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Papers by Godwin Egwu

Journal of American Science, 2011

... [Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Yaqub Ahmed Geidam, Godwin Onyeamaechi Egwu. ... as an animal disease, its... more ... [Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Yaqub Ahmed Geidam, Godwin Onyeamaechi Egwu. ... as an animal disease, its effect on animal production and human health only became apparent at the turn of the century with the development of livestock industry in Europe and America (de Kantor and ...

Veterinary Research Communications, 1992

The presence of cholinesterase in tissues and biological fluids of various animal species was des... more The presence of cholinesterase in tissues and biological fluids of various animal species was described by Augustinsson (1948). However, no standardized method of expressing chofinesterase activity has yet been established, and variable results are obtained when values obtained by different methods are compared (La Motta et al., 1968). The cholinesterase found in the blood has no known function (Rider et al., 1957; Ellin et al., 1973) but it may be assayed as a diagnostic tool for exposure to anticholinesterase compounds. Acute exposure to organophosphates and carbamates results in a decrease in normal red blood cells (RBC), plasma and brain cholinesterase activity (Maber and Creaby, 1960), whereas chronic exposure results in variable cholinesterase activity (Frawley et al., 1952). The normal RBC and plasma cholinesterase activities were determined in domestic fowl and guinea-fowl since there are no reports on the activities of this enzyme in these species of birds. Furthermore, the increased agricultural activities within the last decade in Nigeria have resulted in greater utilization of organophosphates and carbamates as pesticides and insecticides. Birds are raised on free range and are regularly exposed to these anticholinesterase compounds.

Veterinary Research Communications, 1991

In normal animals, the peritoneal fluid is considered to be in a state of biochemical equilibrium... more In normal animals, the peritoneal fluid is considered to be in a state of biochemical equilibrium with the intracellular fluid. Since this fluid is a dialysate of serum, its electrolyte values reflect those of serum. The serum and the peritoneal fluid are also in a state of dynamic equilibrium at the peritoneal capillary membrane. The fluid is enclosed in the sac of the peritoneum, which is a thin elastic membrane in which the visceral organs are suspended. This fluid may be tapped to assist in the diagnosis of bovine traumatic reticula-peritonitis and the assessment of postoperative recovery (Oehme, 1969), disease of the visceral organs (Coffman and Tritschler, 1972), intra-abdominal injuries (Bright, 1986) and the differential diagnosis of colic in horses (Blood et al., 1978). Although biochemical analysis (fibrin, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate-aminotransferase, cholesterol, urea and protein) of the fluid in healthy cattle and horses has been reported (Tarkiewicz et al., 1987; Santschi et al., 1988), there are no reports on the electrolyte values in the peritoneal fluid of goats. Surgical procedures involving the abdominal cavity unavoidably also involve the peritoneum. During healing, changes in the visceral and parietal peritoneum may affect the permeability of the peritoneal membrane to the body fluids and electrolytes. We therefore examined the preand post-surgical peritoneal fluid electrolyte values in Nigerian Sahelian goats.

Small Ruminant Research, 1994

The prevalence of bacterial species in each of 103 clinically unaffected and affected caprine udd... more The prevalence of bacterial species in each of 103 clinically unaffected and affected caprine udders in the Sahel zone of Nigeria was investigated. A total of 11 genera of bacteria were isolated from unaffected and affected udders. Of the 39 bacterial species isolated from the udders, Acinetobacter anitratus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus occurred significantly (P < 0.05) more often than other species in affected compared with unaffected udders. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six antibiotics tested against the significant isolates showed that tylosin had the lowest inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.10-0.39/xg/ml. Streptomycin and methicillin with MICs of 0.10-0.65 /zg/ml and 0.13-1.04/xg/mg, respectively, were lower than bacitracin oxytetracycline and cloxacillin. The need to ascertain antibiotic inhibitory concentrations against significant isolates from different geographical locations for effective chemotherapy and control of caprine mastitis are indicated.

Small Ruminant Research, 1992

Egwu, G.O., 1992. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and some bacterial s... more Egwu, G.O., 1992. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and some bacterial species causing ovine infectious kerato-conjunctivitis. Small Rumin. Res., 7: 85-92. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum mycoplasmacidal concentrations (MMCs) of six strains of Mycoplasma conjunctivae to eight antibiotics, some of which are incorporated in local and systemic preparations and used in the treatment of ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis (OIKC) were studied. Tylosin had the lowest MIC, ranging from 0.19-0.39/zg/ml and an MMC of 1.5-3.1/~g/ml, followed by oxytetracycline with an MIC of 0.78-6.2 gg/ml and an MMC of 12.5-50 #g/ml. In similar qualitative antibiotic disc sensitivity tests using the same antibiotics, performed on strains of bacteria found to be significantly associated with OIKC, variable zones of inhibition were produced by most of the antibiotics tested. It was concluded that tylosin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline look suitable for the treatment of OIKC.

Small Ruminant Research, 1992

An outbreak of infectious kerato-conjunctivitis in 25 adult ewes is reported. Mycoplasma conjunct... more An outbreak of infectious kerato-conjunctivitis in 25 adult ewes is reported. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was frequently isolated from most eyes prior to treatment. Although treatment was effective in regressing the clinical signs of the disease, there was continued and increased isolation of M. conjunctivae in all eyes (50) treated for 6 days on days 14, 44 and 74 following treatment. It is suggested that the carder animals and contact between sheep were responsible for the spread of infection with M. conjunctivae. The antibody response assayed by the Metabolism Inhibition test (MIT) showed an increase in geometric mean titre (GMT) from 51 on day 0 (first day of treatment) to 72 on day 7 after treatment and fell to 24 by day 74. The persistence and difficulty of eliminating M. conjunctivae from affected eyes after treatment is discussed.

Small Ruminant Research, 1993

In a study to reduce post-rumenotomy complications with polythene drapes, eight clinically health... more In a study to reduce post-rumenotomy complications with polythene drapes, eight clinically healthy Borno-white goats of mixed sexes, separated into two groups of four each, were used. The polythene drape was surgically attached to the rumen prior to rumenotomy incision, using continuous suture without penetrating the rumen mucosa. It was observed that the polythene drape method reduced abdominal abscesses from peritonitis, but did not affect suture lines sepsis. Also three of the four goats in group B, which had no polythene drape, showed visceral organ and visceral-to-abdominal wall adhesions compared to goats in group A. The importance of this technique is in the reduction of peritoneal contamination due to seepage of rumen contents into the peritoneal cavity, minimising post-rumenotomy complications during the healing process.

Small Ruminant Research, 2003

... MVSc Dissertation. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri. Kolo, ... more ... MVSc Dissertation. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri. Kolo, MY,Adamu, SS, 1992. Post-surgical complication following experimental intra-abdominal surgery in goats. ... 259–287, 1428–1432. Varley, H., Gowenlock, AH, Bell, M., 1980. ...

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 2009

The prevalence of antibodies (IgG) to Toxoplasma gondii among 180 adults from the Nigerian city o... more The prevalence of antibodies (IgG) to Toxoplasma gondii among 180 adults from the Nigerian city of Maiduguri was determined as 23.9%, using a commercial ELISA. Although the men investigated were more likely to be seropositive than the women, the difference was not statistically significant (27.3% v. 19.8%; P&amp;amp;gt;0.05). There was also no apparent association between educational level and seroprevalence. There was a positive correlation between the mean antibody titre and the age of the subjects, with seroprevalence highest among the subjects aged 51-60 years and lowest in the subjects aged&amp;amp;lt;21 years. Worryingly, 10 (20%) of the 50 female subjects who were of child-bearing age (15-40 years) were among those found seropositive for anti-T. gondii IgG. The mean antibody titres of the seropositive subjects ranged between 16.5 IU/ml (the threshold for positivity being 16 IU/ml) and &amp;amp;gt;1000 IU/ml. In addition to age, occupation and eating habits were also significantly associated with seropositivity. Compared with the subjects who had no pets, dog owners were twice as likely to be seropositive. The relative risks for cat and dog ownership were, however, only 0.79 and 0.69, respectively, indicating that these animals might not be the main sources of human infection with T. gondii in the study area.

Veterinaria italiana

The presence of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis in the Lake Chad Basin of Nigeria was investig... more The presence of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis in the Lake Chad Basin of Nigeria was investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgA antibodies specific to Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in vaginal mucus (n = 66). IgA antibodies specific to C. fetus subsp. venerealis were detected in 7 (11%) vaginal mucus samples. All but one of the IgA-positive samples originated from cows belonging to herds with a history of abortion and infertility which suggested an association between antibody detection and poor herd fertility. It was concluded that bovine venereal campylobacteriosis is prevalent in the Lake Chad Basin of Nigeria and its contribution to reduced reproductive performance in cattle herds may be grossly underestimated in this part of the world.

PubMed, Dec 31, 2022

This study aimed to perform molecular typing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from slaughte... more This study aimed to perform molecular typing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from slaughtered cattle in Adamawa and Taraba States, north‑eastern Nigeria. A total of four hundred and eighty (480) samples of lung tissues, nasal swabs, ear swabs and pleural fluids were collected from cattle at slaughter and processed according to standard laboratory protocols. Identification and confirmation were achieved with specific PCR and PCR‑RFLP. An overall M. mycoides subsp. mycoides isolation rate of 6.87% (33/480) was obtained. In Adamawa State, 12 (10.91%) isolates of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides came from both, lung tissues and pleural fluids. While in Taraba State, 5 (7.14%) and 4 (5.71%) isolates of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides came from lung tissues and pleural fluids, respectively. The samples from nasal and ear swabs from the study states were negative for M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Thirty‑three out of the 37 culture positive isolates were confirmed to be Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides with the production of a band equivalent to 574‑bp. Molecular typing with restriction endonuclease Vsp1 results in the two bands of 180‑bp and 380‑bp. In conclusion, the study has established an isolation rate of 6.87% for M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Measures to strengthen movement control in order to minimise the spread of this dreaded disease of cattle were recommended.

Frontiers in Virology

Hendra virus and Nipah virus are considered to be emerging viruses and cause severe zoonotic dise... more Hendra virus and Nipah virus are considered to be emerging viruses and cause severe zoonotic diseases, which occur in humans who have had close contact with horses and pigs in Australia and Asia, respectively. Both viruses belong to the genus Henipavirus. Although there are large populations of horses and pigs in northern Nigeria, no previous studies in this region have investigated henipavirus sero-surveillance in horses and pigs using the gold standard test, the serum neutralization test (SNT). A total of 536 apparently healthy horses and 508 apparently healthy pigs were sampled in northern Nigeria in 2018. Serum samples were tested for Hendra virus and Nipah virus-specific antibodies using either the Henipavirus Luminex binding assays for horses or the Hendra virus Competitive ELISA and Nipah virus Indirect ELISA for pigs as initial screening tests, followed by the confirmatory Hendra and Nipah virus SNT for both species, according to accredited protocols at the Australian Centre...

In a study to investigate the current status of inflammatory mycoplasmosis in caprine udders in N... more In a study to investigate the current status of inflammatory mycoplasmosis in caprine udders in Nigeria, a total of 57 and 24 milk samples were collected from udders of goats affected by mastitis and apparently normal healthy goats udders, respectively. Mycoplasma agalactiae and M. capriolum occurred significantly higher (P<0.05) in udders affected by mastitis than in normal healthy udders. Other mycoplasmas occurring in low prevalence include M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides L.C. A study to determine the sero-prevalence of the single most prevalent mycoplasmal species, using dot enzyme immuno-assay (dot-blot) and complement fixation test (CFT) was also conducted. Seventy does affected with mastitis and 43 apparently normal healthy does selected randomly at different stages of lactation were bled. The dot-blot detected 21 (30%) and 11 (25.6%) compared with 15 (21%) and 6 (11.4%) with CFT in udders affected by mastitis and apparently normal healthy udders, respectively. Th...

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies in dogs in Maiduguri, the capital ... more The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies in dogs in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State, Nigeria, was determined using the Latex Aagglutination Test (LAT). Antibodies (LAT titer > 1:64) to T. gondii were found in 42 (25%) of the animals examined. Antibody titers in positive dogs ranged from 1:64 (15 dogs) to1:2048 (3 dogs). There was a significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) between age groups of dogs, the prevalence being higher in dogs ≥ 3 years ( 2 = 13.73 P = 0.0002, OR 2.80 CI95% 1.28-6.13 P = 0.008). Pure Alsatians and their crosses were less likely to be seropositive (OR cross breed 0.28 CI95% 0.13-0.61 P = 0.001, OR Alsatian 0.16 CI95% 0.04-0.58 P = 0.002). The high prevalence of T. gondii infection that we found in dogs suggests a need for a larger survey to determine the national prevalence and identify possible risk factors in different agro-climatic zones. Such a study will help in formulating nation-wide control measures for toxoplasm...

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2009

A total of 1312 rectal swabs (feacal) samples were collected from apparently healthy goats across... more A total of 1312 rectal swabs (feacal) samples were collected from apparently healthy goats across Sokoto state and processed for Campylobacter organisms. 264 (20.1%) of the samples were positive and yielded 272 Campylobacter species.Campylobacter species isolated in this study were Campylobacter jejuni 169(62.1%),Campylobacter coli 58(21.3%), Campylobacter lari 24(8.8%), Campylobacter upsaliensis 13(4.8%) and Campylobacter sputorum 8(3.0%). Biotyping of the isolates indicated that C. jejuni biotype I (52.6%) and C. coli biotype II (82.8%) were the most common biotypes while all the C. lari isolates were biotype I. The isolation of Campylobacter organisms and the identification of C. jejuni biotype I and C. colibiotype II from goats in this study is a clear indication of the presence ofCampylobacter in goats in Sokoto state. Campylobacter organisms must be considered as potential agent of enteritis and abortion in goats as well as a serious public health problem. Key words: Biotype...

Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Apr 11, 2018

This study was designed to determine the effects of prolonged oral administration of aqueous leaf... more This study was designed to determine the effects of prolonged oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata Pers (Decne) on sperm concentration, sperm motility and testicular histology in Wistar rats. Rats were given graded doses (200, 400, 600 and 800 mg kg-1) of aqueous leaf extract of L. hastata orally for 28 days. Weekly changes in sperm concentration and motility as well as testicular weight and histology were monitored. Sperm concentration, motility and testicular weights did not show significant change (p>0.05) among the groups, but a significant difference (p<0.05) exist between control group and the group that had the highest dose (800 mg/kg) of L. hastata. Histopathological studies revealed marked depletion of spermatozoa in the testes and epididymis of rats that received 800 mg/kg of L. hastata. Prolonged administration of aqueous leaf extract of L. hastata at 800 mg/kg caused a reduction in total sperm concentration, sperm motility and a reduction in testicular weight in rats.

Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2018

Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) is a leading cause of death in unvaccinated and susceptible cat ... more Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) is a leading cause of death in unvaccinated and susceptible cat populations. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of FPV and associated risk factors in pet and stray cats in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted involving two hundred cats sampled randomly. Commercial test Kit FASTest® PARVO Strip® was used for the detection of FPV in the faeces of the pet and stray cats. The prevalence in pet and stray cats were 4.0% (CI =0.0204, 0.0769) and 9.5% (CI = 0.0617, 0.1436) respectively. All the apparently healthy cats did not test positive for FPV. However, the prevalence of FPV in the sick cats was 13.5% (CI = 0.0945, 0.1893). The male and female cats had prevalence of 7.0% (CI = 0.0422, 0.1141) and 6.5% (CI = 0.0384, 0.1080) respectively. Feline Panleukopenia Virus was found to be more prevalent in cats that were less than 6 months with 10% (CI = 0.0657, 0.1494) and 3.5% (CI = 0.0171, 0.0705) in cats greater than 6 months old. A strong and significant association was found (χ2 = 103.565; P < 0.0001) between age groups and the status of infection. There was a strong and significant association (χ2 = 217.768; P < 0.0001) between gender and the type of management system of these cats. The present study has demonstrated for the first time the presence of FPV in pet and stray cats in Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2016

The effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata on the contractile activity of the f... more The effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata on the contractile activity of the female uterus in rats was studied. The aqueous leaf extract was extracted with distilled water using a Soxhlet extractor and this yielded 24.1% w/w of the extract. The phytochemical study of Leptadenia hastata leaf was also determined and this revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The uterus of seven adult intact/non-pregnant virgin female rats were isolated and the effect of the extract on rat uterus was studied and measured on a kymograph. Uterine contractile activity was demonstrated by different doses of the extract. The results also show that the extract increases the length of uterine segments. It was thus concluded that the aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata has uterotonic principles which could be responsible for the oxytocic effects on the uterus and could therefore be used as an ecbolic. The identification of this phytochemical constituent would certainly be the focus of future studies.

Science Journal of Public Health, 2015

Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria, which make them resistant to β-lactam anti... more Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria, which make them resistant to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins and carbapenems. In this article, global health implications, resistance profile and treatment options were reviewed. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by enterobacteria and methicillinases produced by Staphylococci have been shown to constitute the growing strains of bacteria that confer resistances to all β-lactam agents and many non-β-lactam antimicrobials, including fluoroquinolones. Their continued detection in animal species and food products poses a great challenge to diagnosis and treatment of resulting infections, thus, emanating to serious global health implications. Although a lot of works on β-lactamases have been directed towards the search for molecules which can inhibit these enzymes, the beta-lactamase producting bacteria are not leaving any stone to chance. Investigations targeted at identifying the carriers of these enzymes and intercepting their transmission will help curb the emergence and spread of the βlactamases and their menace to public health.

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus species though opportunist pathogens, are becoming a g... more Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus species though opportunist pathogens, are becoming a global clinical problem in both human and veterinary medicine. This study was designed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of β-lactamase-producing E. coli serotypes and S. aureus strains isolated from chickens in the Maiduguri Arid zone, Nigeria. Various tissue samples from apparently healthy and diseased chickens were collected and examined for the presence of E. coli and S. aureus. Isolates were identified by relevant biochemical tests. β-lactamase-producing strains of the isolates were determined by the chromogenic cephalosporin method, using nitrocefin-impregnated sticks and cephalosporin (nitrocefin) solution. The antibiotics susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined for ten antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, tylosin, tylosin tartrate and penicillin) by the micro-broth dilution met...

Journal of American Science, 2011

... [Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Yaqub Ahmed Geidam, Godwin Onyeamaechi Egwu. ... as an animal disease, its... more ... [Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Yaqub Ahmed Geidam, Godwin Onyeamaechi Egwu. ... as an animal disease, its effect on animal production and human health only became apparent at the turn of the century with the development of livestock industry in Europe and America (de Kantor and ...

Veterinary Research Communications, 1992

The presence of cholinesterase in tissues and biological fluids of various animal species was des... more The presence of cholinesterase in tissues and biological fluids of various animal species was described by Augustinsson (1948). However, no standardized method of expressing chofinesterase activity has yet been established, and variable results are obtained when values obtained by different methods are compared (La Motta et al., 1968). The cholinesterase found in the blood has no known function (Rider et al., 1957; Ellin et al., 1973) but it may be assayed as a diagnostic tool for exposure to anticholinesterase compounds. Acute exposure to organophosphates and carbamates results in a decrease in normal red blood cells (RBC), plasma and brain cholinesterase activity (Maber and Creaby, 1960), whereas chronic exposure results in variable cholinesterase activity (Frawley et al., 1952). The normal RBC and plasma cholinesterase activities were determined in domestic fowl and guinea-fowl since there are no reports on the activities of this enzyme in these species of birds. Furthermore, the increased agricultural activities within the last decade in Nigeria have resulted in greater utilization of organophosphates and carbamates as pesticides and insecticides. Birds are raised on free range and are regularly exposed to these anticholinesterase compounds.

Veterinary Research Communications, 1991

In normal animals, the peritoneal fluid is considered to be in a state of biochemical equilibrium... more In normal animals, the peritoneal fluid is considered to be in a state of biochemical equilibrium with the intracellular fluid. Since this fluid is a dialysate of serum, its electrolyte values reflect those of serum. The serum and the peritoneal fluid are also in a state of dynamic equilibrium at the peritoneal capillary membrane. The fluid is enclosed in the sac of the peritoneum, which is a thin elastic membrane in which the visceral organs are suspended. This fluid may be tapped to assist in the diagnosis of bovine traumatic reticula-peritonitis and the assessment of postoperative recovery (Oehme, 1969), disease of the visceral organs (Coffman and Tritschler, 1972), intra-abdominal injuries (Bright, 1986) and the differential diagnosis of colic in horses (Blood et al., 1978). Although biochemical analysis (fibrin, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate-aminotransferase, cholesterol, urea and protein) of the fluid in healthy cattle and horses has been reported (Tarkiewicz et al., 1987; Santschi et al., 1988), there are no reports on the electrolyte values in the peritoneal fluid of goats. Surgical procedures involving the abdominal cavity unavoidably also involve the peritoneum. During healing, changes in the visceral and parietal peritoneum may affect the permeability of the peritoneal membrane to the body fluids and electrolytes. We therefore examined the preand post-surgical peritoneal fluid electrolyte values in Nigerian Sahelian goats.

Small Ruminant Research, 1994

The prevalence of bacterial species in each of 103 clinically unaffected and affected caprine udd... more The prevalence of bacterial species in each of 103 clinically unaffected and affected caprine udders in the Sahel zone of Nigeria was investigated. A total of 11 genera of bacteria were isolated from unaffected and affected udders. Of the 39 bacterial species isolated from the udders, Acinetobacter anitratus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus occurred significantly (P < 0.05) more often than other species in affected compared with unaffected udders. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six antibiotics tested against the significant isolates showed that tylosin had the lowest inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.10-0.39/xg/ml. Streptomycin and methicillin with MICs of 0.10-0.65 /zg/ml and 0.13-1.04/xg/mg, respectively, were lower than bacitracin oxytetracycline and cloxacillin. The need to ascertain antibiotic inhibitory concentrations against significant isolates from different geographical locations for effective chemotherapy and control of caprine mastitis are indicated.

Small Ruminant Research, 1992

Egwu, G.O., 1992. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and some bacterial s... more Egwu, G.O., 1992. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and some bacterial species causing ovine infectious kerato-conjunctivitis. Small Rumin. Res., 7: 85-92. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum mycoplasmacidal concentrations (MMCs) of six strains of Mycoplasma conjunctivae to eight antibiotics, some of which are incorporated in local and systemic preparations and used in the treatment of ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis (OIKC) were studied. Tylosin had the lowest MIC, ranging from 0.19-0.39/zg/ml and an MMC of 1.5-3.1/~g/ml, followed by oxytetracycline with an MIC of 0.78-6.2 gg/ml and an MMC of 12.5-50 #g/ml. In similar qualitative antibiotic disc sensitivity tests using the same antibiotics, performed on strains of bacteria found to be significantly associated with OIKC, variable zones of inhibition were produced by most of the antibiotics tested. It was concluded that tylosin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline look suitable for the treatment of OIKC.

Small Ruminant Research, 1992

An outbreak of infectious kerato-conjunctivitis in 25 adult ewes is reported. Mycoplasma conjunct... more An outbreak of infectious kerato-conjunctivitis in 25 adult ewes is reported. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was frequently isolated from most eyes prior to treatment. Although treatment was effective in regressing the clinical signs of the disease, there was continued and increased isolation of M. conjunctivae in all eyes (50) treated for 6 days on days 14, 44 and 74 following treatment. It is suggested that the carder animals and contact between sheep were responsible for the spread of infection with M. conjunctivae. The antibody response assayed by the Metabolism Inhibition test (MIT) showed an increase in geometric mean titre (GMT) from 51 on day 0 (first day of treatment) to 72 on day 7 after treatment and fell to 24 by day 74. The persistence and difficulty of eliminating M. conjunctivae from affected eyes after treatment is discussed.

Small Ruminant Research, 1993

In a study to reduce post-rumenotomy complications with polythene drapes, eight clinically health... more In a study to reduce post-rumenotomy complications with polythene drapes, eight clinically healthy Borno-white goats of mixed sexes, separated into two groups of four each, were used. The polythene drape was surgically attached to the rumen prior to rumenotomy incision, using continuous suture without penetrating the rumen mucosa. It was observed that the polythene drape method reduced abdominal abscesses from peritonitis, but did not affect suture lines sepsis. Also three of the four goats in group B, which had no polythene drape, showed visceral organ and visceral-to-abdominal wall adhesions compared to goats in group A. The importance of this technique is in the reduction of peritoneal contamination due to seepage of rumen contents into the peritoneal cavity, minimising post-rumenotomy complications during the healing process.

Small Ruminant Research, 2003

... MVSc Dissertation. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri. Kolo, ... more ... MVSc Dissertation. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri. Kolo, MY,Adamu, SS, 1992. Post-surgical complication following experimental intra-abdominal surgery in goats. ... 259–287, 1428–1432. Varley, H., Gowenlock, AH, Bell, M., 1980. ...

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 2009

The prevalence of antibodies (IgG) to Toxoplasma gondii among 180 adults from the Nigerian city o... more The prevalence of antibodies (IgG) to Toxoplasma gondii among 180 adults from the Nigerian city of Maiduguri was determined as 23.9%, using a commercial ELISA. Although the men investigated were more likely to be seropositive than the women, the difference was not statistically significant (27.3% v. 19.8%; P&amp;amp;gt;0.05). There was also no apparent association between educational level and seroprevalence. There was a positive correlation between the mean antibody titre and the age of the subjects, with seroprevalence highest among the subjects aged 51-60 years and lowest in the subjects aged&amp;amp;lt;21 years. Worryingly, 10 (20%) of the 50 female subjects who were of child-bearing age (15-40 years) were among those found seropositive for anti-T. gondii IgG. The mean antibody titres of the seropositive subjects ranged between 16.5 IU/ml (the threshold for positivity being 16 IU/ml) and &amp;amp;gt;1000 IU/ml. In addition to age, occupation and eating habits were also significantly associated with seropositivity. Compared with the subjects who had no pets, dog owners were twice as likely to be seropositive. The relative risks for cat and dog ownership were, however, only 0.79 and 0.69, respectively, indicating that these animals might not be the main sources of human infection with T. gondii in the study area.

Veterinaria italiana

The presence of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis in the Lake Chad Basin of Nigeria was investig... more The presence of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis in the Lake Chad Basin of Nigeria was investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgA antibodies specific to Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in vaginal mucus (n = 66). IgA antibodies specific to C. fetus subsp. venerealis were detected in 7 (11%) vaginal mucus samples. All but one of the IgA-positive samples originated from cows belonging to herds with a history of abortion and infertility which suggested an association between antibody detection and poor herd fertility. It was concluded that bovine venereal campylobacteriosis is prevalent in the Lake Chad Basin of Nigeria and its contribution to reduced reproductive performance in cattle herds may be grossly underestimated in this part of the world.

PubMed, Dec 31, 2022

This study aimed to perform molecular typing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from slaughte... more This study aimed to perform molecular typing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from slaughtered cattle in Adamawa and Taraba States, north‑eastern Nigeria. A total of four hundred and eighty (480) samples of lung tissues, nasal swabs, ear swabs and pleural fluids were collected from cattle at slaughter and processed according to standard laboratory protocols. Identification and confirmation were achieved with specific PCR and PCR‑RFLP. An overall M. mycoides subsp. mycoides isolation rate of 6.87% (33/480) was obtained. In Adamawa State, 12 (10.91%) isolates of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides came from both, lung tissues and pleural fluids. While in Taraba State, 5 (7.14%) and 4 (5.71%) isolates of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides came from lung tissues and pleural fluids, respectively. The samples from nasal and ear swabs from the study states were negative for M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Thirty‑three out of the 37 culture positive isolates were confirmed to be Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides with the production of a band equivalent to 574‑bp. Molecular typing with restriction endonuclease Vsp1 results in the two bands of 180‑bp and 380‑bp. In conclusion, the study has established an isolation rate of 6.87% for M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Measures to strengthen movement control in order to minimise the spread of this dreaded disease of cattle were recommended.

Frontiers in Virology

Hendra virus and Nipah virus are considered to be emerging viruses and cause severe zoonotic dise... more Hendra virus and Nipah virus are considered to be emerging viruses and cause severe zoonotic diseases, which occur in humans who have had close contact with horses and pigs in Australia and Asia, respectively. Both viruses belong to the genus Henipavirus. Although there are large populations of horses and pigs in northern Nigeria, no previous studies in this region have investigated henipavirus sero-surveillance in horses and pigs using the gold standard test, the serum neutralization test (SNT). A total of 536 apparently healthy horses and 508 apparently healthy pigs were sampled in northern Nigeria in 2018. Serum samples were tested for Hendra virus and Nipah virus-specific antibodies using either the Henipavirus Luminex binding assays for horses or the Hendra virus Competitive ELISA and Nipah virus Indirect ELISA for pigs as initial screening tests, followed by the confirmatory Hendra and Nipah virus SNT for both species, according to accredited protocols at the Australian Centre...

In a study to investigate the current status of inflammatory mycoplasmosis in caprine udders in N... more In a study to investigate the current status of inflammatory mycoplasmosis in caprine udders in Nigeria, a total of 57 and 24 milk samples were collected from udders of goats affected by mastitis and apparently normal healthy goats udders, respectively. Mycoplasma agalactiae and M. capriolum occurred significantly higher (P<0.05) in udders affected by mastitis than in normal healthy udders. Other mycoplasmas occurring in low prevalence include M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides L.C. A study to determine the sero-prevalence of the single most prevalent mycoplasmal species, using dot enzyme immuno-assay (dot-blot) and complement fixation test (CFT) was also conducted. Seventy does affected with mastitis and 43 apparently normal healthy does selected randomly at different stages of lactation were bled. The dot-blot detected 21 (30%) and 11 (25.6%) compared with 15 (21%) and 6 (11.4%) with CFT in udders affected by mastitis and apparently normal healthy udders, respectively. Th...

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies in dogs in Maiduguri, the capital ... more The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies in dogs in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State, Nigeria, was determined using the Latex Aagglutination Test (LAT). Antibodies (LAT titer > 1:64) to T. gondii were found in 42 (25%) of the animals examined. Antibody titers in positive dogs ranged from 1:64 (15 dogs) to1:2048 (3 dogs). There was a significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) between age groups of dogs, the prevalence being higher in dogs ≥ 3 years ( 2 = 13.73 P = 0.0002, OR 2.80 CI95% 1.28-6.13 P = 0.008). Pure Alsatians and their crosses were less likely to be seropositive (OR cross breed 0.28 CI95% 0.13-0.61 P = 0.001, OR Alsatian 0.16 CI95% 0.04-0.58 P = 0.002). The high prevalence of T. gondii infection that we found in dogs suggests a need for a larger survey to determine the national prevalence and identify possible risk factors in different agro-climatic zones. Such a study will help in formulating nation-wide control measures for toxoplasm...

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2009

A total of 1312 rectal swabs (feacal) samples were collected from apparently healthy goats across... more A total of 1312 rectal swabs (feacal) samples were collected from apparently healthy goats across Sokoto state and processed for Campylobacter organisms. 264 (20.1%) of the samples were positive and yielded 272 Campylobacter species.Campylobacter species isolated in this study were Campylobacter jejuni 169(62.1%),Campylobacter coli 58(21.3%), Campylobacter lari 24(8.8%), Campylobacter upsaliensis 13(4.8%) and Campylobacter sputorum 8(3.0%). Biotyping of the isolates indicated that C. jejuni biotype I (52.6%) and C. coli biotype II (82.8%) were the most common biotypes while all the C. lari isolates were biotype I. The isolation of Campylobacter organisms and the identification of C. jejuni biotype I and C. colibiotype II from goats in this study is a clear indication of the presence ofCampylobacter in goats in Sokoto state. Campylobacter organisms must be considered as potential agent of enteritis and abortion in goats as well as a serious public health problem. Key words: Biotype...

Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Apr 11, 2018

This study was designed to determine the effects of prolonged oral administration of aqueous leaf... more This study was designed to determine the effects of prolonged oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata Pers (Decne) on sperm concentration, sperm motility and testicular histology in Wistar rats. Rats were given graded doses (200, 400, 600 and 800 mg kg-1) of aqueous leaf extract of L. hastata orally for 28 days. Weekly changes in sperm concentration and motility as well as testicular weight and histology were monitored. Sperm concentration, motility and testicular weights did not show significant change (p>0.05) among the groups, but a significant difference (p<0.05) exist between control group and the group that had the highest dose (800 mg/kg) of L. hastata. Histopathological studies revealed marked depletion of spermatozoa in the testes and epididymis of rats that received 800 mg/kg of L. hastata. Prolonged administration of aqueous leaf extract of L. hastata at 800 mg/kg caused a reduction in total sperm concentration, sperm motility and a reduction in testicular weight in rats.

Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2018

Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) is a leading cause of death in unvaccinated and susceptible cat ... more Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) is a leading cause of death in unvaccinated and susceptible cat populations. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of FPV and associated risk factors in pet and stray cats in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted involving two hundred cats sampled randomly. Commercial test Kit FASTest® PARVO Strip® was used for the detection of FPV in the faeces of the pet and stray cats. The prevalence in pet and stray cats were 4.0% (CI =0.0204, 0.0769) and 9.5% (CI = 0.0617, 0.1436) respectively. All the apparently healthy cats did not test positive for FPV. However, the prevalence of FPV in the sick cats was 13.5% (CI = 0.0945, 0.1893). The male and female cats had prevalence of 7.0% (CI = 0.0422, 0.1141) and 6.5% (CI = 0.0384, 0.1080) respectively. Feline Panleukopenia Virus was found to be more prevalent in cats that were less than 6 months with 10% (CI = 0.0657, 0.1494) and 3.5% (CI = 0.0171, 0.0705) in cats greater than 6 months old. A strong and significant association was found (χ2 = 103.565; P < 0.0001) between age groups and the status of infection. There was a strong and significant association (χ2 = 217.768; P < 0.0001) between gender and the type of management system of these cats. The present study has demonstrated for the first time the presence of FPV in pet and stray cats in Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2016

The effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata on the contractile activity of the f... more The effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata on the contractile activity of the female uterus in rats was studied. The aqueous leaf extract was extracted with distilled water using a Soxhlet extractor and this yielded 24.1% w/w of the extract. The phytochemical study of Leptadenia hastata leaf was also determined and this revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The uterus of seven adult intact/non-pregnant virgin female rats were isolated and the effect of the extract on rat uterus was studied and measured on a kymograph. Uterine contractile activity was demonstrated by different doses of the extract. The results also show that the extract increases the length of uterine segments. It was thus concluded that the aqueous leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata has uterotonic principles which could be responsible for the oxytocic effects on the uterus and could therefore be used as an ecbolic. The identification of this phytochemical constituent would certainly be the focus of future studies.

Science Journal of Public Health, 2015

Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria, which make them resistant to β-lactam anti... more Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria, which make them resistant to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins and carbapenems. In this article, global health implications, resistance profile and treatment options were reviewed. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by enterobacteria and methicillinases produced by Staphylococci have been shown to constitute the growing strains of bacteria that confer resistances to all β-lactam agents and many non-β-lactam antimicrobials, including fluoroquinolones. Their continued detection in animal species and food products poses a great challenge to diagnosis and treatment of resulting infections, thus, emanating to serious global health implications. Although a lot of works on β-lactamases have been directed towards the search for molecules which can inhibit these enzymes, the beta-lactamase producting bacteria are not leaving any stone to chance. Investigations targeted at identifying the carriers of these enzymes and intercepting their transmission will help curb the emergence and spread of the βlactamases and their menace to public health.

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus species though opportunist pathogens, are becoming a g... more Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus species though opportunist pathogens, are becoming a global clinical problem in both human and veterinary medicine. This study was designed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of β-lactamase-producing E. coli serotypes and S. aureus strains isolated from chickens in the Maiduguri Arid zone, Nigeria. Various tissue samples from apparently healthy and diseased chickens were collected and examined for the presence of E. coli and S. aureus. Isolates were identified by relevant biochemical tests. β-lactamase-producing strains of the isolates were determined by the chromogenic cephalosporin method, using nitrocefin-impregnated sticks and cephalosporin (nitrocefin) solution. The antibiotics susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined for ten antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, tylosin, tylosin tartrate and penicillin) by the micro-broth dilution met...