Peter Glick - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Peter Glick

Politics, Groups, and Identities

ABSTRACT Data from Reuters/Ipsos polls (6116 respondents) conducted shortly before and after the ... more ABSTRACT Data from Reuters/Ipsos polls (6116 respondents) conducted shortly before and after the 2016 presidential election (from 4 to 17 November 2016) were used to test whether: (1) women and men differed in favorability toward Hillary Clinton versus Donald Trump, (2) sexism (either hostile or benevolent) predicted favorability ratings toward each candidate. Overall, men and women rated Clinton similarly, but men favored Trump significantly more than women did. Hostile sexist attitudes were second only to general political orientation in predicting positive attitudes toward Trump; however, hostile sexism predicted disfavoring Clinton only among women and not among men. By contrast, benevolent sexism weakly, but significantly predicted greater favorability toward Clinton but was unrelated to Trump favorability ratings. Thus, hostile sexist attitudes among voters significantly helped Trump, whereas benevolent sexism yielded only a weak protective effect toward Clinton.

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Two studies examine whether the workplace motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus are better conc... more Two studies examine whether the workplace motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus are better conceived, respectively, as a caregiver penalty and breadwinner bonus. Participants acting as employers structured offers for married female or male job candidates with children. In Study 1, participants assumed “mother = caregiver” and “father = breadwinner.” These assumptions moderated significantly higher salary offers to fathers and more (explicitly career-dampening) flexible schedules to mothers. Study 2 manipulated family roles (nonparent, parent-unspecified role, parent-breadwinner, and parent-caregiver). Supporting a breadwinner bonus, the female candidate fared best in salary and leadership training offers when labeled a breadwinner (vs. caregiver and unspecified role), equaling a male breadwinner’s offer. A caregiver penalty decreased salary for caregivers of both sexes and leadership training for women (compared to breadwinners) but not men. Thus, the motherhood penalty can become...

Social Psychology, 2015

. We investigated how men’s masculine identification and ambivalent sexism relate to evaluations ... more . We investigated how men’s masculine identification and ambivalent sexism relate to evaluations of male and female subtypes. Masculine identification correlated with positive attitudes toward male and female types that conform to traditional gender norms (i.e., masculine men, feminine women), but negative attitudes toward feminine men. However, masculine identification was not associated with negative evaluations toward other nontraditional male (stay-at-home fathers, feminist men) or with nontraditional female (masculine women, career women, and feminist women) subtypes. By contrast, hostile sexism consistently predicted negative evaluations of nontraditional female and male types, whereas benevolent sexism predicted positive evaluations of traditional female types. We suggest that masculine identification generally promotes favoritism toward traditional male and (like benevolent sexism) traditional female subtypes, rather than (as hostile sexism does) derogation toward nontraditional subtypes.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Sexism and stereotypes in modern society: The gender science of Janet Taylor Spence., 1999

Abstract 1. The questions the authors address in this chapter can be traced over two decades of w... more Abstract 1. The questions the authors address in this chapter can be traced over two decades of work by JT Spence and her colleagues. More than any other single researcher, Spence has sought to establish the content of beliefs about women, to determine whether ...

Beyond Common Sense, 2007

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2012

Abstract Backlash refers to social and economic penalties for counterstereotypical behavior ( Rud... more Abstract Backlash refers to social and economic penalties for counterstereotypical behavior ( Rudman, 1998 ). By penalizing vanguards (atypical role models), backlash reinforces cultural stereotypes as normative rules. We present the Backlash and Stereotype Maintenance Model (BSMM), supported by studies of gender and racial vanguards ( Phelan and Rudman, 2010a , Phelan and Rudman, 2010b , Rudman and Fairchild, 2004 ). The BSSM illuminates when and why backlash occurs, as well as its effects on potential targets. We provide evidence for the Status Incongruity Hypothesis, which posits that targets who violate status expectations are especially likely to suffer backlash because system-justification motives play a key role in backlash ( Moss-Racusin et al., 2010 , Rudman et al., 2012 ). The Backlash Avoidance Model describes how fear of backlash not only limits people's aspirations but also undermines their performance in atypical domains ( Moss-Racusin, 2011 , Moss-Racusin and Rudman, 2010 ). Finally, we discuss how advances in backlash theory might guide future research.

Understanding Cognition, Intergroup Relations, and Culture, 2005

Journal of Social Issues, 2014

Sexism differs from other prejudices due to intimate interdependence between the sexes, requiring... more Sexism differs from other prejudices due to intimate interdependence between the sexes, requiring gender-specific research on effective ways to confront sexist behavior. Two central themes emerge from the current issue: (i) who can confront sexism successfully and (ii) how organizations and leaders should intervene. The burden to confront often falls on female targets, who experience social costs for doing so, especially when perpetrators have greater power. Targets therefore need allies, including men, who are not perceived as having self-interested motives for confronting. Organizations—through leaders and policies—represent the most important and effective allies. Organizational priorities can determine whether female targets suffer in silence or are empowered to confront. Fortunately, there is increasing popular interest, both among women and organizations, to address barriers to women's advancement. This special issue represents an important first step, outlining promising strategies for confronting sexism.

Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, 2007

Encyclopedia of Power, 2011

On the Nature of Prejudice, 2005

Explaining the Breakdown of Ethnic Relations, 2008

On the Nature of Prejudice, 2005

Social Psychology, 2010

Two studies examined how ambivalent gender ideologies, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventor... more Two studies examined how ambivalent gender ideologies, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (AMI), relate to the perceived legitimacy and stability of gender hierarchy. Study 1 showed simple correlations of each ASI and AMI subscale with the perceived legitimacy of gender hierarchy, but only Hostility Toward Men (HM: A traditional, but unflattering view of men as domineering) predicted the perceived stability of gender hierarchy. In Study 2, experimentally priming HM (but not other gender ideologies) increased perceptions of the stability of gender hierarchy. Although HM derides men for acting in a domineering manner, it characterizes men as designed for dominance. By reinforcing the perceived stability of gender hierarchy, HM may undermine women’s motivation to seek change.

Politics, Groups, and Identities

ABSTRACT Data from Reuters/Ipsos polls (6116 respondents) conducted shortly before and after the ... more ABSTRACT Data from Reuters/Ipsos polls (6116 respondents) conducted shortly before and after the 2016 presidential election (from 4 to 17 November 2016) were used to test whether: (1) women and men differed in favorability toward Hillary Clinton versus Donald Trump, (2) sexism (either hostile or benevolent) predicted favorability ratings toward each candidate. Overall, men and women rated Clinton similarly, but men favored Trump significantly more than women did. Hostile sexist attitudes were second only to general political orientation in predicting positive attitudes toward Trump; however, hostile sexism predicted disfavoring Clinton only among women and not among men. By contrast, benevolent sexism weakly, but significantly predicted greater favorability toward Clinton but was unrelated to Trump favorability ratings. Thus, hostile sexist attitudes among voters significantly helped Trump, whereas benevolent sexism yielded only a weak protective effect toward Clinton.

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Two studies examine whether the workplace motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus are better conc... more Two studies examine whether the workplace motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus are better conceived, respectively, as a caregiver penalty and breadwinner bonus. Participants acting as employers structured offers for married female or male job candidates with children. In Study 1, participants assumed “mother = caregiver” and “father = breadwinner.” These assumptions moderated significantly higher salary offers to fathers and more (explicitly career-dampening) flexible schedules to mothers. Study 2 manipulated family roles (nonparent, parent-unspecified role, parent-breadwinner, and parent-caregiver). Supporting a breadwinner bonus, the female candidate fared best in salary and leadership training offers when labeled a breadwinner (vs. caregiver and unspecified role), equaling a male breadwinner’s offer. A caregiver penalty decreased salary for caregivers of both sexes and leadership training for women (compared to breadwinners) but not men. Thus, the motherhood penalty can become...

Social Psychology, 2015

. We investigated how men’s masculine identification and ambivalent sexism relate to evaluations ... more . We investigated how men’s masculine identification and ambivalent sexism relate to evaluations of male and female subtypes. Masculine identification correlated with positive attitudes toward male and female types that conform to traditional gender norms (i.e., masculine men, feminine women), but negative attitudes toward feminine men. However, masculine identification was not associated with negative evaluations toward other nontraditional male (stay-at-home fathers, feminist men) or with nontraditional female (masculine women, career women, and feminist women) subtypes. By contrast, hostile sexism consistently predicted negative evaluations of nontraditional female and male types, whereas benevolent sexism predicted positive evaluations of traditional female types. We suggest that masculine identification generally promotes favoritism toward traditional male and (like benevolent sexism) traditional female subtypes, rather than (as hostile sexism does) derogation toward nontraditional subtypes.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Sexism and stereotypes in modern society: The gender science of Janet Taylor Spence., 1999

Abstract 1. The questions the authors address in this chapter can be traced over two decades of w... more Abstract 1. The questions the authors address in this chapter can be traced over two decades of work by JT Spence and her colleagues. More than any other single researcher, Spence has sought to establish the content of beliefs about women, to determine whether ...

Beyond Common Sense, 2007

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2012

Abstract Backlash refers to social and economic penalties for counterstereotypical behavior ( Rud... more Abstract Backlash refers to social and economic penalties for counterstereotypical behavior ( Rudman, 1998 ). By penalizing vanguards (atypical role models), backlash reinforces cultural stereotypes as normative rules. We present the Backlash and Stereotype Maintenance Model (BSMM), supported by studies of gender and racial vanguards ( Phelan and Rudman, 2010a , Phelan and Rudman, 2010b , Rudman and Fairchild, 2004 ). The BSSM illuminates when and why backlash occurs, as well as its effects on potential targets. We provide evidence for the Status Incongruity Hypothesis, which posits that targets who violate status expectations are especially likely to suffer backlash because system-justification motives play a key role in backlash ( Moss-Racusin et al., 2010 , Rudman et al., 2012 ). The Backlash Avoidance Model describes how fear of backlash not only limits people's aspirations but also undermines their performance in atypical domains ( Moss-Racusin, 2011 , Moss-Racusin and Rudman, 2010 ). Finally, we discuss how advances in backlash theory might guide future research.

Understanding Cognition, Intergroup Relations, and Culture, 2005

Journal of Social Issues, 2014

Sexism differs from other prejudices due to intimate interdependence between the sexes, requiring... more Sexism differs from other prejudices due to intimate interdependence between the sexes, requiring gender-specific research on effective ways to confront sexist behavior. Two central themes emerge from the current issue: (i) who can confront sexism successfully and (ii) how organizations and leaders should intervene. The burden to confront often falls on female targets, who experience social costs for doing so, especially when perpetrators have greater power. Targets therefore need allies, including men, who are not perceived as having self-interested motives for confronting. Organizations—through leaders and policies—represent the most important and effective allies. Organizational priorities can determine whether female targets suffer in silence or are empowered to confront. Fortunately, there is increasing popular interest, both among women and organizations, to address barriers to women's advancement. This special issue represents an important first step, outlining promising strategies for confronting sexism.

Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, 2007

Encyclopedia of Power, 2011

On the Nature of Prejudice, 2005

Explaining the Breakdown of Ethnic Relations, 2008

On the Nature of Prejudice, 2005

Social Psychology, 2010

Two studies examined how ambivalent gender ideologies, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventor... more Two studies examined how ambivalent gender ideologies, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (AMI), relate to the perceived legitimacy and stability of gender hierarchy. Study 1 showed simple correlations of each ASI and AMI subscale with the perceived legitimacy of gender hierarchy, but only Hostility Toward Men (HM: A traditional, but unflattering view of men as domineering) predicted the perceived stability of gender hierarchy. In Study 2, experimentally priming HM (but not other gender ideologies) increased perceptions of the stability of gender hierarchy. Although HM derides men for acting in a domineering manner, it characterizes men as designed for dominance. By reinforcing the perceived stability of gender hierarchy, HM may undermine women’s motivation to seek change.