8%) and (80%) susceptibility respectively. From the total bacterial isolates, (87.1%) were showed multi drug resistance (MDR) to two or more drugs.

Research paper thumbnail of {"__content__"=>"Distribution and larval breeding habitats of mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia.", "i"=>{"__content__"=>"Aedes"}}

Epidemiology and health, 2018

The mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of ... more The mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of mosquito species in the study areas. A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices. Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with mosquito larvae, with a container index of...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with HIV at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

ISRN Tropical Medicine, 2013

Background. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and is a major oppo... more Background. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and is a major opportunistic pathogen in immunecompromised hosts. This study assessed the prevalence of T. gondii and associated risk factors among people living with HIV. Methods and Materials. A cross-sectional study was carried out among people living with HIV attending Gondar University Hospital. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic factors, and 10mL of venous blood was collected for anti-Toxoplasma antibody test and determination of CD4 levels. Serum was tested in duplicate for anti-Toxoplasma antibody using rapid slide agglutination test. Results. A total of 170 study subjects were enrolled in the study. Seroprevalence of T. gondii among the study participants was 76.5% (95% CI: 69.0-82.8). High proportions of seropositive individuals (64.7%) were found under the child bearing age groups. The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of HIV monoinfected participants was 495.7 ± 334 cells/mm 3 while coinfected study participants had mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of 403.5 ± 218.7 cells/mm 3 with value of 0.01. Conclusion. The seroprevalence of T. gondii among people living with HIV was high. Cautious followup of HIV-positive patients is needed to prevent development of toxoplasmic encephalitis and other related complications.

Research paper thumbnail of Bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among patients with pus and/or wound discharge at Gondar university hospital

BMC Research Notes, 2014

Background: In spite of advances in control of infections, wound infections have not completely c... more Background: In spite of advances in control of infections, wound infections have not completely controlled due to many reasons. The widespread uses of antibiotics, together with the length of time over which they have been available have led to major problems of resistant organisms contributing to morbidity and mortality. This study was aimed to assess bacterial isolates and their drug susceptibility patterns from patients with pus and/or wound discharge. . Socio-demographic and laboratory results were collected from the University Hospital Microbiology Laboratory unit registration books by using a standard data collection format. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 628 study subjects were included in the study with bacterial isolation rate of 441 (70.2%). Of all, 344 (54.8%) were males. Two hundred eighty two (63.9%) of the isolates were gram positive and 159 (36.1%) were gram negative. About 331/ 441 (75.0%) of the total isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (32.9%), Coagulase Negative staphylococci (14.7%), Streptococcus spp. (11.6%), Escherichia coli (9.5%), Klebsiella spp. (6.3%). The result showed that 66.2% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, followed 59.8% for ampicillin, 59.1% for cotrimoxazole, 51.7% for penicillin; least resistant being 6.3% for gentamycin. Conclusion: High prevalence of bacterial isolates were found; S. aureus being the dominant. Most of the isolates were resistant to many of the antibiotics tested where all isolates of Pseudomonas spp. being resistant to two or more antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility test is necessary for effective control of wound infections.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and related factors of anemia in HAART-naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC Hematology, 2013

Background: Anaemia is a common complication of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (... more Background: Anaemia is a common complication of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and may have various causes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and related factors of anemia in HAART-naive HIV positive Patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on HAART naive HIV positive patients at the Gondar University Hospital between September 2011 and August 2012. Socio-demographic and immunohematological (hemoglobin and CD4+ T cells) data were collected carefully from the existing ART logbook and patient follow up cards. Anaemia was defined according to the WHO criteria. Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia was 138 (35%). Female HAART naive HIV positive patients had significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalence of anaemia than males (62% Vs 38%). The prevalence of anaemia at different CD4 level was; 6 (4%) with CD4 count greater than 500 cells/μL, 18 (13%) with a CD4 count of 350-500 cells/μL, 37 (27%) with a CD4 count of 200-349 cells/μL, 44 (32%) with a CD4 count of 100-199 cells/μL, 14 (10%) with a CD4 count of 50-99 and 19 (14%) with CD4 count of less than 50 cells/μL. Conclusions: Our findings showed that one-third of HAART naïve HIV positive patients were anaemic and the increase in prevalence of anaemia with decreased CD4 cell count was statistically significant. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of anaemia in these patients are essential.

Research paper thumbnail of Malaria, Typhoid Fever, and Their Coinfection among Febrile Patients at a Rural Health Center in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Advances in Medicine, 2014

Background. Malaria and typhoid fever are major public health problems in tropical and subtropica... more Background. Malaria and typhoid fever are major public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries. People in endemic areas are at risk of contracting both infections concurrently. Objectives. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria, typhoid, and their coinfection among febrile patients. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 febrile patients suspected for malaria and/or typhoid fever from April to May, 2013, at Ayinba Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected for blood culture, Widal test, and blood film preparation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Results. The prevalence of malaria was 36.5% ( = 73). Among these 32 (43.8%), 30 (41.1%) and 11 (15.1%) were positive for P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections, respectively. The seroprevalence of typhoid fever was 38 (19%), but 1 (0.5%) with blood culture. Malaria typhoid fever coinfection was 13 (6.5%). 2-5-year-old children and poor hand washing habit were significantly associated with malaria and typhoid infection, respectively ( < 0.05). Conclusions. The prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever was found high. Further studies should be done on the other determinants of malaria and typhoid fever coinfection in different seasons and different study areas.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of malaria from blood smears examination: a seven-year retrospective study from metema hospital, northwest ethiopia

Malaria research and treatment, 2013

Background. Malaria is a major public health problem in Ethiopia where an estimated 68% of the po... more Background. Malaria is a major public health problem in Ethiopia where an estimated 68% of the population lives in malarious areas. Studying its prevalence is necessary to implement effective control measures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine seven-year slide positive rate of malaria. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted at Metema Hospital from September 2006 to August 2012. Seven-year malaria cases data had been collected from laboratory registration book. Results. A total of 55,833 patients were examined for malaria; of these, 9486 (17%) study subjects were positive for malaria. The predominant Plasmodium species detected was P. falciparum (8602) (90.7%) followed by P. vivax (852) (9%). A slide positive rate of malaria within the last seven years (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) was almost constant with slight fluctuation. The age groups of 5-14 years old were highly affected by malariainfection (1375) (20.1%), followed by 15-29 years old (3986) (18.5%). High slide positive rate of malaria occurred during spring (September-November), followed by summer (June-August). Conclusion. Slide positive rate of malaria was high in study area. Therefore, health planners and administrators should give intensive health education for the community.

Research paper thumbnail of Urinary tract infection among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC Women's Health, 2014

Background: Many women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. In developing ... more Background: Many women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. In developing countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where access to emergency obstetrical care is often limited, obstetric fistula usually occurs as a result of prolonged obstructed labour. Obstetric fistula patients have many social and health related problems like urinary tract infections (UTIs). Despite this reality there was limited data on prevalence UTIs on those patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, drug susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of UTI among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from January to May, 2013 at Gondar University Hospital. From each post repair obstetric fistula patients, socio-demographic and UTIs associated risk factors were collected by using a structured questionnaire. After the removal of their catheters, the mid-stream urine was collected and cultured on CLED. After overnight incubation, significant bacteriuria was sub-cultured on Blood Agar Plate (BAP) and MacConkey (MAC). The bacterial species were identified by series of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar university hospital, northwest Ethiopia

BMC Research Notes, 2014

Background: Hematological abnormalities are common in HIV positive patients. Of these, thrombocyt... more Background: Hematological abnormalities are common in HIV positive patients. Of these, thrombocytopenia is a known complication which has been associated with progression of disease. However, its magnitude and associated factors in HAART naive HIV positive patients is not known in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia in HAART naïve HIV positive patients. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from September 2011 through August 2012. Socio-demographic variables and immunohematological (platelets and CD4+ T cells) values were carefully reviewed from medical records. Associated factors and outcomes were assessed using logistic regression.

Research paper thumbnail of Bacterial isolates and drug susceptibility patterns of ear discharge from patients with ear infection at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders, 2013

Background: Ear infection is a common problem for both children and adults especially in developi... more Background: Ear infection is a common problem for both children and adults especially in developing countries. However in Ethiopia particularly in the study area, there is no recent data that shows the magnitude of the problem. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial isolates and their drug susceptibility patterns from patients who had ear infection.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction: Total Lymphocyte Count as surrogate marker for CD4 Cell Count in HIV-Infected Individuals in Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

AIDS Research and Therapy, 2013

After publication of this work [1], we noted that we inadvertently failed to include the complete... more After publication of this work [1], we noted that we inadvertently failed to include the complete list of all coauthors. The full list of authors has now been added and the Authors' contributions and competing interests section modified accordingly.

Research paper thumbnail of Types and drug susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from eye discharge samples at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BMC research notes, 2014

The type and pattern of organisms that cause ocular infection changes over time. Moreover, the ca... more The type and pattern of organisms that cause ocular infection changes over time. Moreover, the causative organisms have developed increased drug resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalent bacterial agents of eye discharge and their drug susceptibility patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia from September, 2009 to August, 2012. Culture and drug susceptibility test results of patients who had eye infections were taken for analysis. Eye discharge samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, blood agar and chocolate agar plates. A standard biochemical procedure was used for full identification of bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar by using disk diffusion method. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. Result: A total of 102 eye discharges were submitted for microbiological evaluation, of which (60.8%) had bacterial growth. The most frequently isolated bacterial isolates were gram-positive bacteria (74.2%). The predominant bacterial species isolated was Coagulase-negative staphylococci (27.4%) followed by S. aureus (21%). Within the age group of 1 day-2 years old, (66.1%) of bacteria were isolated. Most of the bacterial isolates were resistance to ampicilin (71%), amoxicilin (62.9%), erythromycin (43.5%), gentamicin (45.2%), penicillin (71%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (58.1%), and tetracycline (64.6%) while Ceftriaxon and Ciprofloxacin showed (75.8%) and (80%) susceptibility respectively. From the total bacterial isolates, (87.1%) were showed multi drug resistance (MDR) to two or more drugs.