Grace Gakii Muthuri - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Grace Gakii Muthuri
African journal of science, technology and social sciences, Apr 22, 2024
There is a need for a healthy and conducive learning environment, safe drinking water, and child-... more There is a need for a healthy and conducive learning environment, safe drinking water, and child-friendly sanitation facilities in the school where children spend a lot of time. The objectives of the study were to establish the use of existing types of sanitation facilities and find out the status of the existing types of sanitation facilities within primary schools concerning Kenya School Health Policy and the Safety Standards Manual for schools. To achieve its objective, the study adopted a descriptive survey design. A sample of 169 schools was selected from the 773 primary schools in Meru County using simple random sampling. Data was collected using a structured direct observation schedule. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics including mean and cross-tabulations were used. The study purposively sampled 167 primary school heads with boys and girls populations of 132,180 and 131,712 respectively. Pearson's Chi-Square test was used to determine relationships between the variables. The study revealed that 75% of the schools visited kept hygiene and had pit latrines with hand washing stations. Through observation, it was evident that 93% of the schools visited had clean environments that were free from litter. The study concluded that ratios for the sample population fell within the WHO guidelines which recommend a ratio of 25:1 for girls and 50:1 for boys' toilets. It was concluded that in 46.1 % of the sampled primary schools, pupils living with disabilities experienced challenges in accessing sanitation facilities. The study recommended schools come up with clear budg-KEYWORDS
African journal of science, technology and social sciences, Apr 22, 2024
Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is the cornerstone for health and growth at all ... more Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is the cornerstone for health and growth at all stages of life in helping to maintain health and to increase in life span. Poor sanitation has led in disease causing microorganisms such as Escherichia coli to be on the rise. Sanitation is influenced in a community by factors such as perception, behavioral and practices involved in defecation and disposal of these waste. This study aimed to identify behavioral feacal exposure pathways in the nomadic community of Turbi ward. Methods: Mixed method approach using qualitative and quantitative research methods was applied in this study to assess exposure pathways and related behavior among the nomadic community of Turbi ward. Thematic data analysis was used to analyze data generated from behavioural observations. Data was presented using graphs and pia charts. Results: A total of 100 households were sampled and about 68% (n=100) of population used surface water for domestic. Turbi manyatta had the highest with number of households that use surface water at 30% (n=100), followed by Kambi Nyoka at 16%(n=100) and the least was Shurr manyatta at 2% (n=100). Surface water was the dominant source of water for the community. About 76% (n=100) of the households did not treat their water before use for domestic purposes and due to scarcity of water the community stored water in jerricans for more than one week. About 87% of the residents reported not washing hands before milking animals. Open defecation was the predominant method of waste disposal among the five selected Manyattas, accounting for 95% (n= 100). There was significant relationship between practicing open defecation and using surface water without treatment for domestic purpose at p-value 0.032 (95% CI), using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Conclusions: The study revealed that the community have behavioral practice that exposes them to faecal exposure due to habitual practice of open defecation, throwing waste to the bush, open burning, drinking untreated surface water and not washing hands before milking animals. There is need for advocacy on social behavior change, and strategies on health promotion targeting Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Informatics in medicine unlocked, 2024
Discrete dynamics in nature and society, Mar 31, 2024
African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences
Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Poor ... more Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices are major causes of ill health and socio-economic problems, and portray a major development barrier in most developing countries. Meru County government loses 816 million shillings each year due to poor sanitation, with pit latrine coverage of 60%. Diarrhea and related illnesses account for 16% of deaths among the children below 5 years and stand second to pneumonia in Meru County. This study sought to assess the motivational determinants influencing sanitation practices in rural settlements of Tigania East Sub- County, in Meru County. A descriptive study design was used with a sample size of 150 households calculated using Fisher’s formula. Cluster sampling technique was used in categorizing Tigania East Sub-County into its respective wards and simple random sampling technique employed in selection of households from the clusters. Data was analyzed using...
Journal of Mathematical and Computational Science, 2019
The harmful use of alcohol causes a large burden with respect to diseases, social and economic pr... more The harmful use of alcohol causes a large burden with respect to diseases, social and economic problems to the society. Alcoholism is a serious problem in Kenya today. Many adults are addicted to alcohol. Mass media campaigns against alcohol acts as sources of information to halt alcohol abuse and its potential harmful effects. In this research we developed a deterministic models for alcohol abuse driven by the light and heavy drinkers taking into consideration the influence of pre-exposure to mass media campaigns. A model is developed with perfect pre-exposure campaigns. The model is analyzed through the determination of the model's steady states and it's respective stabilities analysis in terms of the alcohol abuse reproduction numbers R 0. The analysis shown that alcohol free equilibrium (AFE) was locally asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1 and unstable if R 0 > 1. Numerical simulations were carried out o determine where the campaigns should be targeted for effective control of the abuse.The results from the simulations illustrated that increase in the rate of treatment reduces the number of alcohol addicts in the community. The model was validated using data from rehabilitation centers in Kenya. The implication of the results to policy makers is that alcohol treatment should be emphasized.
Journal of advances in mathematics and computer science, Jul 9, 2023
SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide e... more SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide economy and public health. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been driven predominantly by aerosol transmissions. The objectives of this study were to formulate mathematical models on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and incorporating the effects of nonclinical strategies like screening, facemask usage, hand washing and social distancing, determine well posedness of the model, validate the developed model and finally predict the effects of nonclinical strategies on the dynamics of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya. The mathematical model was based on SIRS epidemiological classical model. In developing the model, the population was divided into six human compartments; susceptible, exposed, infected, isolated in hospital, at home and recovered. The basic reproduction number was determined using next generation method. The model was analyzed through the determination of the model steady states. The stabilities of steady states
Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science
SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide e... more SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide economy and public health. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been driven predominantly by aerosol transmissions. The objectives of this study were to formulate mathematical models on the spread of SARS –CoV-2 and incorporating the effects of nonclinical strategies like screening, facemask usage, hand washing and social distancing, determine well posedness of the model, validate the developed model and finally predict the effects of nonclinical strategies on the dynamics of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya. The mathematical model was based on SIRS epidemiological classical model. In developing the model, the population was divided into six human compartments; susceptible, exposed, infected, isolated in hospital, at home and recovered. The basic reproduction number was determined using next generation method. The model was analyzed through the determination of the model steady states. The...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Many mathematical ... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Many mathematical models for TB have been developed but not specifically for Kenya. This study develops a deterministic model based on Susceptible–Exposed–Active–Treated compartments classes. The model analyses the stability of the disease free equilibrium by analyzing the basic (R0) and control (RC) reproduction number and the endemic equilibrium point (EEP) which shows that the model is stable when RC< 1 and there exist an EEP when RC is less than one. Sensitivity analysis of the model was investigated using the partial derivatives of (RC) with respect to treatment which shows that high rate of treatment reduces the control reproduction number so is the best intervention method in Kenya.
Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2020
Aims/ Objectives: To develop a compartment based mathematical model, fit daily quarantine data fr... more Aims/ Objectives: To develop a compartment based mathematical model, fit daily quarantine data from Ministry of Health of Kenya, estimate individuals in latency and infected in general community and predict dynamics of quarantine for the next 90 days.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: 13thMarch 2020 to 30th June 2020. Methodology: The population based model was developed using status and characteristic of COVID-19 infection. Quarantine data up to 30/6/2020 was fitted using integrating and differentiating theory of odes and numerical differentiation polynomials. Parameter and state estimates was approximated using least square. Simulations were carried out using ode Matlab solver. Daily community estimates of individuals in latency and infected were obtained together with daily estimate of rate of enlisting individual to quarantine center and their proportions were summarized.Results: The results indicated that maximum infection rate was equal 0.892999 ...
Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 2018
TB is one of the leading causes of death among individuals infected with HIV/AIDS. A deterministi... more TB is one of the leading causes of death among individuals infected with HIV/AIDS. A deterministic model for HIV/TB co-infection is presented and analyzed. The analysis of the model carried out includes the reproduction number, local stability of the disease free equilibrium, unique endemic equilibrium point, bifurcation analysis and sensitivity analysis of the model. The stability of the model shows that the model is stable if R0 < 1 and unstable otherwise. The research seeks to investigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on TB infections. Numerical simulation shows that HIV infection speeds the progression from exposed to infectious/active TB. The two diseases exhibit synergistic relationship where the infection of one disease accelerates the progression of the other. The model also seeks to confirm the need of HIV testing of all TB patients. From the sensitivity analysis and simulation, treatment reduces the spread of TB in the population among the TB infected and HIV/TB infected individuals. Numerical simulation was carried out using data from Tigania West Sub County Hospital.
Journal of Life Sciences Research, Sep 22, 2014
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Asian Online Journal Publi... more This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 1. Introduction Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites which is characterized primarily by inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs or by alveoli that are filled with fluid. Bacteria and viruses are the primary causes of pneumonia. When a person breath pneumonia-causing pathogens into his lungs and the body's immune system cannot prevent entry, the organisms settle in the small air sacs called alveoli and continue to multiply. The host body sends white blood cells to attack the infection causing the sacs to be filed with fluid and pus-causing pneumonia. The people most susceptible to Pneumonia are the old, infants, the sick and those with impaired immune systems [1]. According to WHO, childhood pneumonia can be spread through inhaling viruses and bacteria, airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze, direct contact or through blood, especially during and shortly after birth. Pneumonia symptoms include cough, custy or green mucus coughed up from lungs, fever, fast breathing and shortness of breath, chills, chest pain that usually worsens when taking a deep breath , fast heartbeat, fatigue and feeling very weak, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, headache, muscle pain, confusion or delirium and dusky or purplish skin color (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood [2-4]. Childhood pneumonia is a major public health issue for Kenya. In 2008, joint report by Unicef and WHO pneumonia was described as 'forgotten killer of children' because it was the second cause of death among less than fives years, claiming equivalent to 16 % of child mortality in Kenya. According to WHO, Pneumonia can be This paper presents a deterministic model for pneumonia transmission and uses the model to assess the potential impact of therapy. The model is based on the Susceptible-Infected-Treatment-Susceptible compartmental structure with the possibility of infected individual recovering from natural immunity. Important epidemiological thresholds such as the basic and control reproduction numbers (and respectively) and a measure of treatment impact are derived. Infection free point was found to be locally stable but globally unstable. We found that if the control reproduction number is greater than unity, then there is a unique endemic equilibrium point and it is less than unity, the endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable, and pneumonia will be eliminated. Numerical simulations using Matlab software suggest that, besides the parameters that determine the basic reproduction number, natural immunity plays an important role in pneumonia transmissions and magnitude of the public health impact of therapy. Further, treatment regimens with better efficacy holds great promise for lowering the public health burden of pneumonia disease.
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021
In the present paper, we formulate a new mathematical model for the dynamics of moral corruption ... more In the present paper, we formulate a new mathematical model for the dynamics of moral corruption with comprehensive age-appropriate sexual information and provision of guidance and counselling. The population is subdivided into three (3) different compartments according to their level of information on sexual matters. The model is proved to be both epidemiologically and mathematically well posed. The existence of unique morally corrupt-free and endemic equilibrium points is investigated. The basic reproduction number with respect to morally corrupt-free equilibrium is obtained using next generation matrix approach to monitor the dynamics of corrupt morals and ascertain its level in order to suggest effective intervention strategies to control this problem. The local as well as global asymptotic stability of these equilibrium points is studied. The analysis reveals a globally asymptotically stable morally corrupt-free equilibrium whenever ℛ 0 ≤ 1 and a globally asymptotically stable ...
African journal of science, technology and social sciences, Apr 22, 2024
There is a need for a healthy and conducive learning environment, safe drinking water, and child-... more There is a need for a healthy and conducive learning environment, safe drinking water, and child-friendly sanitation facilities in the school where children spend a lot of time. The objectives of the study were to establish the use of existing types of sanitation facilities and find out the status of the existing types of sanitation facilities within primary schools concerning Kenya School Health Policy and the Safety Standards Manual for schools. To achieve its objective, the study adopted a descriptive survey design. A sample of 169 schools was selected from the 773 primary schools in Meru County using simple random sampling. Data was collected using a structured direct observation schedule. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics including mean and cross-tabulations were used. The study purposively sampled 167 primary school heads with boys and girls populations of 132,180 and 131,712 respectively. Pearson's Chi-Square test was used to determine relationships between the variables. The study revealed that 75% of the schools visited kept hygiene and had pit latrines with hand washing stations. Through observation, it was evident that 93% of the schools visited had clean environments that were free from litter. The study concluded that ratios for the sample population fell within the WHO guidelines which recommend a ratio of 25:1 for girls and 50:1 for boys' toilets. It was concluded that in 46.1 % of the sampled primary schools, pupils living with disabilities experienced challenges in accessing sanitation facilities. The study recommended schools come up with clear budg-KEYWORDS
African journal of science, technology and social sciences, Apr 22, 2024
Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is the cornerstone for health and growth at all ... more Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is the cornerstone for health and growth at all stages of life in helping to maintain health and to increase in life span. Poor sanitation has led in disease causing microorganisms such as Escherichia coli to be on the rise. Sanitation is influenced in a community by factors such as perception, behavioral and practices involved in defecation and disposal of these waste. This study aimed to identify behavioral feacal exposure pathways in the nomadic community of Turbi ward. Methods: Mixed method approach using qualitative and quantitative research methods was applied in this study to assess exposure pathways and related behavior among the nomadic community of Turbi ward. Thematic data analysis was used to analyze data generated from behavioural observations. Data was presented using graphs and pia charts. Results: A total of 100 households were sampled and about 68% (n=100) of population used surface water for domestic. Turbi manyatta had the highest with number of households that use surface water at 30% (n=100), followed by Kambi Nyoka at 16%(n=100) and the least was Shurr manyatta at 2% (n=100). Surface water was the dominant source of water for the community. About 76% (n=100) of the households did not treat their water before use for domestic purposes and due to scarcity of water the community stored water in jerricans for more than one week. About 87% of the residents reported not washing hands before milking animals. Open defecation was the predominant method of waste disposal among the five selected Manyattas, accounting for 95% (n= 100). There was significant relationship between practicing open defecation and using surface water without treatment for domestic purpose at p-value 0.032 (95% CI), using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Conclusions: The study revealed that the community have behavioral practice that exposes them to faecal exposure due to habitual practice of open defecation, throwing waste to the bush, open burning, drinking untreated surface water and not washing hands before milking animals. There is need for advocacy on social behavior change, and strategies on health promotion targeting Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Informatics in medicine unlocked, 2024
Discrete dynamics in nature and society, Mar 31, 2024
African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences
Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Poor ... more Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices are major causes of ill health and socio-economic problems, and portray a major development barrier in most developing countries. Meru County government loses 816 million shillings each year due to poor sanitation, with pit latrine coverage of 60%. Diarrhea and related illnesses account for 16% of deaths among the children below 5 years and stand second to pneumonia in Meru County. This study sought to assess the motivational determinants influencing sanitation practices in rural settlements of Tigania East Sub- County, in Meru County. A descriptive study design was used with a sample size of 150 households calculated using Fisher’s formula. Cluster sampling technique was used in categorizing Tigania East Sub-County into its respective wards and simple random sampling technique employed in selection of households from the clusters. Data was analyzed using...
Journal of Mathematical and Computational Science, 2019
The harmful use of alcohol causes a large burden with respect to diseases, social and economic pr... more The harmful use of alcohol causes a large burden with respect to diseases, social and economic problems to the society. Alcoholism is a serious problem in Kenya today. Many adults are addicted to alcohol. Mass media campaigns against alcohol acts as sources of information to halt alcohol abuse and its potential harmful effects. In this research we developed a deterministic models for alcohol abuse driven by the light and heavy drinkers taking into consideration the influence of pre-exposure to mass media campaigns. A model is developed with perfect pre-exposure campaigns. The model is analyzed through the determination of the model's steady states and it's respective stabilities analysis in terms of the alcohol abuse reproduction numbers R 0. The analysis shown that alcohol free equilibrium (AFE) was locally asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1 and unstable if R 0 > 1. Numerical simulations were carried out o determine where the campaigns should be targeted for effective control of the abuse.The results from the simulations illustrated that increase in the rate of treatment reduces the number of alcohol addicts in the community. The model was validated using data from rehabilitation centers in Kenya. The implication of the results to policy makers is that alcohol treatment should be emphasized.
Journal of advances in mathematics and computer science, Jul 9, 2023
SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide e... more SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide economy and public health. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been driven predominantly by aerosol transmissions. The objectives of this study were to formulate mathematical models on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and incorporating the effects of nonclinical strategies like screening, facemask usage, hand washing and social distancing, determine well posedness of the model, validate the developed model and finally predict the effects of nonclinical strategies on the dynamics of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya. The mathematical model was based on SIRS epidemiological classical model. In developing the model, the population was divided into six human compartments; susceptible, exposed, infected, isolated in hospital, at home and recovered. The basic reproduction number was determined using next generation method. The model was analyzed through the determination of the model steady states. The stabilities of steady states
Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science
SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide e... more SARS-CoV-2 is a serious problem in Kenya today. It has put an unprecedented burden on worldwide economy and public health. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been driven predominantly by aerosol transmissions. The objectives of this study were to formulate mathematical models on the spread of SARS –CoV-2 and incorporating the effects of nonclinical strategies like screening, facemask usage, hand washing and social distancing, determine well posedness of the model, validate the developed model and finally predict the effects of nonclinical strategies on the dynamics of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Kenya. The mathematical model was based on SIRS epidemiological classical model. In developing the model, the population was divided into six human compartments; susceptible, exposed, infected, isolated in hospital, at home and recovered. The basic reproduction number was determined using next generation method. The model was analyzed through the determination of the model steady states. The...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Many mathematical ... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Many mathematical models for TB have been developed but not specifically for Kenya. This study develops a deterministic model based on Susceptible–Exposed–Active–Treated compartments classes. The model analyses the stability of the disease free equilibrium by analyzing the basic (R0) and control (RC) reproduction number and the endemic equilibrium point (EEP) which shows that the model is stable when RC< 1 and there exist an EEP when RC is less than one. Sensitivity analysis of the model was investigated using the partial derivatives of (RC) with respect to treatment which shows that high rate of treatment reduces the control reproduction number so is the best intervention method in Kenya.
Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2020
Aims/ Objectives: To develop a compartment based mathematical model, fit daily quarantine data fr... more Aims/ Objectives: To develop a compartment based mathematical model, fit daily quarantine data from Ministry of Health of Kenya, estimate individuals in latency and infected in general community and predict dynamics of quarantine for the next 90 days.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: 13thMarch 2020 to 30th June 2020. Methodology: The population based model was developed using status and characteristic of COVID-19 infection. Quarantine data up to 30/6/2020 was fitted using integrating and differentiating theory of odes and numerical differentiation polynomials. Parameter and state estimates was approximated using least square. Simulations were carried out using ode Matlab solver. Daily community estimates of individuals in latency and infected were obtained together with daily estimate of rate of enlisting individual to quarantine center and their proportions were summarized.Results: The results indicated that maximum infection rate was equal 0.892999 ...
Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 2018
TB is one of the leading causes of death among individuals infected with HIV/AIDS. A deterministi... more TB is one of the leading causes of death among individuals infected with HIV/AIDS. A deterministic model for HIV/TB co-infection is presented and analyzed. The analysis of the model carried out includes the reproduction number, local stability of the disease free equilibrium, unique endemic equilibrium point, bifurcation analysis and sensitivity analysis of the model. The stability of the model shows that the model is stable if R0 < 1 and unstable otherwise. The research seeks to investigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on TB infections. Numerical simulation shows that HIV infection speeds the progression from exposed to infectious/active TB. The two diseases exhibit synergistic relationship where the infection of one disease accelerates the progression of the other. The model also seeks to confirm the need of HIV testing of all TB patients. From the sensitivity analysis and simulation, treatment reduces the spread of TB in the population among the TB infected and HIV/TB infected individuals. Numerical simulation was carried out using data from Tigania West Sub County Hospital.
Journal of Life Sciences Research, Sep 22, 2014
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Asian Online Journal Publi... more This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 1. Introduction Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites which is characterized primarily by inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs or by alveoli that are filled with fluid. Bacteria and viruses are the primary causes of pneumonia. When a person breath pneumonia-causing pathogens into his lungs and the body's immune system cannot prevent entry, the organisms settle in the small air sacs called alveoli and continue to multiply. The host body sends white blood cells to attack the infection causing the sacs to be filed with fluid and pus-causing pneumonia. The people most susceptible to Pneumonia are the old, infants, the sick and those with impaired immune systems [1]. According to WHO, childhood pneumonia can be spread through inhaling viruses and bacteria, airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze, direct contact or through blood, especially during and shortly after birth. Pneumonia symptoms include cough, custy or green mucus coughed up from lungs, fever, fast breathing and shortness of breath, chills, chest pain that usually worsens when taking a deep breath , fast heartbeat, fatigue and feeling very weak, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, headache, muscle pain, confusion or delirium and dusky or purplish skin color (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood [2-4]. Childhood pneumonia is a major public health issue for Kenya. In 2008, joint report by Unicef and WHO pneumonia was described as 'forgotten killer of children' because it was the second cause of death among less than fives years, claiming equivalent to 16 % of child mortality in Kenya. According to WHO, Pneumonia can be This paper presents a deterministic model for pneumonia transmission and uses the model to assess the potential impact of therapy. The model is based on the Susceptible-Infected-Treatment-Susceptible compartmental structure with the possibility of infected individual recovering from natural immunity. Important epidemiological thresholds such as the basic and control reproduction numbers (and respectively) and a measure of treatment impact are derived. Infection free point was found to be locally stable but globally unstable. We found that if the control reproduction number is greater than unity, then there is a unique endemic equilibrium point and it is less than unity, the endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable, and pneumonia will be eliminated. Numerical simulations using Matlab software suggest that, besides the parameters that determine the basic reproduction number, natural immunity plays an important role in pneumonia transmissions and magnitude of the public health impact of therapy. Further, treatment regimens with better efficacy holds great promise for lowering the public health burden of pneumonia disease.
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021
In the present paper, we formulate a new mathematical model for the dynamics of moral corruption ... more In the present paper, we formulate a new mathematical model for the dynamics of moral corruption with comprehensive age-appropriate sexual information and provision of guidance and counselling. The population is subdivided into three (3) different compartments according to their level of information on sexual matters. The model is proved to be both epidemiologically and mathematically well posed. The existence of unique morally corrupt-free and endemic equilibrium points is investigated. The basic reproduction number with respect to morally corrupt-free equilibrium is obtained using next generation matrix approach to monitor the dynamics of corrupt morals and ascertain its level in order to suggest effective intervention strategies to control this problem. The local as well as global asymptotic stability of these equilibrium points is studied. The analysis reveals a globally asymptotically stable morally corrupt-free equilibrium whenever ℛ 0 ≤ 1 and a globally asymptotically stable ...