Gizachew Yismaw - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Gizachew Yismaw

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Feb 18, 2024

The American journal of gastroenterology, 2014

Journal of transmitted diseases and immunity, May 2, 2018

BMC Health Services Research, Apr 24, 2019

Background: Clinical decisions depend on timely laboratory result reporting. The timeliness is co... more Background: Clinical decisions depend on timely laboratory result reporting. The timeliness is commonly expressed in turnaround time and serves as a quality improvement tool to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the laboratory. According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines, each laboratory shall establish turnaround times for each of its examinations that reflect clinical needs, and shall periodically evaluate whether or not it is meeting the established turnaround times. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the TAT of laboratory results done in the reference laboratories of the

BMC Research Notes, Jul 22, 2013

Background: Bacterial blood stream infection constitutes a significant public health problem and ... more Background: Bacterial blood stream infection constitutes a significant public health problem and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacterial isolates from septicemia suspected patients and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Gondar University Hospital. Methods: This laboratory based retrospective study of 390 blood culture and susceptibility tests was conducted in Bacteriology Laboratory of the University of Gondar Teaching Hospital. The samples were collected and processed following standard microbiological techniques as part of the routine clinical management of the patient. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on pure culture isolates employing disc-diffusion method for the commonly used antibiotics. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 and the results were summarized by using tables and graphs. Results: Out of 390 blood culture results, 71 (18.2%) were culture positive. The predominant bacteria isolated from blood culture were Coagulase negative staphylococci 30 (42.3%), followed by S. aureus 17 (23.9%) and Klebiesella spp 9 (12.9%), E. coli 5 (7.0%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa 4 (5.6%) and Salmonella spp. 3 (4.2%). The gram positive and gram negative bacteria constituted 49 (69%) and 22 (31%) of the culture isolates; respectively. The isolates showed high rates of resistance to most antibiotics tested. The range of resistance for Gram positive and Gram negative were from 23.5%-58.8%, and 20%-100% respectively. Conclusions: In the present study most of the pathogens isolated from blood culture showed high rate of resistance to most commonly used antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Therefore, rational use of antibiotics should be practiced.

Lipids in Health and Disease

Background The serum lipid and immunohematological values of tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) pa... more Background The serum lipid and immunohematological values of tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) patients is poorly documented relative to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the serum lipid and immunohematological values of patients with TBLN in comparison with PTB (PTB) patients. Methods An institution-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Northwest Ethiopia from March to December 2021. The study participants were bacteriologically confirmed PTB (n = 82) and TBLN (n = 94) cases with no known comorbidity and whose ages was greater than 18 years and with no current pregnancy. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, box plot, and correlation matrix were used to analyze the data. Results The body mass index (BMI), CD4 + T cell count, and high-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) values were significantly higher among TBLN cases compared with PTB cases. Additionally, the total white blood cell (WBC) count, hemogl...

Skin Health and Disease

BackgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease that primarily affects the... more BackgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease that primarily affects the most vulnerable populations. In Ethiopia, where this study took place, CL is an important health problem, however, the incidence of CL is poorly monitored.ObjectivesThis study took place in a recently established CL treatment centre, at Nefas Mewcha Hospital, Lay Gayint. This area was considered to be endemic for CL, however, no cases of CL from Lay Gayint had previously been officially reported to the Amhara Regional Health Bureau.MethodsFollowing a CL awareness campaign, a retrospective data review was performed of patients presenting to this centre between July 2019 and March 2021. Basic demographic and clinical data were collected by a nurse and recorded in the logbook of the CL treatment centre.ResultsTwo hundred and one patients presented for diagnosis and treatment. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 75 years and 63.2% were males. Most patients were between 10‐ and 19‐years...

Background Antiretroviral treatment (ART) is aimed for complete suppression of viral replication ... more Background Antiretroviral treatment (ART) is aimed for complete suppression of viral replication but it fails for a variety of reasons. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of treatment failure among people on first line ART in Amhara region, North east Ethiopia.Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from March, 2018 to July, 2018. Questionnaire survey using a pre-structured questionnaire was taken focusing on demographic data and possible risk factors of antiretroviral treatment failure. Clinical history including baseline characteristics was extracted by reviewing medical records using data abstraction sheet and data was analyzed using STATA version 14.Results A total of 640 clients of all age from 16 health facilities were enrolled in the study. The overall antiretroviral treatment failure was 16.45% from which clinical, immunologic and virologic failure were 0.47%, 13.59% and 3.13% respectively. The viral suppression was 91.09%, but...

VirusDisease, 2019

Over 99% of cervical cancer cases are associated with genital infection by certain types of human... more Over 99% of cervical cancer cases are associated with genital infection by certain types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). To outline optimal vaccination strategies and HPV based cervical cancer screening, synthesized data on the genotype distribution of HPV is fundamental that is otherwise missed in Ethiopia. The aim of this study is to compile the findings on HPV genotyping in Ethiopia. Published articles were systematically searched using comprehensive search strings from PubMed/Medline and SCOPUS. Further, Google Scholar and the Google databases were also searched manually for grey literature. The included studies in the review employed 859 women (age range 15-85 years) with different kinds of cervical abnormalities. A total of 534 HPV sequences were reported; the proportion of high risk HPVs was varied 80.4-100%. The top five identified genotypes were HPV 16 (45.3%; 95% CI 41.1-49.6%), HPV 52 (9.4%; 95% CI 7.2-12.1%), HPV 18 (8.2%; 95% CI 6.2-10.9%), HPV 58 (6.9%; 95% CI 5.1-9.4%) and HPV 45 (5.2%; 95% CI 3.7-7.5%). The combined prevalence of HPV 16/18 was at 53.6% (95% CI 49.3-57.8%). In this review, HPV 16 in particular, but also HPV 52 and 18, warrant exceptional consideration in vaccination and HPV based screening programs in Ethiopia. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first of its kind to establish the genotype distribution of HPV from different kinds of cervical lesions in Ethiopia although it was synthesized out of few studies. Hence, additional nationwide data are needed to strengthen our finding.

Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 2014

The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the highest in young, sexually active w... more The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the highest in young, sexually active women less than 35 years of age. Direct diagnosis of infection by enabling genotyping methods is important considering that the viral types are divided into high (HR-HPV) and low (LR-HPV) oncogenic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of HPV infection in self-collected samples from young women. A cross-sectional study of 245 sexually active students (18 to 35 years of age) was undertaken with selfcollected samples. Extracted DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the PGMY 09/11 and PC04/GH20 primers for the detection of HPV DNA and the b-globin gene, respectively. Viral genotyping was performed by type-specific PCR (TS-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the 236 valid samples, 68 (28.9%) were positive for HPV DNA, as genotyped by TS-PCR and RFLP. The HR-HPV were most prevalent, especially HPV-16,-31,-33, and-45, and the most prevalent LR-HPV were HPV-6 and-83. Multi-type HPV infections were detected in 17 (25%) samples. HPV infection was statistically more prevalent among younger women with lower educational levels and who had more partners in the past 2 years. A high prevalence of HPV infection was found in the age group examined, especially HR-HPV types, as well as the presence of risk behaviors associated with HPV infection were observed. Considering these results, vaccinating females before the onset of sexual activity in Brazil should be emphasized.

Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2012

We aimed to determine the bacterial profile and describe the drug susceptibility pattern of neona... more We aimed to determine the bacterial profile and describe the drug susceptibility pattern of neonatal sepsis in patients seen at Gondar University Hospital neonatal unit, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted involving patients with clinical signs of sepsis who were admitted to Gondar University Hospital neonatal unit between July 2011 and June 2012. Venous blood sample was collected aseptically and inoculated in to Trypton soya blood culture medium for 2-14 days aerobically, checking for growth of bacteria every 3 days. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard procedures and antibacterial susceptibility test was done following agar disc diffusion method. A total of 181 neonates (99 male and 82 female) were included in the study. Out of this, 58 showed positive blood culture for bacteria with infection rate of 32.1%. The most common bacterial isolate was

PubMed, 2008

Background: Carica papaya family Caricaceacae is one of the herbal remedies, which has recently b... more Background: Carica papaya family Caricaceacae is one of the herbal remedies, which has recently become a subject of research focus. It is used in traditional medicine for variety of purposes in treating infectious and noninfectious diseases. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of papaya seed extract against bacterial pathogens isolated from wound, urine and stool. Methods: This analytical experimental study was conducted in Jimma University, School of Medical Laboratory Technology, Microbiology laboratory between February to March 2005. The antibacterial activity of methanol extract of papaya seed was investigated against specific pathogenic bacteria isolated from wound, urine and stool by an agar dilution technique and the crude preparation was assessed by an agar diffusion technique. The growth or inhibition of control strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as the clinical isolates of these bacteria were determined in growth media. Results: Results obtained in this study indicate that the minimum inhibitory concentration of papaya seed extract for 50% of the test bacteria was 18.38mg/ml and for S. typhi the MIC was at 11.8 mg/ml of extract. However, the growth inhibitory effect of papaya seed extract was not observed for P. aeruginosa up to 26.25 mg /ml of extract. Even though, the minimum bactericidal concentration is higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration of papaya seed extract (13.13 mg/ml, 11.8 mg/ml respectively) against S. typhi control and clinical isolates, the minimum bactericidal concentration for 50% of the tested bacteria was found to be similar with the minimum inhibitory concentration of the test bacteria, Conclusion: Papaya seed could be used as an effective antibacterial agent for the tested organisms. Nevertheless, preclinical studies including invivo animal models and clinical trial on the effect of the seed are essential before advocating large-scale therapy.

PubMed, Oct 1, 2006

Background: Garlic (Allium sativum) has come to be seen as an all rounded treatment for preventin... more Background: Garlic (Allium sativum) has come to be seen as an all rounded treatment for preventing wound infection, common cold, malaria, cough and lung tuberculosis, hypertension, sexually transmitted diseases, mental illness, kidney diseases, liver diseases, asthma, diabetes. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of crude preparation of garlic on bacterial isolates from the wound infections. Methods: An experimental study was conducted in Gondar University Teaching Hospital School of Medical Laboratory Technology, Microbiology Laboratory from June 2004 to April 2005 by agar dilution technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of garlic to control strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATTCC 25922, as well as to clinical isolates of S. aureus, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined using agar dilution method The data was collected in triplicate. Results: All the tested organisms were inhibited by 33.75 mg/ml of the crude preparation of garlic except control organism and clinical isolates of S. aureus, which were inhibited by 11.25 mg/ml of crude garlic. Garlic did not reveal bactericidal effect up to a concentration of 37.5 mg/ml against all the tested organisms. Conclusion: Crude preparation of garlic could be used as an effective antibacterial agent for the tested organisms. Nevertheless, clinical trial on the effect of garlic is essential before advocating large-scale therapy.

PubMed, 2007

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections encounte... more Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections encountered by clinicians in developing countries. Although UTI seldom leads to complications, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To identify the etiologic agents of UTIs and to assess their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1420 mid-stream urine specimens processed fobr culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the bacteriology laboratory of Gondar University Teaching Hospital between September 2002 and August 2003 was conducted Results: Significant bacteriuria (cultures with > 10(5) colony forming units of bacteria per ml of urine) was observed in 399 (28.1%) of the specimens. Two bacteria each were isolated from 14 specimens, making the number of bacteria isolated to be 413 with the isolation rate of 29.1%. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli 166 (40.2%), Staphylococcus aureus 60 (14.5%), Klebisella species 42 (10.2%) and Citrobacter species 34 (8.2%). Among Gram-positive organisms S. aureus showed high level qf drug resistance for tetracycline 48 (80%), corimoxazole 32 (53.3%), chloramphenicol 32 (53.3%), amnpicillin 26 (43.3%) and penicillin 22 (36.7%). Of the Gram-negative bacteria, extremely high resistance patterns were found in Salmonella species for ampicillin 5 (100%), erythromycin 5 (100%), penicillin 5 (100%), co-trimoxazole 3 (60%), tetracycline 3 (60%) and 3 chloramphenicol (60%). Multiple drug resistance was observed in 85.7% of the isolates. Only 5.1% of the isolates were found to be sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Conclusion: Resistance to the commonly used antibiotics was found to be very high among the isolates leaving clinicians with very few choices of drugs or the treatment of UTIs. It is therefore, critical that the use of antimicrobial agents with in a hospital and all other responsible institutions he reviewed

Ethiopian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2010

Journal of Clinical Oncology, Jan 20, 2015

335 Background: Green tea is one of the most popular beverages it contains many catechins such as... more 335 Background: Green tea is one of the most popular beverages it contains many catechins such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits cancer growth. The aim of this study was to elucidate the anti-tumor effect and the effect for spheres of EGCG. Methods: Human hepatoma-derived cell line (HepG2) and human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) were used. The anticancer effects of EGCG was studied by MTT assay. We made cancer sphere from HepG2 cells, and we added EGCG to cancer sphere. And we compared the gene expressions of RT-PCR between normal HepG2 and cancer sphere groups. Results: EGCG had the anti-tumor effect in dose-dependent. Furthermore, EGCG cancelled this spheroid formation, EGCG down-regulated the Nanog and CD133, related stemnesss genes. And then, EGCG down-regulated the ABCG1and Nek2, related ABC transporter genes, expression in sphere. Conclusions: EGCG had the anti-tumor effects on gastroenterological cancer, and EGCG had the effect to sphere, same as cancer stem cell thorough the down-regulation of ABC transporter related genes. Therefore, EGCG might be used as the safe and novel antitumor agents.

Frontiers in Medicine

BackgroundCryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a leading cause of adult meningitis in countries with a... more BackgroundCryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a leading cause of adult meningitis in countries with a high burden of HIV. It has remained a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa despite the extensive rollout of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study aimed to systematically synthesize the evidence on the prevalence of CM among people living with HIV (PLWH) and its predictors of mortality among adults who are on induction antifungal therapy in Africa.MethodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized clinical trials or observational studies published in Africa from 1995 to April 2021. Pooled prevalence of CM among PLWH was calculated using R-studio Version 1.4.1717 software and the data extracted from eligible studies were pooled as percentage with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Predictors of mortality among adults on induction antifungal therapy were synthesized narratively.ResultsOut of 364 studies identified, 17 eligible articles were...

Background: The efficacies of artemisinin based combinations have been excellent in Africa, but l... more Background: The efficacies of artemisinin based combinations have been excellent in Africa, but little or no attention has been given to their safety. The aim of this review was to synthesize available evidence on the safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQ) compared to artemether-lumefantrine (AL) for the treatment of uncomplicated P.falciparum malaria among children in Africa.Method: A systematic literature search was done to identify relevant articles from online databases PubMed/ MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Center for Clinical Trial database (CENTRAL) for retrieving randomized control trials comparing safety of DHA-PQ and AL for treatment of uncomplicated P.falciparum malaria among children in Africa. The search was performed from August 2020 to 30 April 2021. Using Rev-Man software (V5.4.1), the extracted data from eligible studies were pooled as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).Result: In this review, 18 studies were included, which involved 10,498 ...

Background: HIV-1 RNA viral load is a powerful predictor of risk for disease progression in subje... more Background: HIV-1 RNA viral load is a powerful predictor of risk for disease progression in subjects infected with HIV. However, studies assessing VL in co-infected patients are very scarce. This study was, therefore, aimed at determining VL in tuberculosis (TB) and HIV-1 co-infected patients with or without intestinal parasites and also to assess its variation with treatment. Methods: TB was diagnosed following standard clinical, bacteriological, radiological and histological procedures. HIV serostatus was checked by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. One hundred nineteen TB/HIV-1 co-infected patients were included as a baseline and 22 were re-examined at the end of intensive phase of anti-TB chemotherapy. Stool samples were examined for intestinal parasites by conventional microscopy and serum viral load was determined using an Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor RTPCR assay. Results: Forty-five (37.8%) patients were found infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Ascaris lumbricoides and Strongyloides stercoralis were the most frequently detected species. The mean (±SD) serum viral load (log10 RNA copies/ml) of patients at baseline was 4.82 (±0.66) without a significant difference by status of intestinal parasitoses. In patients with follow up treatment the viral load declined from 4.84 (±0.45) to 4.52 (±0.66) at the end of the intensive phase of anti-TB chemotherapy (P=0.07). In five patients who were also treated for intestinal parasites, viral load declined from 5.02 (±0.38) to 4.47 (±0.66) (P<0.05). A mean increase of 0.58 (±0.33) was seen in seven patients (P<0.01). Conclusion: The lack of significant decline in viral load at the end of the intensive phase of anti-TB treatment may indicate increased morbidity in the patients. Intervention measures such as provision of anti-retroviral and anti-parasite therapy may help to reduce morbidity. Key words: HIV-1 viral load, tuberculosis, intestinal parasites, anti-TB treatment