Gloria C Moreno A - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Gloria C Moreno A

The use of serious games, virtual patients, and other forms of digital learning technologies are ... more The use of serious games, virtual patients, and other forms of digital learning technologies are starting to emerge in dentistry schools around the world. However, because of their novelty, there is still a need for literature discussing the different challenges of computer-supported education in this field. This paper presents the design, development, and pilot validation of a serious game for the development of diagnostic skills in dentistry students. Called RealTeeth, this game puts the student in a job interview context and asks him to diagnose 10 endondontic cases. Each case allows the student to follow 5 different diagnostic routes with different information and resources. At the end of the 10 cases, the student will receive a job offer in accordance with his or her performance on the cases. This game was tested with a cohort of student of the pre-clinic course of endodontics in the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia. The results of this pilot validation were...

Revista Estomatología, 2017

Summary: Introduction: different factors participate in the pathogenesis ofperiodontal diseases. ... more Summary: Introduction: different factors participate in the pathogenesis ofperiodontal diseases. One factor is the interaction between the fibroblasts and derived productsfrom the microorganisms found in the periodontal environment. Objective: In this work, cultures ofhuman gingival fibroblasts from a healthy donor were used to characterize the in vitro responses tobacterial lipopolysaccharide. Methods: the proliferative response was evaluated using cell count andexpression of CD14 was assessed by flow cytometry. Results: after 24 hours of culture an increase inthe cell number was detected in cultures treated with 1.0 mg/mL LPS, but these differences were notstatistically significant. Human gingival fibroblasts express CD14, but its expression decreases incells cultivated after a short period of time. Nevertheless, lipopolysaccharide helps to recover theexpression of CD14 in fibroblast after 24 hours of culture. Conclusion: preliminary result suggeststhat expression of CD14 on gingi...

Universitas Odontologica, 2010

Rev Fed Odontol Colomb, Oct 1, 2002

Resumo: La capsaicina es un vanilloide natural que controla la inflamación neurogénica disminuyen... more Resumo: La capsaicina es un vanilloide natural que controla la inflamación neurogénica disminuyendo los neuropeptidos en la sinapsis neuronal. Nosotros determinamos el efecto de la capsaicina sobre la proliferación y el ciclo celular de fibroblastos pulpares humanos ...

Revista de la Federación Odontológica Colombiana

La capsaicina es un alcaloide natural, que permite el control de la inflamación neurogénica al di... more La capsaicina es un alcaloide natural, que permite el control de la inflamación neurogénica al disminuir los niveles de neuropéptidos como la SP y el CGRP, por lo que podría llegar a ser considerada, una herramienta farmacológica para el manejo terapéutico de la inflamación pulpar. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar el efecto de la capsaicina sobre el ciclo celular de fibroblastos pulpares humanos (FPH) en cultivo, pensando en el potencial de esta célula en los procesos de reparación pulpar. Utilizando citometría de flujo y una marcación con Yoduro de propidio , se obtuvo una distribución porcentual del número de FPH, de acuerdo con la fase del ciclo celular, después de la estimulación con capsaicina 10-4M, 10-8M y 10-16M, a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas. Se encontró que el efecto de la capsaicina sobre los FPH en cultivo, depende de la dosis y el tiempo. El mayor porcentaje de células en proceso de división celular entre las 24 y las 96 horas, se logró con capsaici...

Acta odontológica latinoamericana : AOL, 2015

Dental caries is an infectious disease which still constitutes a public health concern. It begins... more Dental caries is an infectious disease which still constitutes a public health concern. It begins at an early age and is caused mainly Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The aim of this study was to characterize the salivary humor immune response to S. mutans proteins in patients with caries, with history of caries and without caries, in order to determine which S. mutans proteins participate in the immunological response in subjects with different caries experience. Saliva was collected by spontaneous salivation for 5 minutes from 60 subjects aged 18 to 30 years, classified according to their caries experience as: without caries (Group I), with active caries (Group II) and with history of caries (Group III). The antigens derived from S. mutans by sonication were recognized by salivary IgA and IgG by Western Blot. The results showed that all the individuals studied recognized S. mutans proteins with molecular weights in the range of 8 to 191 kDa, with similar recognition profiles for...

Journal of endodontics, 2008

The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of v... more The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of viable alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages (AAMø) CD163+ positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPr) within the total AAMø population in human dental pulp. Pulp tissue samples were collected from teeth with a clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis (n = 13), pulps with induced inflammation (n = 13), and normal pulps (n = 13). All samples were labeled to identify positive cells for CGRPr and CD163 using a flow cytometry assay. Results demonstrated that a high percentage of total viable AAMø CD163+ expressed CGRPr on their membranes (72.12% in healthy pulp, 62.20% in irreversible pulpitis, and 58.01% in induced pulpitis). Significant differences were found between mean AAMø CD163+ fluorescence for CGRPr according to pulp condition, being greater in irreversible pulpitis. It can be concluded that AAMø CD163+ are expressed during normal and inflammatory process...

Journal of Endodontics, 2006

International Endodontic Journal, 2007

Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing substance P (SP) receptor expression in human pul... more Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing substance P (SP) receptor expression in human pulp tissue samples collected from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, healthy pulps and teeth with induced inflammation. Methodology Five pulp samples were obtained from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis. Another 10 pulp samples were obtained from healthy premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic purposes. In five of these premolars inflammation was induced prior to pulp collection. All of the samples were processed and labelled with 125 I-SP. Binding sites were identified by 125 I-SP and standard SP competition assays. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (post-hoc) tests were used to establish statistically significant differences between the groups. Results Substance P receptor expression was found in all human pulp tissue samples. Most receptors were found in the group of pulps from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, followed by the group of pulps having induced inflammation. The least number of receptors was expressed in the group of healthy pulps. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the group of healthy pulp and both inflamed pulp groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion Substance P receptor expression in human pulp tissue is significantly increased during inflammatory phenomena such as acute irreversible pulpitis.

International Endodontic Journal, 2005

Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor e... more Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor expression in human pulp tissue samples collected from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, healthy pulps and teeth with induced inflammation. Methodology Six pulp samples were obtained from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis. Another eight pulp samples were obtained from healthy premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic purposes. In four of these premolars, inflammation was induced prior to pulp collection. All the samples were processed and labelled with 125 I-CGRP. Binding sites were identified by 125 I-CGRP and standard CGRP competition assays. Results CGRP receptor expression was found in all human pulp tissue samples. Most receptors were found in the group of pulps from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, followed by the group of pulps having induced inflammation. The least number of receptors was expressed in the group of healthy pulps. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (post-hoc) tests showed statistically significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion CGRP receptor expression in human pulp tissue is significantly increased during inflammatory phenomena such as acute irreversible pulpitis.

International Endodontic Journal, 2007

International Endodontic Journal, 2007

Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for evaluating whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) rece... more Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for evaluating whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors are present in chronic periapical lesions and to determine whether differences in its expression are found according to the size of the lesions. Methodology Twelve periapical lesions were obtained from teeth diagnosed with chronic apical periodontitis and indicated for endodontic surgery; they were classified according to the size of the lesion in two groups of six samples (lesion size greater or smaller than 5 mm), and then processed and labelled with 125 I-VIP. Binding sites were identified by 125 I-VIP and standard VIP competition assays. Mann-Whitney's test was used to establish statistically significant differences in the VIP receptor expression between groups. Results Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor expression was found in all periapical lesion samples. There was a statistically significantly higher expression in periapical lesions <5 mm (P < 0.001). Conclusion Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors were expressed in chronic periapical lesions with levels inversely proportional to lesion size.

Universitas …, 2010

CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y BIOINFORMÁTICA Efecto de la Calendula officinalis en la prolife... more CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y BIOINFORMÁTICA Efecto de la Calendula officinalis en la proliferación del fibroblasto gingival humano Effect of Calendula officinalis on the Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblast Trabajo de grado de los tres primeros autores para optar al título de odontólogos, Pontificia

Journal of …, 2008

The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of v... more The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of viable alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages (AAMø) CD163+ positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPr) within the total AAMø population in human dental ...

Journal of …, 2006

Understanding pulp repair and regeneration requires being familiar with this tissue's behavi... more Understanding pulp repair and regeneration requires being familiar with this tissue's behavior under extreme conditions, such as postmortem state where an abrupt interruption of tissue blood supply occurs. The purpose of this study was to quantify cell viability and the amount of ...

Journal of …, 2004

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in cell proliferation and differenti... more Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to use a radioreceptor assay to evaluate whether IGF-1 receptors are present in human pulp and to determine whether differences in its ...

UstaSalud, 2018

Determinar la capacidad de difusión del ión calcio a través de la dentina radicular usando cuatro... more Determinar la capacidad de difusión del ión calcio a través de la dentina radicular usando cuatro tipos de vehículos: Anestesia, hidróxido de calcio líquido Calcifar®, glicerina y polietilenglicol. Materiales y métodos: Se agruparon al azar, veinte dientes obturados con pasta preparada de hidróxido de calcio mezclado con hidróxido de calcio líquido, Calcifar®, 20 con anestesia, 20 con glicerina, 20 con polietilenglicol, 5 con Ultracal® (control positivo) y 5 sin procedimiento alguno. Los dientes fueron decoronados, se prepararon con la técnica de preparación biomecánica Crown-Down EDTA (RCprep) y se irrigaron con hipoclorito de sodio(NaOCI) al 5.25%. Se secaron con puntas de papel y se obturaron con pasta de hidróxido de calcio preparada. Luego fueron sumergidos en 2 mi de agua destilada estéril para realizar medidas de la concentración del ión calcio con el método calorimétrico, utilizando un Espectrofotómetro en diferentes períodos de tiempo: a los 1, 5, 15 y 30 días. Resultados: El mayor grado de difusión del ión calcio se obtuvo, el primer día, con anestesia difundiendo 39.6 mg/dl; en las comparaciones efectuadas entre períodos de tiempo con relación al vehículo, el grupo de anestesia 39.6mg/dl ± 26.4, hidróxido de calcio líquido Calcifar® 2.4mg/dl ± 41.3 y glicerina 37.Smg/dl ± 36.9. La difusión disminuyó significativamente a partir del quinto día. En todos los períodos de tiempo el vehículo que presentó mayor liberación de ión calcio fue la anestesia y la menor liberación fue dada por el polietilenglicol siendo constante durante los tiempos analizados. Conclusiones: El mejor vehículo para la liberación del hidróxido de calcio fue la anestesia. Los vehículos viscosos demostraron mantener constante la liberación de los iones calcio en todos los tiempos. [Becerra L, Becerra P, Moreno GC. Capacidad de difusión del ión calcio a través de la dentina radicular utilizando cuatro tipos de vehículos: Anestesia, hidróxido de calcio líquido Calcifar®,

The use of serious games, virtual patients, and other forms of digital learning technologies are ... more The use of serious games, virtual patients, and other forms of digital learning technologies are starting to emerge in dentistry schools around the world. However, because of their novelty, there is still a need for literature discussing the different challenges of computer-supported education in this field. This paper presents the design, development, and pilot validation of a serious game for the development of diagnostic skills in dentistry students. Called RealTeeth, this game puts the student in a job interview context and asks him to diagnose 10 endondontic cases. Each case allows the student to follow 5 different diagnostic routes with different information and resources. At the end of the 10 cases, the student will receive a job offer in accordance with his or her performance on the cases. This game was tested with a cohort of student of the pre-clinic course of endodontics in the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia. The results of this pilot validation were...

Revista Estomatología, 2017

Summary: Introduction: different factors participate in the pathogenesis ofperiodontal diseases. ... more Summary: Introduction: different factors participate in the pathogenesis ofperiodontal diseases. One factor is the interaction between the fibroblasts and derived productsfrom the microorganisms found in the periodontal environment. Objective: In this work, cultures ofhuman gingival fibroblasts from a healthy donor were used to characterize the in vitro responses tobacterial lipopolysaccharide. Methods: the proliferative response was evaluated using cell count andexpression of CD14 was assessed by flow cytometry. Results: after 24 hours of culture an increase inthe cell number was detected in cultures treated with 1.0 mg/mL LPS, but these differences were notstatistically significant. Human gingival fibroblasts express CD14, but its expression decreases incells cultivated after a short period of time. Nevertheless, lipopolysaccharide helps to recover theexpression of CD14 in fibroblast after 24 hours of culture. Conclusion: preliminary result suggeststhat expression of CD14 on gingi...

Universitas Odontologica, 2010

Rev Fed Odontol Colomb, Oct 1, 2002

Resumo: La capsaicina es un vanilloide natural que controla la inflamación neurogénica disminuyen... more Resumo: La capsaicina es un vanilloide natural que controla la inflamación neurogénica disminuyendo los neuropeptidos en la sinapsis neuronal. Nosotros determinamos el efecto de la capsaicina sobre la proliferación y el ciclo celular de fibroblastos pulpares humanos ...

Revista de la Federación Odontológica Colombiana

La capsaicina es un alcaloide natural, que permite el control de la inflamación neurogénica al di... more La capsaicina es un alcaloide natural, que permite el control de la inflamación neurogénica al disminuir los niveles de neuropéptidos como la SP y el CGRP, por lo que podría llegar a ser considerada, una herramienta farmacológica para el manejo terapéutico de la inflamación pulpar. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar el efecto de la capsaicina sobre el ciclo celular de fibroblastos pulpares humanos (FPH) en cultivo, pensando en el potencial de esta célula en los procesos de reparación pulpar. Utilizando citometría de flujo y una marcación con Yoduro de propidio , se obtuvo una distribución porcentual del número de FPH, de acuerdo con la fase del ciclo celular, después de la estimulación con capsaicina 10-4M, 10-8M y 10-16M, a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas. Se encontró que el efecto de la capsaicina sobre los FPH en cultivo, depende de la dosis y el tiempo. El mayor porcentaje de células en proceso de división celular entre las 24 y las 96 horas, se logró con capsaici...

Acta odontológica latinoamericana : AOL, 2015

Dental caries is an infectious disease which still constitutes a public health concern. It begins... more Dental caries is an infectious disease which still constitutes a public health concern. It begins at an early age and is caused mainly Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The aim of this study was to characterize the salivary humor immune response to S. mutans proteins in patients with caries, with history of caries and without caries, in order to determine which S. mutans proteins participate in the immunological response in subjects with different caries experience. Saliva was collected by spontaneous salivation for 5 minutes from 60 subjects aged 18 to 30 years, classified according to their caries experience as: without caries (Group I), with active caries (Group II) and with history of caries (Group III). The antigens derived from S. mutans by sonication were recognized by salivary IgA and IgG by Western Blot. The results showed that all the individuals studied recognized S. mutans proteins with molecular weights in the range of 8 to 191 kDa, with similar recognition profiles for...

Journal of endodontics, 2008

The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of v... more The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of viable alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages (AAMø) CD163+ positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPr) within the total AAMø population in human dental pulp. Pulp tissue samples were collected from teeth with a clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis (n = 13), pulps with induced inflammation (n = 13), and normal pulps (n = 13). All samples were labeled to identify positive cells for CGRPr and CD163 using a flow cytometry assay. Results demonstrated that a high percentage of total viable AAMø CD163+ expressed CGRPr on their membranes (72.12% in healthy pulp, 62.20% in irreversible pulpitis, and 58.01% in induced pulpitis). Significant differences were found between mean AAMø CD163+ fluorescence for CGRPr according to pulp condition, being greater in irreversible pulpitis. It can be concluded that AAMø CD163+ are expressed during normal and inflammatory process...

Journal of Endodontics, 2006

International Endodontic Journal, 2007

Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing substance P (SP) receptor expression in human pul... more Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing substance P (SP) receptor expression in human pulp tissue samples collected from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, healthy pulps and teeth with induced inflammation. Methodology Five pulp samples were obtained from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis. Another 10 pulp samples were obtained from healthy premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic purposes. In five of these premolars inflammation was induced prior to pulp collection. All of the samples were processed and labelled with 125 I-SP. Binding sites were identified by 125 I-SP and standard SP competition assays. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (post-hoc) tests were used to establish statistically significant differences between the groups. Results Substance P receptor expression was found in all human pulp tissue samples. Most receptors were found in the group of pulps from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, followed by the group of pulps having induced inflammation. The least number of receptors was expressed in the group of healthy pulps. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the group of healthy pulp and both inflamed pulp groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion Substance P receptor expression in human pulp tissue is significantly increased during inflammatory phenomena such as acute irreversible pulpitis.

International Endodontic Journal, 2005

Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor e... more Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor expression in human pulp tissue samples collected from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, healthy pulps and teeth with induced inflammation. Methodology Six pulp samples were obtained from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis. Another eight pulp samples were obtained from healthy premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic purposes. In four of these premolars, inflammation was induced prior to pulp collection. All the samples were processed and labelled with 125 I-CGRP. Binding sites were identified by 125 I-CGRP and standard CGRP competition assays. Results CGRP receptor expression was found in all human pulp tissue samples. Most receptors were found in the group of pulps from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, followed by the group of pulps having induced inflammation. The least number of receptors was expressed in the group of healthy pulps. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (post-hoc) tests showed statistically significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion CGRP receptor expression in human pulp tissue is significantly increased during inflammatory phenomena such as acute irreversible pulpitis.

International Endodontic Journal, 2007

International Endodontic Journal, 2007

Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for evaluating whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) rece... more Aim To use radioreceptor analysis for evaluating whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors are present in chronic periapical lesions and to determine whether differences in its expression are found according to the size of the lesions. Methodology Twelve periapical lesions were obtained from teeth diagnosed with chronic apical periodontitis and indicated for endodontic surgery; they were classified according to the size of the lesion in two groups of six samples (lesion size greater or smaller than 5 mm), and then processed and labelled with 125 I-VIP. Binding sites were identified by 125 I-VIP and standard VIP competition assays. Mann-Whitney's test was used to establish statistically significant differences in the VIP receptor expression between groups. Results Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor expression was found in all periapical lesion samples. There was a statistically significantly higher expression in periapical lesions <5 mm (P < 0.001). Conclusion Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors were expressed in chronic periapical lesions with levels inversely proportional to lesion size.

Universitas …, 2010

CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y BIOINFORMÁTICA Efecto de la Calendula officinalis en la prolife... more CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y BIOINFORMÁTICA Efecto de la Calendula officinalis en la proliferación del fibroblasto gingival humano Effect of Calendula officinalis on the Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblast Trabajo de grado de los tres primeros autores para optar al título de odontólogos, Pontificia

Journal of …, 2008

The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of v... more The purpose of this study was to quantify the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of viable alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages (AAMø) CD163+ positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPr) within the total AAMø population in human dental ...

Journal of …, 2006

Understanding pulp repair and regeneration requires being familiar with this tissue's behavi... more Understanding pulp repair and regeneration requires being familiar with this tissue's behavior under extreme conditions, such as postmortem state where an abrupt interruption of tissue blood supply occurs. The purpose of this study was to quantify cell viability and the amount of ...

Journal of …, 2004

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in cell proliferation and differenti... more Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to use a radioreceptor assay to evaluate whether IGF-1 receptors are present in human pulp and to determine whether differences in its ...

UstaSalud, 2018

Determinar la capacidad de difusión del ión calcio a través de la dentina radicular usando cuatro... more Determinar la capacidad de difusión del ión calcio a través de la dentina radicular usando cuatro tipos de vehículos: Anestesia, hidróxido de calcio líquido Calcifar®, glicerina y polietilenglicol. Materiales y métodos: Se agruparon al azar, veinte dientes obturados con pasta preparada de hidróxido de calcio mezclado con hidróxido de calcio líquido, Calcifar®, 20 con anestesia, 20 con glicerina, 20 con polietilenglicol, 5 con Ultracal® (control positivo) y 5 sin procedimiento alguno. Los dientes fueron decoronados, se prepararon con la técnica de preparación biomecánica Crown-Down EDTA (RCprep) y se irrigaron con hipoclorito de sodio(NaOCI) al 5.25%. Se secaron con puntas de papel y se obturaron con pasta de hidróxido de calcio preparada. Luego fueron sumergidos en 2 mi de agua destilada estéril para realizar medidas de la concentración del ión calcio con el método calorimétrico, utilizando un Espectrofotómetro en diferentes períodos de tiempo: a los 1, 5, 15 y 30 días. Resultados: El mayor grado de difusión del ión calcio se obtuvo, el primer día, con anestesia difundiendo 39.6 mg/dl; en las comparaciones efectuadas entre períodos de tiempo con relación al vehículo, el grupo de anestesia 39.6mg/dl ± 26.4, hidróxido de calcio líquido Calcifar® 2.4mg/dl ± 41.3 y glicerina 37.Smg/dl ± 36.9. La difusión disminuyó significativamente a partir del quinto día. En todos los períodos de tiempo el vehículo que presentó mayor liberación de ión calcio fue la anestesia y la menor liberación fue dada por el polietilenglicol siendo constante durante los tiempos analizados. Conclusiones: El mejor vehículo para la liberación del hidróxido de calcio fue la anestesia. Los vehículos viscosos demostraron mantener constante la liberación de los iones calcio en todos los tiempos. [Becerra L, Becerra P, Moreno GC. Capacidad de difusión del ión calcio a través de la dentina radicular utilizando cuatro tipos de vehículos: Anestesia, hidróxido de calcio líquido Calcifar®,