Gezinus Wolters - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
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Papers by Gezinus Wolters
Psychology Crime & Law, Aug 1, 2013
In legal practice, both confidence and consistency of the testimony of eyewitnesses are often use... more In legal practice, both confidence and consistency of the testimony of eyewitnesses are often used as indicators for accuracy, but their usefulness has been questioned. The present study was designed to determine the relationship between accuracy, confidence and consistency in episodic memory. After viewing a video of a complex series of events, one group of participants was given an initial
Acta Psychologica, Oct 1, 1982
executive’, is used to guide behavior by internal goals or intentions. We suggest that WM is best... more executive’, is used to guide behavior by internal goals or intentions. We suggest that WM is best described as a set of three interdependent functions which are implemented in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These functions are maintenance, control of attention and integration. A model for the maintenance function is presented, and we will argue that this model can be extended to incorporate the other functions as well. Maintenance is the capacity to briefly maintain information in the absence of corresponding input, and even in the face of distracting information. We will argue that maintenance is based on recurrent loops between PFC and posterior parts of the brain, and probably within PFC as well. In these loops information can be held temporarily in an active form. We show that a model based on these structural ideas is capable of maintaining a limited number of neural patterns. Not the size, but the coherence of patterns (i.e., a chunking principle based on synchronous firing of i...
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1992
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 1985
With single-item visual displays, facilitating effects of foreknowledge of position have been sho... more With single-item visual displays, facilitating effects of foreknowledge of position have been shown in detection tasks with latency and with accuracy as the dependent variables, as well as in recognition tasks with latency as the dependent variable. There is no evidence, however, of positive selective attention effects on recognition accuracy with single-item displays. One failure to find such an effect was reported by Grindley and Townsend (1968). It is argued that in the study of Grindley and Townsend sub-optimal conditions were used and that a more elaborate replication of their study is in order. In the experiment reported here, an exposure duration resulting in 75% correct recognitions of target letters was determined per subject. This exposure time was used in the subsequent experimental sessions. In the experimental trials, single letters were presented on one out of five positions on an imaginary circle around a fixation point. The position of the impending target item was e...
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1990
In this chronometric study of mental arithmetic, problems with sums greater than 20 and less than... more In this chronometric study of mental arithmetic, problems with sums greater than 20 and less than 100 were presented to third-grade subjects (age 8-9). It is argued that such problems are calculated by using procedures in which the problem is broken down into subproblems for which solutions are retrieved from a declarative knowledge base. Important bottlenecks in this process are the processing capacity (since only one subproblem can be handled at a time) and the storage capacity of working memory (since the original problem and all outcomes of subproblems have to be retained). Therefore it can be hypothesized that arithmetic procedures and types of problems that necessitate more subproblems will lead to longer solution times. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Significant interactions between types of problems and arithmetic procedures show an increasing difference in solution time between the procedures with increasing problem difficulty. It can be concluded that for the type of problems studied, arithmetic procedures requiring a smaller number of subproblems lead to better performance.
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1989
BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1987
Handbook of Binding and MemoryPerspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, 2006
Psychological Review, 2012
Psychological Research, 1996
Abstract Dissociation effects in explicit and implicit tests of memory were examined in two exper... more Abstract Dissociation effects in explicit and implicit tests of memory were examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1 serial-position effects were studied. Re-sults showed that the standard primacy effect found in free recall is absent in an implicit word-stem comple-tion test. In ...
Philosophical Psychology, 1997
APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser c... more APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser configuration. - alerts user that their session is about to expire - display, print, save, export, and email selected records - get My ...
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2002
The authors reject a computationally powerful unconscious. Instead, they suggest that simple unco... more The authors reject a computationally powerful unconscious. Instead, they suggest that simple unconscious processes give rise to complex conscious representations. We discuss evidence showing contrastive effects of conscious and unconscious processes, suggesting a distinction between these types of processes. In our view, conscious processes often serve to correct or control negative consequences of relatively simple unconscious processes.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2000
The distinction made by Page between localist and distributed representations seems confounded by... more The distinction made by Page between localist and distributed representations seems confounded by the distinction between competitive and associative learning. His manifesto can also be read as a plea for competitive learning. The power of competitive models can even be extended further, by simulating similarity effects in forced-choice perceptual identification (Ratcliff & McKoon 1997) that have defied explanation by most memory models.
The American Journal of Psychology, 1986
Psychology Crime & Law, Aug 1, 2013
In legal practice, both confidence and consistency of the testimony of eyewitnesses are often use... more In legal practice, both confidence and consistency of the testimony of eyewitnesses are often used as indicators for accuracy, but their usefulness has been questioned. The present study was designed to determine the relationship between accuracy, confidence and consistency in episodic memory. After viewing a video of a complex series of events, one group of participants was given an initial
Acta Psychologica, Oct 1, 1982
executive’, is used to guide behavior by internal goals or intentions. We suggest that WM is best... more executive’, is used to guide behavior by internal goals or intentions. We suggest that WM is best described as a set of three interdependent functions which are implemented in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These functions are maintenance, control of attention and integration. A model for the maintenance function is presented, and we will argue that this model can be extended to incorporate the other functions as well. Maintenance is the capacity to briefly maintain information in the absence of corresponding input, and even in the face of distracting information. We will argue that maintenance is based on recurrent loops between PFC and posterior parts of the brain, and probably within PFC as well. In these loops information can be held temporarily in an active form. We show that a model based on these structural ideas is capable of maintaining a limited number of neural patterns. Not the size, but the coherence of patterns (i.e., a chunking principle based on synchronous firing of i...
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1992
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 1985
With single-item visual displays, facilitating effects of foreknowledge of position have been sho... more With single-item visual displays, facilitating effects of foreknowledge of position have been shown in detection tasks with latency and with accuracy as the dependent variables, as well as in recognition tasks with latency as the dependent variable. There is no evidence, however, of positive selective attention effects on recognition accuracy with single-item displays. One failure to find such an effect was reported by Grindley and Townsend (1968). It is argued that in the study of Grindley and Townsend sub-optimal conditions were used and that a more elaborate replication of their study is in order. In the experiment reported here, an exposure duration resulting in 75% correct recognitions of target letters was determined per subject. This exposure time was used in the subsequent experimental sessions. In the experimental trials, single letters were presented on one out of five positions on an imaginary circle around a fixation point. The position of the impending target item was e...
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1990
In this chronometric study of mental arithmetic, problems with sums greater than 20 and less than... more In this chronometric study of mental arithmetic, problems with sums greater than 20 and less than 100 were presented to third-grade subjects (age 8-9). It is argued that such problems are calculated by using procedures in which the problem is broken down into subproblems for which solutions are retrieved from a declarative knowledge base. Important bottlenecks in this process are the processing capacity (since only one subproblem can be handled at a time) and the storage capacity of working memory (since the original problem and all outcomes of subproblems have to be retained). Therefore it can be hypothesized that arithmetic procedures and types of problems that necessitate more subproblems will lead to longer solution times. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Significant interactions between types of problems and arithmetic procedures show an increasing difference in solution time between the procedures with increasing problem difficulty. It can be concluded that for the type of problems studied, arithmetic procedures requiring a smaller number of subproblems lead to better performance.
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1989
BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1987
Handbook of Binding and MemoryPerspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, 2006
Psychological Review, 2012
Psychological Research, 1996
Abstract Dissociation effects in explicit and implicit tests of memory were examined in two exper... more Abstract Dissociation effects in explicit and implicit tests of memory were examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1 serial-position effects were studied. Re-sults showed that the standard primacy effect found in free recall is absent in an implicit word-stem comple-tion test. In ...
Philosophical Psychology, 1997
APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser c... more APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser configuration. - alerts user that their session is about to expire - display, print, save, export, and email selected records - get My ...
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2002
The authors reject a computationally powerful unconscious. Instead, they suggest that simple unco... more The authors reject a computationally powerful unconscious. Instead, they suggest that simple unconscious processes give rise to complex conscious representations. We discuss evidence showing contrastive effects of conscious and unconscious processes, suggesting a distinction between these types of processes. In our view, conscious processes often serve to correct or control negative consequences of relatively simple unconscious processes.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2000
The distinction made by Page between localist and distributed representations seems confounded by... more The distinction made by Page between localist and distributed representations seems confounded by the distinction between competitive and associative learning. His manifesto can also be read as a plea for competitive learning. The power of competitive models can even be extended further, by simulating similarity effects in forced-choice perceptual identification (Ratcliff & McKoon 1997) that have defied explanation by most memory models.
The American Journal of Psychology, 1986