Gianni Savron - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Gianni Savron
Rivista di Psichiatria, 2003
Page 1. Stati dell'umore e tratti di personalità in un campione ... Introduzione. Il gioco p... more Page 1. Stati dell'umore e tratti di personalità in un campione ... Introduzione. Il gioco patologico compromette enormemente i rapporti familiari, determinando conflittualità rilevanti che si ripercuotono sia sull'integrità psico-fisica dell'individuo che dei familiari. Materiale e Metodo. ...
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1996
Rivista di …, 2001
... hanno permesso di circoscrivere in manie-ra più accurata la dimensione psicologica del tossic... more ... hanno permesso di circoscrivere in manie-ra più accurata la dimensione psicologica del tossico-dipendente evidenziando come essa sia associata a ... Eraldo Giangiacomoni, il Dott.AntonioRoussos, il Prof Giuseppe Franchini, la Dott.ssa Valentina Belli e tutti gli operatori delle ...
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Jun 15, 1997
The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received... more The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received little research attention. Nineteen patients who failed to respond to at least two trials of antidepressant drugs of adequate dosages and duration were treated by cognitive-behavioral methods in an open trial. Three patients dropped out of treatment. The remaining 16 patients displayed a significant (p < .001) decrease in scores on the Clinical Interview for Depression after therapy. Twelve patients were judged to be in remission at the end of the trial; only 1 of these patients was found to have relapsed at a 2-year follow-up. Antidepressant drugs were discontinued in 8 of the 12 patients who responded to cognitive-behavioral treatment. These preliminary results suggest that a trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy by an experienced therapist should be performed before labeling an episode of major depression as "refractory" or "treatment resistant." These latter terms should apply only when a psychotherapeutic effort has been made. Until then, it seems more appropriate to define depression as "drug refractory" or "drug treatment resistant."
American Journal of Psychiatry, Apr 1, 2006
REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, ... more REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, Roy BF, Cohen RM, Murphy DL: Possible development of the serotonin syndrome in man. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: ... M. LEJOYEUX, MD F. FINEYRE, MD J. ADES, MD ...
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
The authors review the literature discribing non-dyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena. W... more The authors review the literature discribing non-dyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena. Withdrawal of these agents can cause nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgia, paresthesia, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness and insomnia, but the temporal relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt withdrawal.
RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. Nella nostra società l'abuso e la dipendenza da sostanze rappresentano u... more RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. Nella nostra società l'abuso e la dipendenza da sostanze rappresentano un serio problema ed il fenomeno della tossicodipendenza desta un forte interesse sia per le problematiche sociali che comporta che per gli aspetti clinico-psicopatologici manifestati dai tossicodipendenti. Materiale e metodo. Lo scopo dello studio, è stato quello di valutare gli aspetti psicopatologici di un campione di 85 tossicodipendenti ospiti in comunità terapeutiche raffrontati ad un gruppo di 85 soggetti di controllo bilanciati per variabili sociodemografiche. Gli strumenti utilizzati sono stati: il TPQ di Cloninger, l'al. Risultati. Sessantuno soggetti (71,76%) del gruppo tossicodipendenti sono risultati avere uno o più disturbi di personalità rispetto ai 6 soggetti (7.06%) del gruppo di controllo. I soggetti tossicodipendenti inoltre sono risultati essere significativamente più ansiosi, depressi, con maggiore disagio sociale e più inibiti nelle loro manifestazioni emotive, nonché più impulsivi, con maggiore sensibilità all'ansia e con tratti alexitimici più marcati (25 sogg. sono inoltre risultati essere alexitimici). Le femmine rispetto i maschi sono risultate più ansiose, più impulsive, con maggiore tendenza a rispondere a stimoli gratificanti e con minori inibizioni verbali. Conclusioni. I risultati dello studio oltre che confermare ricerche precedenti hanno permesso di circoscrivere in maniera accurata la dimensione clinica del tossicodipendente evidenziando come la tossicodipendenza sia strettamente associata ad una psicopatologia radicata nella personalità dell'individuo.
The American journal of psychiatry, 1992
REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, ... more REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, Roy BF, Cohen RM, Murphy DL: Possible development of the serotonin syndrome in man. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: ... M. LEJOYEUX, MD F. FINEYRE, MD J. ADES, MD ...
RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. È ampiamente accettato che le patologie dermatologiche risentono delle d... more RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. È ampiamente accettato che le patologie dermatologiche risentono delle dimensioni emotive del soggetto e che vari eventi di vita possono determinare notevole distress e ripercussioni emotive soprattutto in soggetti particolarmente sensibili. Materiale e metodo. Lo studio ha valutato gli aspetti psicologici di un gruppo di dermopatici (psoriasici, N=50; alopecici, N=12) confrontati con un gruppo di controllo (N=51) bilanciato per variabili sociodemografiche, utilizzando una batteria di test autovalutativi (ASI, IAS, TAS-20, TPQ, QAES, SQ) ed una intervista (BPRS). Risultati. I dermopatici rispetto ai controlli risentono maggiormente degli eventi stressanti senza comunque presentare differenze significative nel grado di distress (ansia, depressione, sintomi somatici, ostilità); essi tuttavia presentano punteggi alexitimici superiori e minori atteggiamenti di malattia; inoltre, gli psoriasici risultano più impulsivi, ostili e con minore autocontrollo dei non dermopatici. Conclusioni. L'espressività della patologia dermatologica potrebbe dipendere dalla diversa modalità di interpretazione dell'evento, dalla particolare sensibilità allo stress, oltre che da una maggiore difficoltà ad esprimere i sentimenti e le emozioni, unitamente ad una minore consapevolezza somatica. PAROLE CHIAVE: psicosomatica, eventi stressanti, alexitimia, psoriasi, alopecia areata SUMMARY. Introduction. Is it largely accepted that dermatological pathologies reflect the emotional dimensions of the person and a lot of life events may determine remarkable distress and emotional reactions expecially in sensitive subjects. Material and method. The study has assessed the psychological aspects of patients with psoriasis (N=50), alopecia areata (N=12) and a normal control group (N=51) balanced in socio-demographic variables, using a battery of self-rating scales (ASI, IAS, TAS-20, SESE, SQ) and assessor rating scale (BPRS). Results. Patients with psoriasis and alopecia present higher scores in stressful life events than the control group but not in distress (anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, hostility), nevertheless they have high scores in alexithimia and less in attitudes of illness; furthermore, psoriasis patients have greater impulsivity, hostility and less self-control that the control group. Conclusion. The expression of the pathology could depend, on the one hand, on a different interpretation of the life event and, on the other, a special sensibility to stress, in addition to a greater difficulty in expressing sensations, emotions and somatic consciousness.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 1989
Stress Medicine, 1989
ABSTRACT
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1989
Psychiatric illness according to DSM-III-R criteria was investigated in 54 consecutive patients s... more Psychiatric illness according to DSM-III-R criteria was investigated in 54 consecutive patients suffering from cardiac neurosis (neurocirculatory asthenia or Da Costa&amp;#39;s syndrome). Thirty-seven of the 54 patients (68.5%) were found to suffer from a psychiatric disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and panic disorder accounted for most of the diagnoses. Panic disorder was frequently preceded by (and associated with) generalized anxiety, phobic avoidance and hypochondriasis. The results should alert the physician to inquire for symptoms of an anxiety disorder when a patient presents with cardiac neurosis.
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1989
Illness attitudes were evaluated in 26 pregnant women and 26 control subjects matched for sociode... more Illness attitudes were evaluated in 26 pregnant women and 26 control subjects matched for sociodemographic variables, by means of a self-rating scale, on three different occasions. In each trimester of pregnancy, women displayed more hypochondriacal fears and beliefs and conviction of disease (disease phobia) than normal controls (p less than 0.001). The findings should alert physicians to ask their pregnant patients whether they are preoccupied with fear of dying, or are concerned that they suffer from an undiagnosed physical illness, or dread a specific illness such as cancer or heart disease. Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs are liable to affect the well-being and health attitudes of pregnant women. If properly recognized, they may effectively be treated.
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1989
Psychiatric illness, psychological distress and illness behavior were investigated in 30 hirsute ... more Psychiatric illness, psychological distress and illness behavior were investigated in 30 hirsute women and 30 nonhirsute healthy control subjects matched for sociodemographic variables. The majority of patients showed a good psychological adaptation to illness: they did not report significantly more anxiety, depression, and abnormal illness behavior than controls. One-sixth of the patients, however, suffered from a clinically meaningful affective disorder. Further, hirsute patients displayed significantly more hostility and irritable mood than controls (p less than 0.01).
Psychopathology, 1996
Prodromal symptoms were investigated in 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The large... more Prodromal symptoms were investigated in 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The large majority of patients (93%) reported at least one prodromal symptom before disease onset. Generalized anxiety, irritability, indecision, phobic and somatic anxiety occurred in about half of patients. Also common were depressive symptoms such as fatigue, lowered self-esteem, depressed mood, pessimism, impaired work, and guilt. The results suggest a close association of obsessions and compulsions with affective symptoms.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 1994
1. Benzodiazepines were discontinued in 16 patients who had recovered from panic disorder with ag... more 1. Benzodiazepines were discontinued in 16 patients who had recovered from panic disorder with agoraphobia after exposure treatment. 2. Drug discontinuation yielded a significant decrease in anxiety sensitivity and state anxiety in these long-term users. 3. Several likely explanations for the findings are discussed. 4. In the short term, treatment of panic disorder with benzodiazepines may lower anxiety symptoms. However, in the long run, it may decrease the individual tolerance to anxiety and discomfort.
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1997
The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received... more The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received little research attention. Nineteen patients who failed to respond to at least two trials of antidepressant drugs of adequate dosages and duration were treated by cognitive-behavioral methods in an open trial. Three patients dropped out of treatment. The remaining 16 patients displayed a significant (p < .001) decrease in scores on the Clinical Interview for Depression after therapy. Twelve patients were judged to be in remission at the end of the trial; only 1 of these patients was found to have relapsed at a 2-year follow-up. Antidepressant drugs were discontinued in 8 of the 12 patients who responded to cognitive-behavioral treatment. These preliminary results suggest that a trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy by an experienced therapist should be performed before labeling an episode of major depression as "refractory" or "treatment resistant." These latter terms should apply only when a psychotherapeutic effort has been made. Until then, it seems more appropriate to define depression as "drug refractory" or "drug treatment resistant."
Journal of Affective Disorders, 1991
Three self-rating personality inventories were administered to 33 patients who had recovered from... more Three self-rating personality inventories were administered to 33 patients who had recovered from panic disorder associated with agoraphobia and to 33 healthy subjects matched for sociodemographic variables. The personality inventories comprised the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), which provides three major dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and the Emotional Inhibition Scale (EIS). Agoraphobic patients reported significantly more TPQ harm avoidance and anxiety sensitivity than controls. Although these findings might have been influenced by residual anxiety symptoms in panic-free patients and could also apply to patients with other anxiety disorders, they suggest that harm avoidance and anxiety sensitivity may be risk factors for developing agoraphobia and panic disorder. There may be overlap between this characterologic cluster and prodromal symptoms of panic disorder with agoraphobia, such as anxiety, phobias and hypochondriasis.
Rivista di Psichiatria, 2003
Page 1. Stati dell'umore e tratti di personalità in un campione ... Introduzione. Il gioco p... more Page 1. Stati dell'umore e tratti di personalità in un campione ... Introduzione. Il gioco patologico compromette enormemente i rapporti familiari, determinando conflittualità rilevanti che si ripercuotono sia sull'integrità psico-fisica dell'individuo che dei familiari. Materiale e Metodo. ...
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1996
Rivista di …, 2001
... hanno permesso di circoscrivere in manie-ra più accurata la dimensione psicologica del tossic... more ... hanno permesso di circoscrivere in manie-ra più accurata la dimensione psicologica del tossico-dipendente evidenziando come essa sia associata a ... Eraldo Giangiacomoni, il Dott.AntonioRoussos, il Prof Giuseppe Franchini, la Dott.ssa Valentina Belli e tutti gli operatori delle ...
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Jun 15, 1997
The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received... more The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received little research attention. Nineteen patients who failed to respond to at least two trials of antidepressant drugs of adequate dosages and duration were treated by cognitive-behavioral methods in an open trial. Three patients dropped out of treatment. The remaining 16 patients displayed a significant (p < .001) decrease in scores on the Clinical Interview for Depression after therapy. Twelve patients were judged to be in remission at the end of the trial; only 1 of these patients was found to have relapsed at a 2-year follow-up. Antidepressant drugs were discontinued in 8 of the 12 patients who responded to cognitive-behavioral treatment. These preliminary results suggest that a trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy by an experienced therapist should be performed before labeling an episode of major depression as "refractory" or "treatment resistant." These latter terms should apply only when a psychotherapeutic effort has been made. Until then, it seems more appropriate to define depression as "drug refractory" or "drug treatment resistant."
American Journal of Psychiatry, Apr 1, 2006
REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, ... more REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, Roy BF, Cohen RM, Murphy DL: Possible development of the serotonin syndrome in man. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: ... M. LEJOYEUX, MD F. FINEYRE, MD J. ADES, MD ...
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
The authors review the literature discribing non-dyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena. W... more The authors review the literature discribing non-dyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena. Withdrawal of these agents can cause nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgia, paresthesia, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness and insomnia, but the temporal relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt withdrawal.
RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. Nella nostra società l'abuso e la dipendenza da sostanze rappresentano u... more RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. Nella nostra società l'abuso e la dipendenza da sostanze rappresentano un serio problema ed il fenomeno della tossicodipendenza desta un forte interesse sia per le problematiche sociali che comporta che per gli aspetti clinico-psicopatologici manifestati dai tossicodipendenti. Materiale e metodo. Lo scopo dello studio, è stato quello di valutare gli aspetti psicopatologici di un campione di 85 tossicodipendenti ospiti in comunità terapeutiche raffrontati ad un gruppo di 85 soggetti di controllo bilanciati per variabili sociodemografiche. Gli strumenti utilizzati sono stati: il TPQ di Cloninger, l'al. Risultati. Sessantuno soggetti (71,76%) del gruppo tossicodipendenti sono risultati avere uno o più disturbi di personalità rispetto ai 6 soggetti (7.06%) del gruppo di controllo. I soggetti tossicodipendenti inoltre sono risultati essere significativamente più ansiosi, depressi, con maggiore disagio sociale e più inibiti nelle loro manifestazioni emotive, nonché più impulsivi, con maggiore sensibilità all'ansia e con tratti alexitimici più marcati (25 sogg. sono inoltre risultati essere alexitimici). Le femmine rispetto i maschi sono risultate più ansiose, più impulsive, con maggiore tendenza a rispondere a stimoli gratificanti e con minori inibizioni verbali. Conclusioni. I risultati dello studio oltre che confermare ricerche precedenti hanno permesso di circoscrivere in maniera accurata la dimensione clinica del tossicodipendente evidenziando come la tossicodipendenza sia strettamente associata ad una psicopatologia radicata nella personalità dell'individuo.
The American journal of psychiatry, 1992
REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, ... more REFERENCES 1. Sternbach H: The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:705-713 2. InselTR, Roy BF, Cohen RM, Murphy DL: Possible development of the serotonin syndrome in man. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: ... M. LEJOYEUX, MD F. FINEYRE, MD J. ADES, MD ...
RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. È ampiamente accettato che le patologie dermatologiche risentono delle d... more RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. È ampiamente accettato che le patologie dermatologiche risentono delle dimensioni emotive del soggetto e che vari eventi di vita possono determinare notevole distress e ripercussioni emotive soprattutto in soggetti particolarmente sensibili. Materiale e metodo. Lo studio ha valutato gli aspetti psicologici di un gruppo di dermopatici (psoriasici, N=50; alopecici, N=12) confrontati con un gruppo di controllo (N=51) bilanciato per variabili sociodemografiche, utilizzando una batteria di test autovalutativi (ASI, IAS, TAS-20, TPQ, QAES, SQ) ed una intervista (BPRS). Risultati. I dermopatici rispetto ai controlli risentono maggiormente degli eventi stressanti senza comunque presentare differenze significative nel grado di distress (ansia, depressione, sintomi somatici, ostilità); essi tuttavia presentano punteggi alexitimici superiori e minori atteggiamenti di malattia; inoltre, gli psoriasici risultano più impulsivi, ostili e con minore autocontrollo dei non dermopatici. Conclusioni. L'espressività della patologia dermatologica potrebbe dipendere dalla diversa modalità di interpretazione dell'evento, dalla particolare sensibilità allo stress, oltre che da una maggiore difficoltà ad esprimere i sentimenti e le emozioni, unitamente ad una minore consapevolezza somatica. PAROLE CHIAVE: psicosomatica, eventi stressanti, alexitimia, psoriasi, alopecia areata SUMMARY. Introduction. Is it largely accepted that dermatological pathologies reflect the emotional dimensions of the person and a lot of life events may determine remarkable distress and emotional reactions expecially in sensitive subjects. Material and method. The study has assessed the psychological aspects of patients with psoriasis (N=50), alopecia areata (N=12) and a normal control group (N=51) balanced in socio-demographic variables, using a battery of self-rating scales (ASI, IAS, TAS-20, SESE, SQ) and assessor rating scale (BPRS). Results. Patients with psoriasis and alopecia present higher scores in stressful life events than the control group but not in distress (anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, hostility), nevertheless they have high scores in alexithimia and less in attitudes of illness; furthermore, psoriasis patients have greater impulsivity, hostility and less self-control that the control group. Conclusion. The expression of the pathology could depend, on the one hand, on a different interpretation of the life event and, on the other, a special sensibility to stress, in addition to a greater difficulty in expressing sensations, emotions and somatic consciousness.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 1989
Stress Medicine, 1989
ABSTRACT
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1989
Psychiatric illness according to DSM-III-R criteria was investigated in 54 consecutive patients s... more Psychiatric illness according to DSM-III-R criteria was investigated in 54 consecutive patients suffering from cardiac neurosis (neurocirculatory asthenia or Da Costa&amp;#39;s syndrome). Thirty-seven of the 54 patients (68.5%) were found to suffer from a psychiatric disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and panic disorder accounted for most of the diagnoses. Panic disorder was frequently preceded by (and associated with) generalized anxiety, phobic avoidance and hypochondriasis. The results should alert the physician to inquire for symptoms of an anxiety disorder when a patient presents with cardiac neurosis.
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1989
Illness attitudes were evaluated in 26 pregnant women and 26 control subjects matched for sociode... more Illness attitudes were evaluated in 26 pregnant women and 26 control subjects matched for sociodemographic variables, by means of a self-rating scale, on three different occasions. In each trimester of pregnancy, women displayed more hypochondriacal fears and beliefs and conviction of disease (disease phobia) than normal controls (p less than 0.001). The findings should alert physicians to ask their pregnant patients whether they are preoccupied with fear of dying, or are concerned that they suffer from an undiagnosed physical illness, or dread a specific illness such as cancer or heart disease. Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs are liable to affect the well-being and health attitudes of pregnant women. If properly recognized, they may effectively be treated.
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1989
Psychiatric illness, psychological distress and illness behavior were investigated in 30 hirsute ... more Psychiatric illness, psychological distress and illness behavior were investigated in 30 hirsute women and 30 nonhirsute healthy control subjects matched for sociodemographic variables. The majority of patients showed a good psychological adaptation to illness: they did not report significantly more anxiety, depression, and abnormal illness behavior than controls. One-sixth of the patients, however, suffered from a clinically meaningful affective disorder. Further, hirsute patients displayed significantly more hostility and irritable mood than controls (p less than 0.01).
Psychopathology, 1996
Prodromal symptoms were investigated in 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The large... more Prodromal symptoms were investigated in 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The large majority of patients (93%) reported at least one prodromal symptom before disease onset. Generalized anxiety, irritability, indecision, phobic and somatic anxiety occurred in about half of patients. Also common were depressive symptoms such as fatigue, lowered self-esteem, depressed mood, pessimism, impaired work, and guilt. The results suggest a close association of obsessions and compulsions with affective symptoms.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 1994
1. Benzodiazepines were discontinued in 16 patients who had recovered from panic disorder with ag... more 1. Benzodiazepines were discontinued in 16 patients who had recovered from panic disorder with agoraphobia after exposure treatment. 2. Drug discontinuation yielded a significant decrease in anxiety sensitivity and state anxiety in these long-term users. 3. Several likely explanations for the findings are discussed. 4. In the short term, treatment of panic disorder with benzodiazepines may lower anxiety symptoms. However, in the long run, it may decrease the individual tolerance to anxiety and discomfort.
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1997
The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received... more The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received little research attention. Nineteen patients who failed to respond to at least two trials of antidepressant drugs of adequate dosages and duration were treated by cognitive-behavioral methods in an open trial. Three patients dropped out of treatment. The remaining 16 patients displayed a significant (p < .001) decrease in scores on the Clinical Interview for Depression after therapy. Twelve patients were judged to be in remission at the end of the trial; only 1 of these patients was found to have relapsed at a 2-year follow-up. Antidepressant drugs were discontinued in 8 of the 12 patients who responded to cognitive-behavioral treatment. These preliminary results suggest that a trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy by an experienced therapist should be performed before labeling an episode of major depression as "refractory" or "treatment resistant." These latter terms should apply only when a psychotherapeutic effort has been made. Until then, it seems more appropriate to define depression as "drug refractory" or "drug treatment resistant."
Journal of Affective Disorders, 1991
Three self-rating personality inventories were administered to 33 patients who had recovered from... more Three self-rating personality inventories were administered to 33 patients who had recovered from panic disorder associated with agoraphobia and to 33 healthy subjects matched for sociodemographic variables. The personality inventories comprised the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), which provides three major dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and the Emotional Inhibition Scale (EIS). Agoraphobic patients reported significantly more TPQ harm avoidance and anxiety sensitivity than controls. Although these findings might have been influenced by residual anxiety symptoms in panic-free patients and could also apply to patients with other anxiety disorders, they suggest that harm avoidance and anxiety sensitivity may be risk factors for developing agoraphobia and panic disorder. There may be overlap between this characterologic cluster and prodromal symptoms of panic disorder with agoraphobia, such as anxiety, phobias and hypochondriasis.