Gina Vincent - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Gina Vincent
The study was a secondary data analysis examining the accuracy of risk assessment tools in predic... more The study was a secondary data analysis examining the accuracy of risk assessment tools in predicting re-offending during early adulthood (age 18 to 25 years) compared to their accuracy in predicting re-offending during adolescence (age 12-17 years; youth tools only) or in later adulthood (older than 25 years, adult tools only). The investigators combined datasets that involved the same risk assessment tools. The adolescent risk assessment tools included the North Carolina Assessment of Risk (NCAR), the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI), and the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth (SAVRY). The adult risk assessment tools included the Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 items (HCR-20) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). Using the datasets, the study examined the following recidivism outcomes: (1) any type of re-offending (excluded status offenses), and (2) violent re-offending specifically.
Revista Española de Investigación Criminológica, 2015
Este trabajo constituye la monografía número cuatro de la serie especial sobre Transición desde l... more Este trabajo constituye la monografía número cuatro de la serie especial sobre Transición desde la delincuencia juvenil a la delincuencia adulta. El primer artículo (sobre transición delictiva) se publicó en el número 9 la REIC (2011), y los dos siguientes (respectivamente, sobre patrones de la carrera delictiva y sobre explicaciones teóricas de las transiciones delictivas) en el número 11 (2013). Su propósito específico es revisar el conocimiento científico disponible acerca de la predicción temprana de la delincuencia adulta (entre las edades de 18 a 29 años). Para ello, se tomará como base la investigación sobre desarrollo juvenil y sobre instrumentos de predicción de riesgo. El artículo se abre con una discusión general sobre evaluación y predicción, incluida la propia predicción de riesgo y sus aspectos éticos y legales. A continuación se resumen los principales factores de riesgo que se asocian a la actividad delictiva. También se debaten diversas cuestiones técnicas de las ev...
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2019
Even though risk assessment tools are often intended to inform case planning, they do not provide... more Even though risk assessment tools are often intended to inform case planning, they do not provide much direct guidance. As such, we developed an intervention-planning tool called the Adolescent Risk Reduction and Resilient Outcomes Work-Plan (ARROW) to accompany the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth. The ARROW includes a decision support system, guide, and training, and is one of the first tools of its kind. To evaluate the ARROW, we conducted two studies: (a) a vignette study with 178 professionals and (b) a field study with 320 propensity-score matched adolescents. Most professionals (>98%) rated the ARROW as useful. Moreover, compared with (a) unstructured plans and (b) a simple form, ARROW plans were more likely to include supported interventions, adhere to best practices, and integrate culturally tailored approaches for Indigenous adolescents. Formulations also showed improvements. However, further research is needed on strategies to bridge risk assessment and ...
![Research paper thumbnail of Preventing Prison Rape: Designing and Validating a PREA Screening Tool for Pre-trial Juvenile Detention Centers [English and Spanish versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113362387/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Psychiatry Information in Brief, 2018
R isk assessment and other screening tools can help juvenile justice agencies improve safety for ... more R isk assessment and other screening tools can help juvenile justice agencies improve safety for staff and youth. In 2012, national standards of practice for juvenile facilities were implemented in response to the Federal law known as the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA; 28 C.F.R. § 115.341), 1 which mandated the implementation of objective screening procedures at juvenile facilities (including group homes and treatment centers that service criminal justice populations) to identify individuals who are at risk of sexual victimization or sexual misconduct. Identification of youth at highest risk of either of these outcomes at entry into a facility enables facility staff to put appropriate interventions into place to reduce the risk of sexual victimization (e.g., placing youth in a room by themselves).
Psychiatry Information in Brief, 2007
Program recently organized the first summit conference of its kind to discuss best practice appli... more Program recently organized the first summit conference of its kind to discuss best practice applications for assessing, treating and managing the MI/PSB population using a panel of state and national experts. One of the most prominent topics of conversation was how to assess risk for future problematic sexual behavior. This issue brief describes public concerns about this topic, some background of risk assessment, and expert opinions expressed at the summit about practices with the MI/PSB population.
Psychological Assessment, 2017
The current study tested a method of risk assessment for adolescent offenders that relies on stru... more The current study tested a method of risk assessment for adolescent offenders that relies on structured professional judgment: the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth (SAVRY; Borum, Bartel, & Forth, 2006). Trained probation officers in 3 jurisdictions administered the SAVRY to 505 adjudicated adolescents (M age = 15.43 years, SD = 1.62). The results supported the validity of the SAVRY administered in this juvenile justice context. Specifically, scores from the SAVRY differentiated violent from nonviolent offenders and predicted both violent and nonviolent recidivism over a 12-month follow-up period. Violent offenders showed more historical and individual risk factors than nonviolent offenders, and violent sex offenders were rated as more deficient in empathy and remorse. The anger control item was a particularly important indicator of risk for reoffending in the violent offender group. The implications of these findings for weighting risk factors in individual cases when using structured professional judgment are discussed.
Law and human behavior, 2016
There is a strong movement toward juvenile justice agencies' use of risk assessment and risk-... more There is a strong movement toward juvenile justice agencies' use of risk assessment and risk-need-responsivity approaches to improve case management decisions for young offenders. However, little is known about whether adoption of risk assessment actually effectuates any changes in the way young offenders are handled. This was a multisite study of the impact on case processing of implementation of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) or Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory in 6 juvenile probation offices using a prepost design and 1,694 propensity score-matched young offenders. Consistent with the risk principle, there were significant changes to at least some areas of case processing in all but 1 site, most notably with respect to decreases in the amount of supervision youth received and in rates of out-of-home placement. The nature and extent of the impact varied as a function of sites' characteristics and implementation quality, not as a...
Developmental cognitive neuroscience, Jun 22, 2016
Adult psychopathic offenders show an increased propensity towards violence, impulsivity, and reci... more Adult psychopathic offenders show an increased propensity towards violence, impulsivity, and recidivism. A subsample of youth with elevated psychopathic traits represent a particularly severe subgroup characterized by extreme behavioral problems and comparable neurocognitive deficits as their adult counterparts, including perseveration deficits. Here, we investigate response-locked event-related potential (ERP) components (the error-related negativity [ERN/Ne] related to early error-monitoring processing and the error-related positivity [Pe] involved in later error-related processing) in a sample of incarcerated juvenile male offenders (n=100) who performed a response inhibition Go/NoGo task. Psychopathic traits were assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). The ERN/Ne and Pe were analyzed with classic windowed ERP components and principal component analysis (PCA). Using linear regression analyses, PCL:YV scores were unrelated to the ERN/Ne, but were neg...
Social Neuroscience, 2014
A recently published study by the present authors (Aharoni et al., 2013) reported evidence that f... more A recently published study by the present authors (Aharoni et al., 2013) reported evidence that functional changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) within a sample of 96 criminal offenders who were engaged in a Go/No-Go impulse control task significantly predicted their rearrest following release from prison. In an extended analysis, we use discrimination and calibration techniques to test the accuracy of these predictions relative to more traditional models and their ability to generalize to new observations in both full and reduced models. Modest to strong discrimination and calibration accuracy were found, providing additional support for the utility of neurobiological measures in predicting rearrest.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013
Identification of factors that predict recurrent antisocial behavior is integral to the social sc... more Identification of factors that predict recurrent antisocial behavior is integral to the social sciences, criminal justice procedures, and the effective treatment of high-risk individuals. Here we show that error-related brain activity elicited during performance of an inhibitory task prospectively predicted subsequent rearrest among adult offenders within 4 y of release ( N = 96). The odds that an offender with relatively low anterior cingulate activity would be rearrested were approximately double that of an offender with high activity in this region, holding constant other observed risk factors. These results suggest a potential neurocognitive biomarker for persistent antisocial behavior.
The study was a secondary data analysis examining the accuracy of risk assessment tools in predic... more The study was a secondary data analysis examining the accuracy of risk assessment tools in predicting re-offending during early adulthood (age 18 to 25 years) compared to their accuracy in predicting re-offending during adolescence (age 12-17 years; youth tools only) or in later adulthood (older than 25 years, adult tools only). The investigators combined datasets that involved the same risk assessment tools. The adolescent risk assessment tools included the North Carolina Assessment of Risk (NCAR), the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI), and the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth (SAVRY). The adult risk assessment tools included the Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 items (HCR-20) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). Using the datasets, the study examined the following recidivism outcomes: (1) any type of re-offending (excluded status offenses), and (2) violent re-offending specifically.
Revista Española de Investigación Criminológica, 2015
Este trabajo constituye la monografía número cuatro de la serie especial sobre Transición desde l... more Este trabajo constituye la monografía número cuatro de la serie especial sobre Transición desde la delincuencia juvenil a la delincuencia adulta. El primer artículo (sobre transición delictiva) se publicó en el número 9 la REIC (2011), y los dos siguientes (respectivamente, sobre patrones de la carrera delictiva y sobre explicaciones teóricas de las transiciones delictivas) en el número 11 (2013). Su propósito específico es revisar el conocimiento científico disponible acerca de la predicción temprana de la delincuencia adulta (entre las edades de 18 a 29 años). Para ello, se tomará como base la investigación sobre desarrollo juvenil y sobre instrumentos de predicción de riesgo. El artículo se abre con una discusión general sobre evaluación y predicción, incluida la propia predicción de riesgo y sus aspectos éticos y legales. A continuación se resumen los principales factores de riesgo que se asocian a la actividad delictiva. También se debaten diversas cuestiones técnicas de las ev...
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2019
Even though risk assessment tools are often intended to inform case planning, they do not provide... more Even though risk assessment tools are often intended to inform case planning, they do not provide much direct guidance. As such, we developed an intervention-planning tool called the Adolescent Risk Reduction and Resilient Outcomes Work-Plan (ARROW) to accompany the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth. The ARROW includes a decision support system, guide, and training, and is one of the first tools of its kind. To evaluate the ARROW, we conducted two studies: (a) a vignette study with 178 professionals and (b) a field study with 320 propensity-score matched adolescents. Most professionals (>98%) rated the ARROW as useful. Moreover, compared with (a) unstructured plans and (b) a simple form, ARROW plans were more likely to include supported interventions, adhere to best practices, and integrate culturally tailored approaches for Indigenous adolescents. Formulations also showed improvements. However, further research is needed on strategies to bridge risk assessment and ...
Psychiatry Information in Brief, 2018
R isk assessment and other screening tools can help juvenile justice agencies improve safety for ... more R isk assessment and other screening tools can help juvenile justice agencies improve safety for staff and youth. In 2012, national standards of practice for juvenile facilities were implemented in response to the Federal law known as the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA; 28 C.F.R. § 115.341), 1 which mandated the implementation of objective screening procedures at juvenile facilities (including group homes and treatment centers that service criminal justice populations) to identify individuals who are at risk of sexual victimization or sexual misconduct. Identification of youth at highest risk of either of these outcomes at entry into a facility enables facility staff to put appropriate interventions into place to reduce the risk of sexual victimization (e.g., placing youth in a room by themselves).
Psychiatry Information in Brief, 2007
Program recently organized the first summit conference of its kind to discuss best practice appli... more Program recently organized the first summit conference of its kind to discuss best practice applications for assessing, treating and managing the MI/PSB population using a panel of state and national experts. One of the most prominent topics of conversation was how to assess risk for future problematic sexual behavior. This issue brief describes public concerns about this topic, some background of risk assessment, and expert opinions expressed at the summit about practices with the MI/PSB population.
Psychological Assessment, 2017
The current study tested a method of risk assessment for adolescent offenders that relies on stru... more The current study tested a method of risk assessment for adolescent offenders that relies on structured professional judgment: the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth (SAVRY; Borum, Bartel, & Forth, 2006). Trained probation officers in 3 jurisdictions administered the SAVRY to 505 adjudicated adolescents (M age = 15.43 years, SD = 1.62). The results supported the validity of the SAVRY administered in this juvenile justice context. Specifically, scores from the SAVRY differentiated violent from nonviolent offenders and predicted both violent and nonviolent recidivism over a 12-month follow-up period. Violent offenders showed more historical and individual risk factors than nonviolent offenders, and violent sex offenders were rated as more deficient in empathy and remorse. The anger control item was a particularly important indicator of risk for reoffending in the violent offender group. The implications of these findings for weighting risk factors in individual cases when using structured professional judgment are discussed.
Law and human behavior, 2016
There is a strong movement toward juvenile justice agencies' use of risk assessment and risk-... more There is a strong movement toward juvenile justice agencies' use of risk assessment and risk-need-responsivity approaches to improve case management decisions for young offenders. However, little is known about whether adoption of risk assessment actually effectuates any changes in the way young offenders are handled. This was a multisite study of the impact on case processing of implementation of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) or Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory in 6 juvenile probation offices using a prepost design and 1,694 propensity score-matched young offenders. Consistent with the risk principle, there were significant changes to at least some areas of case processing in all but 1 site, most notably with respect to decreases in the amount of supervision youth received and in rates of out-of-home placement. The nature and extent of the impact varied as a function of sites' characteristics and implementation quality, not as a...
Developmental cognitive neuroscience, Jun 22, 2016
Adult psychopathic offenders show an increased propensity towards violence, impulsivity, and reci... more Adult psychopathic offenders show an increased propensity towards violence, impulsivity, and recidivism. A subsample of youth with elevated psychopathic traits represent a particularly severe subgroup characterized by extreme behavioral problems and comparable neurocognitive deficits as their adult counterparts, including perseveration deficits. Here, we investigate response-locked event-related potential (ERP) components (the error-related negativity [ERN/Ne] related to early error-monitoring processing and the error-related positivity [Pe] involved in later error-related processing) in a sample of incarcerated juvenile male offenders (n=100) who performed a response inhibition Go/NoGo task. Psychopathic traits were assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). The ERN/Ne and Pe were analyzed with classic windowed ERP components and principal component analysis (PCA). Using linear regression analyses, PCL:YV scores were unrelated to the ERN/Ne, but were neg...
Social Neuroscience, 2014
A recently published study by the present authors (Aharoni et al., 2013) reported evidence that f... more A recently published study by the present authors (Aharoni et al., 2013) reported evidence that functional changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) within a sample of 96 criminal offenders who were engaged in a Go/No-Go impulse control task significantly predicted their rearrest following release from prison. In an extended analysis, we use discrimination and calibration techniques to test the accuracy of these predictions relative to more traditional models and their ability to generalize to new observations in both full and reduced models. Modest to strong discrimination and calibration accuracy were found, providing additional support for the utility of neurobiological measures in predicting rearrest.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013
Identification of factors that predict recurrent antisocial behavior is integral to the social sc... more Identification of factors that predict recurrent antisocial behavior is integral to the social sciences, criminal justice procedures, and the effective treatment of high-risk individuals. Here we show that error-related brain activity elicited during performance of an inhibitory task prospectively predicted subsequent rearrest among adult offenders within 4 y of release ( N = 96). The odds that an offender with relatively low anterior cingulate activity would be rearrested were approximately double that of an offender with high activity in this region, holding constant other observed risk factors. These results suggest a potential neurocognitive biomarker for persistent antisocial behavior.