Graziano Ferrari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Graziano Ferrari
SEA CAVES IN THE PHLAEGREAN COAST (NAPLES -ITALY) The phlaegrean coast is composed by pyroclastic... more SEA CAVES IN THE PHLAEGREAN COAST (NAPLES -ITALY) The phlaegrean coast is composed by pyroclastic deposits, related to quaternary activity cycles of phlaegrean volcanos. Several littoral caves are present; some of them are clearly man-made, while some of the natural ones show traces of human modifications. In the area, several important surface or underground structures are present. They are related to Roman age civilian or army installations. Since the Roman age, the land lowered due to bradiseism. Remnants of imperial villas are visible near Baia and in the Gaiola area, at about 5-6 meters depth. The paper reports some results of a preliminary study about natural and artificial caves that are presently halfsubmerged. Up to 182 caves were identified and positioned; 101 of them are littoral and the other ones are placed on emerged coastal cliffs. Several other caves are left to be studied.
a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area h... more a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area historically called Scalandrone. Bacoli is part of the renowned Phlegraean Field, visited by thousands of foreigners as part of a grand tour in the XVi-XiX centuries. However, the Scalandrone tunnel was not mentioned in local guides and foreign reports. the tunnel contains an inscription which celebrates the opening of an Haustus (passage intended as a water catchment) connected to the augustean aqueduct. the date of the event is reported as December 30 th 10 a.D. So, on last December we celebrated the bimillennial birthday of the Haustus. thanks to the cooperation between a.r.i.n. (naples water resources company) and the Special archaeological Superintendency of naples and Pompei, an event was planned in order to celebrate the tunnel and the inscription at the same time. the on-field work was performed by the aSastudio company, with laser-scan and structured light techniques. a digital model of the inscription was produced, together with a 3D model of the main tunnel. Finally, on December 30 th 2010 the birthday celebration summed up with a monumental cake inspired to the renowned Piscina mirabilis. the authors acted as designers and promoters of the project; in the on-field work the authors acted as operative and scientific consultants.
The Phlegraean Fields are a volcanic area placed west of Naples (Italy). They supported an import... more The Phlegraean Fields are a volcanic area placed west of Naples (Italy). They supported an important ancient settlement, favoured by rich crops and several natural harbours, for both civil and Navy ships. The area lacks fresh water springs, so in Augustean times the Aqua Augusta Campaniae was built. It tapped the Serino springs, in the Apennine mountains, and in a 105 km course it supplied several cities and the imposing Piscina Mirabilis at Misenum, a water tank servicing the Thyrrenian Roman Navy. The city of Puteoli was supplied also by the Campanian Aqueduct, a less known but archaeologically intriguing aqueduct. It dates back at least to the I century b. C., but its features could support an origin related to a more ancient settlement. The Aqueduct still operated till the beginning of the XX century. The diffusion of the public water distribution network caused the oblivion of its course and accesses. In the framework of an ongoing research project about phlegraean aqueducts, we were able to find the entrance to a stairway placed along the ancient Campanian road. The stairway allowed access to the Aqueduct in the past, but its first section was filled with rubbish. We nevertheless explored it and produced a speleological survey. The stairway is not straight but it is composed by five sections, it is lined in opus reticulatum and reaches a depth of 62 m from the surface, with a 180 m spatial development. Unfortunately it ends with a tuff mud filling, just few meters before reaching the underground aqueduct course. We had the initial rubbish removed in the framework of the national Puliamo il Buio (Clean up the Darkness) initiative in 2011. The paper provides the cave description and a brief comparison with some other known cases of stairways reaching ancient underground aqueducts.
Riassunto – La Grotta del Lazzaretto è una cavità artificiale di origine romana, situata nelle vi... more Riassunto – La Grotta del Lazzaretto è una cavità artificiale di origine romana, situata nelle
vicinanze dell'isola di Nisida (Napoli) ed attualmente semi-sommersa a causa del fenomeno
bradisismico. Fino al XIX secolo la cavità presentava un ricco habitat di grotta marina,
messo in evidenza da pionieristiche ricerche ([3], [4], [5]). In seguito l'area ha subito i
pesanti influssi legati all'insediamento industriale di Bagnoli. Solo di recente la cavità è
stata oggetto di nuove ricerche di carattere multidisciplinare ([6], [9]) e di una prima
operazione di recupero ambientale. Vengono presentati i risultati preliminari di tali ricerche,
volti a determinare le caratteristiche biocenotiche della cavità e le relative possibilità di
recupero ed a ricavare indicazioni utili alla caratterizzazione del fenomeno bradisismico.
Abstract – Nisida island is connected to the mainland at Coroglio (Naples, Italy) through a
dike built in 1934, placed in the same position of a probable similar structure of roman
time. About at midway, the dike surrounds a rock called Scoglio del Lazzaretto (Quarantine
rock). It got its name in 1593, when a quarantine structure was built over the rock to host
foreign goods and sailors. The rock is bored on its longest dimension by a 130 m long
tunnel, placed at sea level and probably dating back to roman times. The tunnel is
presently partly filled by sea water, to an average depth of 2 m, but, due to the bradyseism,
it should be emerged in roman times, so as to serve as a communication way related to
nearby harbours. In the XVIII century the neapolitan naturalist Filippo Cavolini [3]
performed a pionieristic research about sea cave hydroids in the Lazzaretto cave; in more
recent times Severino [9] stressed the archaeological relevance of the cave. Recently, the
cave was the subject of ecological studies and of coastal line variation measures. A new
caving survey was performed, paying special attention to the underwater features; a
preliminary bio-ecological characterization was performed, compared with the list of
species described by Cavolini [3]. On September 16th, 2011 a clean-up operation was
performed within the cave. It was promoted and supported by the Municipality of Naples
and by the Phlegraean Fields Regional Park; 800 kg of rubbish were recovered; among
them there were marine batteries (260 kg). With respect to the XVIII century, the faunistic
and ecological-environmental features are drastically changed in the cave and in the
surrounding area; nevertheless in the cave we can still find some interesting environmental
quality indicators. The morphological and archaeological features give us important
information on the connection between the cave and the roman remains into the area.
Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy... more Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy mountain springs to the densely populated areas of Puteoli and Baiae in the Phlegraean Fields. In the XVI and XIX centuries the ancient aqueduct was investigated in order to restore it to bring water to Naples, with no result. The section after Naples was never seriously investigated. From 2010 we are performing researches about underground hydraulic systems in the Phlegraean Fields. The paper reports about several findings in the area. Up to now, only few hundred meters of aqueduct are documented, out of more than 22 km. However, the little information gained already contributes to the comprehension of a very important ancient settlement area.
Riassunto Nel quadro di ricerche volte a documentare i tratti superstiti dell’antico Acquedotto A... more Riassunto
Nel quadro di ricerche volte a documentare i tratti superstiti dell’antico Acquedotto Augusteo della Campania
nell’area dei Campi Flegrei, è stato esplorato un tratto di acquedotto situato in località La Pietra, Monte
Dolce, Comune di Pozzuoli. L’attribuzione all’Augusteo è confortata dalla posizione, dalla quota e dalle caratteristiche
costruttive coerenti con quanto finora noto del sistema. In letteratura la presenza dell’Augusteo
nella zona viene riportata fin dal XVIII secolo all’interno di vicine cave di trachite.
La cavità presenta uno sviluppo complessivo di 279 m ma oltre al vero e proprio condotto idraulico essa presenta
anche due diramazioni: un cunicolo di servizio orizzontale non rivestito ed una discenderia praticata
in epoca moderna probabilmente in relazione ad una vicina galleria ferroviaria. Dal momento che la prima
parte della cavità si apre in roccia di scarsa compattezza mentre la parte più lontana è scavata in un buon
tufo, il condotto idraulico presenta caratteristiche costruttive variabili: la prima parte è rivestita di muratura
di blocchi tufacei fino all’imposta della volta; su tale muratura è posato l’intonaco idraulico, mentre la
volta è rivestita solo da un sottile strato di intonaco ordinario. Nella seconda parte l’intonaco idraulico delle
pareti è posato direttamente sulla roccia. In quattro punti sono state riconosciute lettere graffite sull’intonaco
della volta, probabili indicatori di distanza.
Dal punto di vista naturalistico la cavità ospita una piccola colonia di pipistrelli; sono inoltre presenti
interessanti fenomeni di deposizione costituiti da ‘riccioli’ minerali estrusi dall’intonaco idraulico ed un
probabile soffione di gas vulcanici, fortunatamente non più attivo.
Parola chiave: Acquedotto Augusteo della Campania, Serino, acquedotti romani, Pozzuoli.
Abstract
Aqua Augusta Campaniæ – specus at La Pietra (Pozzuoli-Italy)
In the framework of researches aimed at identifying and documenting surviving sections of the ancient Campanian
Augustean Aqueduct, we explored an aqueduct section placed at La Pietra, Municipality of Pozzuoli
(Naples, Italy). The section is ascribed to the Augustean Aqueduct since its position, elevation and building
characteristics are consistent with the up-to-date information on the system. The literature reports sections
of the Augustean Aqueduct in nearby trachyte quarries since the XVIII century.
The overall cave development is 279 m. In addition to the actual hydraulic duct, the cave has two side branches:
a horizontal unplastered service tunnel and a modern sloping down tunnel, probably related to a nearby
railway tunnel. The first half of the cave is dug in a soft and altered rock, while the second half opens in a
good tuff; the hydraulic duct shows different building characteristics: the first half is lined with tuff masonry
up to the vault impost; the hydraulic plaster is applied over the masonry, while the vault is just lined with
a thin layer of plain plaster. In the second half, the hydraulic plaster is applied directly on the rock walls.
Graffito letters are present in four places on the vault plaster; they are probably length measurements.
As far as natural sciences are concerned, the cave hosts a small bat colony; very interesting depositional
phenomena are present on the hydraulic plaster, as extruded cave flowers. Furthermore a luckily inactive
volcanic gas fumarole is present in a side branch.
Key words: Campanian Augustean Aqueduct, Serino, roman aqueducts, Pozzuoli.
Riassunto L’isola di Nisida è collegata alla costa di Coroglio, frazione del Comune di Napoli, co... more Riassunto
L’isola di Nisida è collegata alla costa di Coroglio, frazione del Comune di Napoli, con un terrapieno realizzato
nel 1934 situato nella stessa posizione di una probabile struttura analoga di epoca romana. Circa
a metà strada, il terrapieno incorpora uno scoglio che era chiamato Chiuppino ed ha assunto il nome di
Scoglio del Lazzaretto a seguito dell’istituzione, nel 1624, di una struttura per la quarantena di merci e
marinai. Lo scoglio è perforato da parte a parte da una galleria lunga 128 m, posta a livello del mare e probabilmente
risalente all’epoca romana. A causa del fenomeno bradisismico, la galleria, ora semi-sommersa
per una profondità media di 3 m, doveva essere emersa in epoca antica e costituire una via di comunicazione
a servizio delle vicine installazioni portuali. Nella seconda metà del XVIII secolo, il naturalista napoletano
Filippo Cavolini trovò proprio in questa cavità il terreno ideale per uno studio pionieristico sugli idroidi di
grotte marine.
Allo stato attuale la cavità risulta praticamente ignorata. Il lavoro presenta i risultati di un’indagine preliminare
svolta nel quadro di un censimento delle cavità costiere flegree, allo scopo di mettere in evidenza i
valori archeologici, naturalistici, ambientali e culturali della cavità e dell’area circostante.
Parola chiav e: Grotte marine, cavità artificiali, biologia marina, Napoli, Lucullo, Filippo Cavolini.
Abstract
Lazzaretto Cave (Naples, Italy)
Nisida island is connected to the mainland at Coroglio (Naples, Italy) through a jetty built in 1934, placed
in the same position of a probable similar structure of roman time. About at midway, the jetty surrounds a
rock called Chiuppino in the past. It got the Scoglio del Lazzaretto (Quarantine rock) name in 1624, when
a quarantine structure was built over the rock to host foreign goods and sailors. The rock is bored on its
longest dimension by a 128 m long tunnel, placed at sea level and probably dating back to roman times. The
tunnel is presently partly filled by sea water, to a mean depth of 3 m, but, due to the bradyseism, it should
be emerged in roman times, so as to serve as a communication way related to nearby harbours. In the XVIII
century second half, the neapolitan naturalist Filippo Cavolini performed in the Lazzaretto cave a pionieristic
research about sea cave hydroids.
Presently, the cave is nearly neglected. The paper reports about a preliminary research performed in the framework
of a census of phlegraean coastal caves, with the aim at stressing the archaeological, naturalistic,
environmental and cultural relevance of the cave and of the surrounding area.
Key words: Sea caves, artificial caves, marine biology, Naples, Lucullus, Filippo Cavolini.
Riassunto Il Castello di Baia (Bacoli, NA) è stato edificato in età aragonese, a partire dal 1495... more Riassunto
Il Castello di Baia (Bacoli, NA) è stato edificato in età aragonese, a partire dal 1495, su
importanti resti di una villa patrizia romana. Attualmente ospita il Museo Archeologico dei
Campi Flegrei.
Fra il 2007 ed il 2009, due degli autori hanno effettuato un censimento delle cavità costiere
per conto del Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei. Lungo la parete orientale del castello sono
state identificate 6 cavità ed 11 fenomeni minori, in gran parte situati a livello del mare tranne
due ingressi individuati in parete a circa 20 m di quota.
Grazie all'autorizzazione della Soprintendenza Speciale ai Beni Archeologici di Napoli e
Pompei, il giorno 18 settembre 2009 è stata effettuata un'operazione di ispezione delle due
cavità poste in parete, organizzata sotto l'egida del Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei e della
Federazione Speleologica Campana, con la partecipazione di speleologi del Gruppo
Speleologico C.A.I. Napoli. All’operazione ha partecipato anche la Capitaneria di Porto di
Baia che ha fornito un supporto da mare per l’individuazione dell’ubicazione delle cavità.
L’esplorazione ha rivelato l'esistenza di due cisterne idrauliche attribuibili al I secolo a.C., con
caratteristiche costruttive significativamente diverse fra loro.
L’intera attività ha riguardato il rilievo delle cisterne e la documentazione fotografica e video.
Inoltre, sono stati effettuati campionamenti di depositi minerali e di frammenti del
rivestimento in cocciopesto e sono state effettuate osservazioni sui riempimenti.
A causa della potenziale presenza di rapaci all'interno delle cavità, è stata richiesta anche la
collaborazione esterna di un ornitologo, infatti all’interno sono state ritrovate tracce di nidi di
rapaci.
Termini chiave: Grotte costiere, cavità artificiali, cisterne romane, Napoli, Baia.
Abstract
The Baia Castle (Bacoli, Naples, Italy) was erected from 1495, under the Aragonese
monarchy, upon important remnants of a roman villa. Presently it hosts the Campi Phlegraei
Archaeological Museum.
Between 2007 and 2009, two of the authors performed a coastal caves census, on behalf of
the Campi Phlegraei Regional Park. Six caves and eleven small caverns were identified in the
oriental tuff cliff under the castle. Most of them are placed at sea level, but two entrances
open in the cliff at about 20 m elevation.
Thanks to the authorization of the Naples and Pompei Special Superintendency on
Archaeological Resources (Soprintendenza Speciale ai Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei), on 18th
September 2009 the Campanian Speleological Federation (Federazione Speleologica Campana)
performed the exploration of the two cliff caves. Cavers belonging to the Speleological
Group of the Italian Alpine Club, Naples Section, (Gruppo Speleologico C.A.I. Napoli) took part
to the operation. The Baia port authorities provided a boat support, in order to help in the
(1) Federazione Speleologica Campana / Gruppo Speleologico CAI Napoli
(2) Speleologo indipendente
(3) PhD Scienze Ambientali, CTAM, CAI Napoli
(*) Autore di riferimento: e-mail normadamiano@libero.it
Campania Speleologica 2010 - Atti del II Convegno Regionale di Speleologia
3 - 6 giugno 2010, Caselle in Pittari (SA)
39
overall management and in the direction to the entrances.
The reconnaissance showed two water tanks dated back to the I century b.C., with
significantly different building features. The operation resulted in the tanks survey and in the
photo/video documentation. Mineral deposits and shards of the hydraulic plaster (cocciopesto)
were sampled; observations on fillings were performed.
Due to the potential presence of hawks in the caves, an ornithologist provided his assistance;
the birds were not present, but roosting traces were observed.
Keywords: Sea caves, artificial caves, roman water tanks, Naples, Baia.
"Il monte è tutto cauo, e da tanti edificij, che già seruiuano per conserve de acque dolci, con t... more "Il monte è tutto cauo, e da tanti edificij, che già seruiuano per conserve de acque dolci, con tante colonnate et volte sostenuto, che par totalmente esser sospeso nell'aere et potersi propriamente con Virgilio chiamare aereo" (Sadeler, 1606, tav. 45). "È quello promontorio così cavernoso, che pare sia un monte pensibile. Vi eran dentro de' bagni natatorj, e delle conserve dell'acque in gran copia" (Sarnelli, 1769, p. 180). Queste due citazioni sintetizzano le particolarità di Capo Miseno, che colpivano l'immaginazione dei viaggiatori e dei forestieri dei secoli passati: la grande quantità di caverne presenti ed il fatto che si trattava di strutture realizzate a scopo idraulico. Capo Miseno è il promontorio che chiude il Golfo di
Riassunto L'Aqua Augusta Campaniae, o Acquedotto Augusteo di Serino, è un'importante opera idraul... more Riassunto L'Aqua Augusta Campaniae, o Acquedotto Augusteo di Serino, è un'importante opera idraulica antica situata in Campania, realizzata per alimentare le installazioni civili e militari dei Campi Flegrei. Essa captava le acque di sorgenti dell'Appennino Campano e correva in gran parte nel sottosuolo lungo le pendici calcaree dell'Appennino, le falde del Vesuvio e dei Campi Flegrei, oltre a lasciare diramazioni per importanti città antiche come Nola, Atella, Acerra, Napoli e Cuma. A partire dal 2010 sono in corso ricerche speleologiche sull'Aqua Augusta nei suoi tratti flegrei. Abbiamo identificato diversi tratti di condotti idraulici che, per posizione, quota e morfologia, possono essere considerati pertinenti all'Aqua Augusta. Presentiamo una rassegna preliminare delle sezioni finora riscontrate ed una discussione delle morfologie costruttive, in relazione alla consistenza delle rocce incassanti ed alla sezione idraulica utile. Questi dati possono quindi essere utilizzati per agevolare l'attribuzione all'Aqua Augusta di altri condotti idraulici e per una prima comprensione delle caratteristiche della distribuzione idraulica negli antichi Campi Flegrei. Abstract Aqua Augusta Campaniae, also named as Serino Augustean Aqueduct, is an important ancient hydraulic system. It is placed in Campania, near Naples. It was aimed at providing fresh water to civil and Army settlements in the Phlegraean Fields. The aqueduct tapped large springs in the Campanian Apennines. It run mostly underground along the limestone hillsides in the Apennines, the Vesuvius slopes and the Phlegraean Fields volcanic craters. It also left side branches to important ancient cities, such as Nola, Atella, Acerra, Naples and Cuma. From 2010 on, we are performing caving research on the Aqua Augusta phlegraean sections. We identified several hydraulic passages. Accordingly to their position, elevation and morphology, most of them can be attributed to the Aqua Augusta. We present a preliminary review of explored sections, together with a discussion of building morphologies. They are related to enclosing rocks and to operational hydraulic sections. The data could be helpful in checking attribution of other hydraulic passages to Aqua Augusta and in a preliminary research about Phlegraean Fields ancient hydraulic provision.
Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy... more Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy mountain springs to the densely populated areas of Puteoli and Baiae in the Phlegraean Fields. In the XVI and XIX centuries the ancient aqueduct was investigated in order to restore it to bring water to Naples, with no result. The section after Naples was never seriously investigated. From 2010 we are performing researches about underground hydraulic systems in the Phlegraean Fields. The paper reports about several findings in the area. Up to now, only few hundred meters of aqueduct are documented, out of more than 22 km. However, the little information gained already contributes to the comprehension of a very important ancient settlement area.
Nero's Oven is an artificial cave placed in the Municipality of Bacoli (Naples, Southern Italy). ... more Nero's Oven is an artificial cave placed in the Municipality of Bacoli (Naples, Southern Italy). A small network of passages leads to an underground pool of hot water. The passages were dug in Roman times as a sweater: hot steam was used to cure several ailments. The place was highly renowned also in medieval to modern times; wealthy foreigners in the 'Grand Tour' to Rome and Naples were shown the passages and the hot water. The first printed survey of a cave (1546) is a rough plan sketch of Nero's Oven passages. Subsequently, several researchers tried to cope with the internal temperature and steam to produce a graphic representation of the cave. The paper reports about the ten known surveys produced between 1546 and 2000 and the information they provide to modern speleological and archaeological research. Some information about the present state of the cave are presented. A modern cave survey has not been produced yet, since the outer rooms are used as a private dwelling.
Thanks to recent developments in Internet editorial information sharing, a prototype of a caving ... more Thanks to recent developments in Internet editorial information sharing, a prototype of a caving reference bibliography and virtual library for the Lombardia region (Northern Italy) is proposed. It relies on the following components: 1) the Google Earth© tool as a user interface, in order to position caves on the land and as a starting point toward bibliographic queries; 2) static generation of web pages representing single caves bibliography and references to titles; 3) Internet references (URL) pointing to specific titles available in the Internet, so as to quickly browse them. Presently, the Lombardy caving bibliography collects 4,800 references related to 4,200 caves. Books or magazines related to 1,150 references are freely available in the Internet. Problems and potential developments are discussed.
SUMMARY. The Augustean Campanian aqueduct in the Phlegrae-an Fields (Naples). Aqua Augusta Campan... more SUMMARY. The Augustean Campanian aqueduct in the Phlegrae-an Fields (Naples). Aqua Augusta Campaniae, also known as Seri-no Augustean Aqueduct, is an important ancient hydraulic system. It is located in Campania, near Naples. It was aimed at providing fresh water to civil and military settlements in the Phlegraean Fields. The aqueduct tapped large springs in the Campanian Apennines. It ran mostly underground along the limestone hillsides of the Apennines, the Vesuvius slopes and the Phlegraean Fields volcanic craters. The overall length of the main course was about 105 km. It also left side branches to important ancient cities, such as Nola, Atella, Acerra and Naples. From 2010 on, we are performing caving research on the Aqua Augusta in the Phlegraean Fields, from Naples to Pozzuoli, Baia and Misenum. We identiied several hydraulic passages. According to their position, elevation and morphology, most of them can be attributed to the Aqua Augusta. We present a preliminary review of explored sections, together with a discussion of building morphologies. They are related to enclosing rocks and to operational hydraulic sections. The data could be helpful in checking attribution of other hydraulic passages to Aqua Augusta and in a preliminary research about Phlegraean Fields ancient water provision.
Thalassia Salentina, 2006
Lampedusa è l'isola più meridionale d'Italia (35°30' N); pur appartenendo all'Italia, sorge dalla... more Lampedusa è l'isola più meridionale d'Italia (35°30' N); pur appartenendo all'Italia, sorge dalla piattaforma africana. Si tratta di un tavolato di calcari e calcari arenacei di età Tortoniano-Messininana. L'isola è allungata per 10 Km in senso E-W, ha un'estensione di 20 Km 2 ed uno sviluppo costiero di 33 Km.
a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area h... more a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area historically called Scalandrone. Bacoli is part of the renowned Phlegraean Field, visited by thousands of foreigners as part of a grand tour in the XVi-XiX centuries. However, the Scalandrone tunnel was not mentioned in local guides and foreign reports. the tunnel contains an inscription which celebrates the opening of an Haustus (passage intended as a water catchment) connected to the augustean aqueduct. the date of the event is reported as December 30 th 10 a.D. So, on last December we celebrated the bimillennial birthday of the Haustus. thanks to the cooperation between a.r.i.n. (naples water resources company) and the Special archaeological Superintendency of naples and Pompei, an event was planned in order to celebrate the tunnel and the inscription at the same time. the on-field work was performed by the aSastudio company, with laser-scan and structured light techniques. a digital model of the inscription was produced, together with a 3D model of the main tunnel. Finally, on December 30 th 2010 the birthday celebration summed up with a monumental cake inspired to the renowned Piscina mirabilis. the authors acted as designers and promoters of the project; in the on-field work the authors acted as operative and scientific consultants.
Riassunto – Il territorio costiero flegreo presenta un ricco fenomeno speleologico, che è stato o... more Riassunto – Il territorio costiero flegreo presenta un ricco fenomeno speleologico, che è stato oggetto di importanti studi biologici fin dal XVIII secolo [3]. Rispetto alle altre aree ricche di cavità marine o costiere, l'area flegrea presenta un'importante specificità: molte grotte non sono di origine naturale, ma erano state scavate nei teneri tufi in epoca romana, ad uso delle numerose residenze patrizie ed imperiali o delle installazioni navali militari. A causa del fenomeno bradisismico, esse risultano ora parzialmente occupate dal mare e ricche di habitat estremamente specializzati e sensibili, utili come indicatori di qualità ambientale. Le grotte artificiali costiere possono fornire informazioni importantissime per lo studio delle relazioni fra le antichità ora sommerse e quelle emerse, in gran parte obliterate. Inoltre è possibile confrontare le ricerche di biologia marina effettuate fra il XVIII secolo ed il 1960 con la situazione attuale, ricavandone informazioni molto importanti sull'evoluzione ecologica delle coste e del mare, utili per future azioni di monitoraggio e salvaguardia. Ne consegue che le grotte costiere flegree, già assai interessanti perché inserite in un contesto paesaggistico di alto valore ambientale e culturale, e con spiccata vocazione turistica, assommano a ciò una serie di propri valori storici, culturali, archeologici, biologici, ecologici, geologici, che le rende degne al massimo grado di iniziative di tutela e di valorizzazione conservativa. Per ottenere un quadro complessivo della situazione, il Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei, in collaborazione con l'Assessorato Agricoltura, Parchi e Protezione Civile della Provincia di Napoli, ha definito un progetto di censimento dei valori ambientali legati alle grotte marine flegree. Il lavoro riporta i risultati preliminari ottenuti nel corso dello svolgimento di tale progetto, con particolare riguardo ad una serie di strutture presenti sulla costa Nord-Occidentale di Capo Miseno, in prossimità della Grotta Dragonara. Si tratta di una serie di ambienti scavati nella roccia in epoca romana, presumibilmente impiegati come peschiere coperte per specie di elevato valore commerciale. Abstract – In comparison with other coastal cave areas, the Flaegrean Fields own some special features: many caves were dug in the tuffs by the Romans and several of them are now partly submerged due to the bradiseism. Furthermore, they host specialized and vulnerable cave habitats, which prompted studies dating back to the XVIII century [3]. The paper shows preliminary results about a coastal cave survey research, with particular reference to an artificial cave system near the famous Dragonara Cave. These caves were dug on the I century B.C., as water tanks and fisheries connected to a luxury villa, traditionally attributed to Lucullus. They are now partly submerged by the sea.
Riassunto – Nel quadro di una ricerca sulle cavità costiere dei Campi Flegrei, sono stati effettu... more Riassunto – Nel quadro di una ricerca sulle cavità costiere dei Campi Flegrei, sono stati effettuati i primi passi per identificare i fenomeni di interesse di carattere speleologico, ambientale, biologico-ecologico, archeologico e geologico dell'area di Capo Posillipo (Napoli), e per leggerli in un quadro unitario multidisciplinare. Il lavoro intende presentare i primi risultati ottenuti da tale indagine e suggerire alcune linee di azione utili per l'approfondimento organico di tali studi. Abstract – Within the framework of a research about Phlegraean Fields coastal caves, a preliminary investigation of Capo Posillipo (Naples, Italy) sea caves and coast line was performed. 10 artificial caves were identified and documented, together with important but poorly investigated surface roman structures, presently submerged due to the bradyseism.
SEA CAVES IN THE PHLAEGREAN COAST (NAPLES -ITALY) The phlaegrean coast is composed by pyroclastic... more SEA CAVES IN THE PHLAEGREAN COAST (NAPLES -ITALY) The phlaegrean coast is composed by pyroclastic deposits, related to quaternary activity cycles of phlaegrean volcanos. Several littoral caves are present; some of them are clearly man-made, while some of the natural ones show traces of human modifications. In the area, several important surface or underground structures are present. They are related to Roman age civilian or army installations. Since the Roman age, the land lowered due to bradiseism. Remnants of imperial villas are visible near Baia and in the Gaiola area, at about 5-6 meters depth. The paper reports some results of a preliminary study about natural and artificial caves that are presently halfsubmerged. Up to 182 caves were identified and positioned; 101 of them are littoral and the other ones are placed on emerged coastal cliffs. Several other caves are left to be studied.
a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area h... more a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area historically called Scalandrone. Bacoli is part of the renowned Phlegraean Field, visited by thousands of foreigners as part of a grand tour in the XVi-XiX centuries. However, the Scalandrone tunnel was not mentioned in local guides and foreign reports. the tunnel contains an inscription which celebrates the opening of an Haustus (passage intended as a water catchment) connected to the augustean aqueduct. the date of the event is reported as December 30 th 10 a.D. So, on last December we celebrated the bimillennial birthday of the Haustus. thanks to the cooperation between a.r.i.n. (naples water resources company) and the Special archaeological Superintendency of naples and Pompei, an event was planned in order to celebrate the tunnel and the inscription at the same time. the on-field work was performed by the aSastudio company, with laser-scan and structured light techniques. a digital model of the inscription was produced, together with a 3D model of the main tunnel. Finally, on December 30 th 2010 the birthday celebration summed up with a monumental cake inspired to the renowned Piscina mirabilis. the authors acted as designers and promoters of the project; in the on-field work the authors acted as operative and scientific consultants.
The Phlegraean Fields are a volcanic area placed west of Naples (Italy). They supported an import... more The Phlegraean Fields are a volcanic area placed west of Naples (Italy). They supported an important ancient settlement, favoured by rich crops and several natural harbours, for both civil and Navy ships. The area lacks fresh water springs, so in Augustean times the Aqua Augusta Campaniae was built. It tapped the Serino springs, in the Apennine mountains, and in a 105 km course it supplied several cities and the imposing Piscina Mirabilis at Misenum, a water tank servicing the Thyrrenian Roman Navy. The city of Puteoli was supplied also by the Campanian Aqueduct, a less known but archaeologically intriguing aqueduct. It dates back at least to the I century b. C., but its features could support an origin related to a more ancient settlement. The Aqueduct still operated till the beginning of the XX century. The diffusion of the public water distribution network caused the oblivion of its course and accesses. In the framework of an ongoing research project about phlegraean aqueducts, we were able to find the entrance to a stairway placed along the ancient Campanian road. The stairway allowed access to the Aqueduct in the past, but its first section was filled with rubbish. We nevertheless explored it and produced a speleological survey. The stairway is not straight but it is composed by five sections, it is lined in opus reticulatum and reaches a depth of 62 m from the surface, with a 180 m spatial development. Unfortunately it ends with a tuff mud filling, just few meters before reaching the underground aqueduct course. We had the initial rubbish removed in the framework of the national Puliamo il Buio (Clean up the Darkness) initiative in 2011. The paper provides the cave description and a brief comparison with some other known cases of stairways reaching ancient underground aqueducts.
Riassunto – La Grotta del Lazzaretto è una cavità artificiale di origine romana, situata nelle vi... more Riassunto – La Grotta del Lazzaretto è una cavità artificiale di origine romana, situata nelle
vicinanze dell'isola di Nisida (Napoli) ed attualmente semi-sommersa a causa del fenomeno
bradisismico. Fino al XIX secolo la cavità presentava un ricco habitat di grotta marina,
messo in evidenza da pionieristiche ricerche ([3], [4], [5]). In seguito l'area ha subito i
pesanti influssi legati all'insediamento industriale di Bagnoli. Solo di recente la cavità è
stata oggetto di nuove ricerche di carattere multidisciplinare ([6], [9]) e di una prima
operazione di recupero ambientale. Vengono presentati i risultati preliminari di tali ricerche,
volti a determinare le caratteristiche biocenotiche della cavità e le relative possibilità di
recupero ed a ricavare indicazioni utili alla caratterizzazione del fenomeno bradisismico.
Abstract – Nisida island is connected to the mainland at Coroglio (Naples, Italy) through a
dike built in 1934, placed in the same position of a probable similar structure of roman
time. About at midway, the dike surrounds a rock called Scoglio del Lazzaretto (Quarantine
rock). It got its name in 1593, when a quarantine structure was built over the rock to host
foreign goods and sailors. The rock is bored on its longest dimension by a 130 m long
tunnel, placed at sea level and probably dating back to roman times. The tunnel is
presently partly filled by sea water, to an average depth of 2 m, but, due to the bradyseism,
it should be emerged in roman times, so as to serve as a communication way related to
nearby harbours. In the XVIII century the neapolitan naturalist Filippo Cavolini [3]
performed a pionieristic research about sea cave hydroids in the Lazzaretto cave; in more
recent times Severino [9] stressed the archaeological relevance of the cave. Recently, the
cave was the subject of ecological studies and of coastal line variation measures. A new
caving survey was performed, paying special attention to the underwater features; a
preliminary bio-ecological characterization was performed, compared with the list of
species described by Cavolini [3]. On September 16th, 2011 a clean-up operation was
performed within the cave. It was promoted and supported by the Municipality of Naples
and by the Phlegraean Fields Regional Park; 800 kg of rubbish were recovered; among
them there were marine batteries (260 kg). With respect to the XVIII century, the faunistic
and ecological-environmental features are drastically changed in the cave and in the
surrounding area; nevertheless in the cave we can still find some interesting environmental
quality indicators. The morphological and archaeological features give us important
information on the connection between the cave and the roman remains into the area.
Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy... more Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy mountain springs to the densely populated areas of Puteoli and Baiae in the Phlegraean Fields. In the XVI and XIX centuries the ancient aqueduct was investigated in order to restore it to bring water to Naples, with no result. The section after Naples was never seriously investigated. From 2010 we are performing researches about underground hydraulic systems in the Phlegraean Fields. The paper reports about several findings in the area. Up to now, only few hundred meters of aqueduct are documented, out of more than 22 km. However, the little information gained already contributes to the comprehension of a very important ancient settlement area.
Riassunto Nel quadro di ricerche volte a documentare i tratti superstiti dell’antico Acquedotto A... more Riassunto
Nel quadro di ricerche volte a documentare i tratti superstiti dell’antico Acquedotto Augusteo della Campania
nell’area dei Campi Flegrei, è stato esplorato un tratto di acquedotto situato in località La Pietra, Monte
Dolce, Comune di Pozzuoli. L’attribuzione all’Augusteo è confortata dalla posizione, dalla quota e dalle caratteristiche
costruttive coerenti con quanto finora noto del sistema. In letteratura la presenza dell’Augusteo
nella zona viene riportata fin dal XVIII secolo all’interno di vicine cave di trachite.
La cavità presenta uno sviluppo complessivo di 279 m ma oltre al vero e proprio condotto idraulico essa presenta
anche due diramazioni: un cunicolo di servizio orizzontale non rivestito ed una discenderia praticata
in epoca moderna probabilmente in relazione ad una vicina galleria ferroviaria. Dal momento che la prima
parte della cavità si apre in roccia di scarsa compattezza mentre la parte più lontana è scavata in un buon
tufo, il condotto idraulico presenta caratteristiche costruttive variabili: la prima parte è rivestita di muratura
di blocchi tufacei fino all’imposta della volta; su tale muratura è posato l’intonaco idraulico, mentre la
volta è rivestita solo da un sottile strato di intonaco ordinario. Nella seconda parte l’intonaco idraulico delle
pareti è posato direttamente sulla roccia. In quattro punti sono state riconosciute lettere graffite sull’intonaco
della volta, probabili indicatori di distanza.
Dal punto di vista naturalistico la cavità ospita una piccola colonia di pipistrelli; sono inoltre presenti
interessanti fenomeni di deposizione costituiti da ‘riccioli’ minerali estrusi dall’intonaco idraulico ed un
probabile soffione di gas vulcanici, fortunatamente non più attivo.
Parola chiave: Acquedotto Augusteo della Campania, Serino, acquedotti romani, Pozzuoli.
Abstract
Aqua Augusta Campaniæ – specus at La Pietra (Pozzuoli-Italy)
In the framework of researches aimed at identifying and documenting surviving sections of the ancient Campanian
Augustean Aqueduct, we explored an aqueduct section placed at La Pietra, Municipality of Pozzuoli
(Naples, Italy). The section is ascribed to the Augustean Aqueduct since its position, elevation and building
characteristics are consistent with the up-to-date information on the system. The literature reports sections
of the Augustean Aqueduct in nearby trachyte quarries since the XVIII century.
The overall cave development is 279 m. In addition to the actual hydraulic duct, the cave has two side branches:
a horizontal unplastered service tunnel and a modern sloping down tunnel, probably related to a nearby
railway tunnel. The first half of the cave is dug in a soft and altered rock, while the second half opens in a
good tuff; the hydraulic duct shows different building characteristics: the first half is lined with tuff masonry
up to the vault impost; the hydraulic plaster is applied over the masonry, while the vault is just lined with
a thin layer of plain plaster. In the second half, the hydraulic plaster is applied directly on the rock walls.
Graffito letters are present in four places on the vault plaster; they are probably length measurements.
As far as natural sciences are concerned, the cave hosts a small bat colony; very interesting depositional
phenomena are present on the hydraulic plaster, as extruded cave flowers. Furthermore a luckily inactive
volcanic gas fumarole is present in a side branch.
Key words: Campanian Augustean Aqueduct, Serino, roman aqueducts, Pozzuoli.
Riassunto L’isola di Nisida è collegata alla costa di Coroglio, frazione del Comune di Napoli, co... more Riassunto
L’isola di Nisida è collegata alla costa di Coroglio, frazione del Comune di Napoli, con un terrapieno realizzato
nel 1934 situato nella stessa posizione di una probabile struttura analoga di epoca romana. Circa
a metà strada, il terrapieno incorpora uno scoglio che era chiamato Chiuppino ed ha assunto il nome di
Scoglio del Lazzaretto a seguito dell’istituzione, nel 1624, di una struttura per la quarantena di merci e
marinai. Lo scoglio è perforato da parte a parte da una galleria lunga 128 m, posta a livello del mare e probabilmente
risalente all’epoca romana. A causa del fenomeno bradisismico, la galleria, ora semi-sommersa
per una profondità media di 3 m, doveva essere emersa in epoca antica e costituire una via di comunicazione
a servizio delle vicine installazioni portuali. Nella seconda metà del XVIII secolo, il naturalista napoletano
Filippo Cavolini trovò proprio in questa cavità il terreno ideale per uno studio pionieristico sugli idroidi di
grotte marine.
Allo stato attuale la cavità risulta praticamente ignorata. Il lavoro presenta i risultati di un’indagine preliminare
svolta nel quadro di un censimento delle cavità costiere flegree, allo scopo di mettere in evidenza i
valori archeologici, naturalistici, ambientali e culturali della cavità e dell’area circostante.
Parola chiav e: Grotte marine, cavità artificiali, biologia marina, Napoli, Lucullo, Filippo Cavolini.
Abstract
Lazzaretto Cave (Naples, Italy)
Nisida island is connected to the mainland at Coroglio (Naples, Italy) through a jetty built in 1934, placed
in the same position of a probable similar structure of roman time. About at midway, the jetty surrounds a
rock called Chiuppino in the past. It got the Scoglio del Lazzaretto (Quarantine rock) name in 1624, when
a quarantine structure was built over the rock to host foreign goods and sailors. The rock is bored on its
longest dimension by a 128 m long tunnel, placed at sea level and probably dating back to roman times. The
tunnel is presently partly filled by sea water, to a mean depth of 3 m, but, due to the bradyseism, it should
be emerged in roman times, so as to serve as a communication way related to nearby harbours. In the XVIII
century second half, the neapolitan naturalist Filippo Cavolini performed in the Lazzaretto cave a pionieristic
research about sea cave hydroids.
Presently, the cave is nearly neglected. The paper reports about a preliminary research performed in the framework
of a census of phlegraean coastal caves, with the aim at stressing the archaeological, naturalistic,
environmental and cultural relevance of the cave and of the surrounding area.
Key words: Sea caves, artificial caves, marine biology, Naples, Lucullus, Filippo Cavolini.
Riassunto Il Castello di Baia (Bacoli, NA) è stato edificato in età aragonese, a partire dal 1495... more Riassunto
Il Castello di Baia (Bacoli, NA) è stato edificato in età aragonese, a partire dal 1495, su
importanti resti di una villa patrizia romana. Attualmente ospita il Museo Archeologico dei
Campi Flegrei.
Fra il 2007 ed il 2009, due degli autori hanno effettuato un censimento delle cavità costiere
per conto del Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei. Lungo la parete orientale del castello sono
state identificate 6 cavità ed 11 fenomeni minori, in gran parte situati a livello del mare tranne
due ingressi individuati in parete a circa 20 m di quota.
Grazie all'autorizzazione della Soprintendenza Speciale ai Beni Archeologici di Napoli e
Pompei, il giorno 18 settembre 2009 è stata effettuata un'operazione di ispezione delle due
cavità poste in parete, organizzata sotto l'egida del Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei e della
Federazione Speleologica Campana, con la partecipazione di speleologi del Gruppo
Speleologico C.A.I. Napoli. All’operazione ha partecipato anche la Capitaneria di Porto di
Baia che ha fornito un supporto da mare per l’individuazione dell’ubicazione delle cavità.
L’esplorazione ha rivelato l'esistenza di due cisterne idrauliche attribuibili al I secolo a.C., con
caratteristiche costruttive significativamente diverse fra loro.
L’intera attività ha riguardato il rilievo delle cisterne e la documentazione fotografica e video.
Inoltre, sono stati effettuati campionamenti di depositi minerali e di frammenti del
rivestimento in cocciopesto e sono state effettuate osservazioni sui riempimenti.
A causa della potenziale presenza di rapaci all'interno delle cavità, è stata richiesta anche la
collaborazione esterna di un ornitologo, infatti all’interno sono state ritrovate tracce di nidi di
rapaci.
Termini chiave: Grotte costiere, cavità artificiali, cisterne romane, Napoli, Baia.
Abstract
The Baia Castle (Bacoli, Naples, Italy) was erected from 1495, under the Aragonese
monarchy, upon important remnants of a roman villa. Presently it hosts the Campi Phlegraei
Archaeological Museum.
Between 2007 and 2009, two of the authors performed a coastal caves census, on behalf of
the Campi Phlegraei Regional Park. Six caves and eleven small caverns were identified in the
oriental tuff cliff under the castle. Most of them are placed at sea level, but two entrances
open in the cliff at about 20 m elevation.
Thanks to the authorization of the Naples and Pompei Special Superintendency on
Archaeological Resources (Soprintendenza Speciale ai Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei), on 18th
September 2009 the Campanian Speleological Federation (Federazione Speleologica Campana)
performed the exploration of the two cliff caves. Cavers belonging to the Speleological
Group of the Italian Alpine Club, Naples Section, (Gruppo Speleologico C.A.I. Napoli) took part
to the operation. The Baia port authorities provided a boat support, in order to help in the
(1) Federazione Speleologica Campana / Gruppo Speleologico CAI Napoli
(2) Speleologo indipendente
(3) PhD Scienze Ambientali, CTAM, CAI Napoli
(*) Autore di riferimento: e-mail normadamiano@libero.it
Campania Speleologica 2010 - Atti del II Convegno Regionale di Speleologia
3 - 6 giugno 2010, Caselle in Pittari (SA)
39
overall management and in the direction to the entrances.
The reconnaissance showed two water tanks dated back to the I century b.C., with
significantly different building features. The operation resulted in the tanks survey and in the
photo/video documentation. Mineral deposits and shards of the hydraulic plaster (cocciopesto)
were sampled; observations on fillings were performed.
Due to the potential presence of hawks in the caves, an ornithologist provided his assistance;
the birds were not present, but roosting traces were observed.
Keywords: Sea caves, artificial caves, roman water tanks, Naples, Baia.
"Il monte è tutto cauo, e da tanti edificij, che già seruiuano per conserve de acque dolci, con t... more "Il monte è tutto cauo, e da tanti edificij, che già seruiuano per conserve de acque dolci, con tante colonnate et volte sostenuto, che par totalmente esser sospeso nell'aere et potersi propriamente con Virgilio chiamare aereo" (Sadeler, 1606, tav. 45). "È quello promontorio così cavernoso, che pare sia un monte pensibile. Vi eran dentro de' bagni natatorj, e delle conserve dell'acque in gran copia" (Sarnelli, 1769, p. 180). Queste due citazioni sintetizzano le particolarità di Capo Miseno, che colpivano l'immaginazione dei viaggiatori e dei forestieri dei secoli passati: la grande quantità di caverne presenti ed il fatto che si trattava di strutture realizzate a scopo idraulico. Capo Miseno è il promontorio che chiude il Golfo di
Riassunto L'Aqua Augusta Campaniae, o Acquedotto Augusteo di Serino, è un'importante opera idraul... more Riassunto L'Aqua Augusta Campaniae, o Acquedotto Augusteo di Serino, è un'importante opera idraulica antica situata in Campania, realizzata per alimentare le installazioni civili e militari dei Campi Flegrei. Essa captava le acque di sorgenti dell'Appennino Campano e correva in gran parte nel sottosuolo lungo le pendici calcaree dell'Appennino, le falde del Vesuvio e dei Campi Flegrei, oltre a lasciare diramazioni per importanti città antiche come Nola, Atella, Acerra, Napoli e Cuma. A partire dal 2010 sono in corso ricerche speleologiche sull'Aqua Augusta nei suoi tratti flegrei. Abbiamo identificato diversi tratti di condotti idraulici che, per posizione, quota e morfologia, possono essere considerati pertinenti all'Aqua Augusta. Presentiamo una rassegna preliminare delle sezioni finora riscontrate ed una discussione delle morfologie costruttive, in relazione alla consistenza delle rocce incassanti ed alla sezione idraulica utile. Questi dati possono quindi essere utilizzati per agevolare l'attribuzione all'Aqua Augusta di altri condotti idraulici e per una prima comprensione delle caratteristiche della distribuzione idraulica negli antichi Campi Flegrei. Abstract Aqua Augusta Campaniae, also named as Serino Augustean Aqueduct, is an important ancient hydraulic system. It is placed in Campania, near Naples. It was aimed at providing fresh water to civil and Army settlements in the Phlegraean Fields. The aqueduct tapped large springs in the Campanian Apennines. It run mostly underground along the limestone hillsides in the Apennines, the Vesuvius slopes and the Phlegraean Fields volcanic craters. It also left side branches to important ancient cities, such as Nola, Atella, Acerra, Naples and Cuma. From 2010 on, we are performing caving research on the Aqua Augusta phlegraean sections. We identified several hydraulic passages. Accordingly to their position, elevation and morphology, most of them can be attributed to the Aqua Augusta. We present a preliminary review of explored sections, together with a discussion of building morphologies. They are related to enclosing rocks and to operational hydraulic sections. The data could be helpful in checking attribution of other hydraulic passages to Aqua Augusta and in a preliminary research about Phlegraean Fields ancient hydraulic provision.
Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy... more Romans built the 96 km long Campanian Augustean Aqueduct to bring fresh water from Southern Italy mountain springs to the densely populated areas of Puteoli and Baiae in the Phlegraean Fields. In the XVI and XIX centuries the ancient aqueduct was investigated in order to restore it to bring water to Naples, with no result. The section after Naples was never seriously investigated. From 2010 we are performing researches about underground hydraulic systems in the Phlegraean Fields. The paper reports about several findings in the area. Up to now, only few hundred meters of aqueduct are documented, out of more than 22 km. However, the little information gained already contributes to the comprehension of a very important ancient settlement area.
Nero's Oven is an artificial cave placed in the Municipality of Bacoli (Naples, Southern Italy). ... more Nero's Oven is an artificial cave placed in the Municipality of Bacoli (Naples, Southern Italy). A small network of passages leads to an underground pool of hot water. The passages were dug in Roman times as a sweater: hot steam was used to cure several ailments. The place was highly renowned also in medieval to modern times; wealthy foreigners in the 'Grand Tour' to Rome and Naples were shown the passages and the hot water. The first printed survey of a cave (1546) is a rough plan sketch of Nero's Oven passages. Subsequently, several researchers tried to cope with the internal temperature and steam to produce a graphic representation of the cave. The paper reports about the ten known surveys produced between 1546 and 2000 and the information they provide to modern speleological and archaeological research. Some information about the present state of the cave are presented. A modern cave survey has not been produced yet, since the outer rooms are used as a private dwelling.
Thanks to recent developments in Internet editorial information sharing, a prototype of a caving ... more Thanks to recent developments in Internet editorial information sharing, a prototype of a caving reference bibliography and virtual library for the Lombardia region (Northern Italy) is proposed. It relies on the following components: 1) the Google Earth© tool as a user interface, in order to position caves on the land and as a starting point toward bibliographic queries; 2) static generation of web pages representing single caves bibliography and references to titles; 3) Internet references (URL) pointing to specific titles available in the Internet, so as to quickly browse them. Presently, the Lombardy caving bibliography collects 4,800 references related to 4,200 caves. Books or magazines related to 1,150 references are freely available in the Internet. Problems and potential developments are discussed.
SUMMARY. The Augustean Campanian aqueduct in the Phlegrae-an Fields (Naples). Aqua Augusta Campan... more SUMMARY. The Augustean Campanian aqueduct in the Phlegrae-an Fields (Naples). Aqua Augusta Campaniae, also known as Seri-no Augustean Aqueduct, is an important ancient hydraulic system. It is located in Campania, near Naples. It was aimed at providing fresh water to civil and military settlements in the Phlegraean Fields. The aqueduct tapped large springs in the Campanian Apennines. It ran mostly underground along the limestone hillsides of the Apennines, the Vesuvius slopes and the Phlegraean Fields volcanic craters. The overall length of the main course was about 105 km. It also left side branches to important ancient cities, such as Nola, Atella, Acerra and Naples. From 2010 on, we are performing caving research on the Aqua Augusta in the Phlegraean Fields, from Naples to Pozzuoli, Baia and Misenum. We identiied several hydraulic passages. According to their position, elevation and morphology, most of them can be attributed to the Aqua Augusta. We present a preliminary review of explored sections, together with a discussion of building morphologies. They are related to enclosing rocks and to operational hydraulic sections. The data could be helpful in checking attribution of other hydraulic passages to Aqua Augusta and in a preliminary research about Phlegraean Fields ancient water provision.
Thalassia Salentina, 2006
Lampedusa è l'isola più meridionale d'Italia (35°30' N); pur appartenendo all'Italia, sorge dalla... more Lampedusa è l'isola più meridionale d'Italia (35°30' N); pur appartenendo all'Italia, sorge dalla piattaforma africana. Si tratta di un tavolato di calcari e calcari arenacei di età Tortoniano-Messininana. L'isola è allungata per 10 Km in senso E-W, ha un'estensione di 20 Km 2 ed uno sviluppo costiero di 33 Km.
a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area h... more a little known roman tunnel is placed in the municipality of Bacoli (naples, italy), in an area historically called Scalandrone. Bacoli is part of the renowned Phlegraean Field, visited by thousands of foreigners as part of a grand tour in the XVi-XiX centuries. However, the Scalandrone tunnel was not mentioned in local guides and foreign reports. the tunnel contains an inscription which celebrates the opening of an Haustus (passage intended as a water catchment) connected to the augustean aqueduct. the date of the event is reported as December 30 th 10 a.D. So, on last December we celebrated the bimillennial birthday of the Haustus. thanks to the cooperation between a.r.i.n. (naples water resources company) and the Special archaeological Superintendency of naples and Pompei, an event was planned in order to celebrate the tunnel and the inscription at the same time. the on-field work was performed by the aSastudio company, with laser-scan and structured light techniques. a digital model of the inscription was produced, together with a 3D model of the main tunnel. Finally, on December 30 th 2010 the birthday celebration summed up with a monumental cake inspired to the renowned Piscina mirabilis. the authors acted as designers and promoters of the project; in the on-field work the authors acted as operative and scientific consultants.
Riassunto – Il territorio costiero flegreo presenta un ricco fenomeno speleologico, che è stato o... more Riassunto – Il territorio costiero flegreo presenta un ricco fenomeno speleologico, che è stato oggetto di importanti studi biologici fin dal XVIII secolo [3]. Rispetto alle altre aree ricche di cavità marine o costiere, l'area flegrea presenta un'importante specificità: molte grotte non sono di origine naturale, ma erano state scavate nei teneri tufi in epoca romana, ad uso delle numerose residenze patrizie ed imperiali o delle installazioni navali militari. A causa del fenomeno bradisismico, esse risultano ora parzialmente occupate dal mare e ricche di habitat estremamente specializzati e sensibili, utili come indicatori di qualità ambientale. Le grotte artificiali costiere possono fornire informazioni importantissime per lo studio delle relazioni fra le antichità ora sommerse e quelle emerse, in gran parte obliterate. Inoltre è possibile confrontare le ricerche di biologia marina effettuate fra il XVIII secolo ed il 1960 con la situazione attuale, ricavandone informazioni molto importanti sull'evoluzione ecologica delle coste e del mare, utili per future azioni di monitoraggio e salvaguardia. Ne consegue che le grotte costiere flegree, già assai interessanti perché inserite in un contesto paesaggistico di alto valore ambientale e culturale, e con spiccata vocazione turistica, assommano a ciò una serie di propri valori storici, culturali, archeologici, biologici, ecologici, geologici, che le rende degne al massimo grado di iniziative di tutela e di valorizzazione conservativa. Per ottenere un quadro complessivo della situazione, il Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei, in collaborazione con l'Assessorato Agricoltura, Parchi e Protezione Civile della Provincia di Napoli, ha definito un progetto di censimento dei valori ambientali legati alle grotte marine flegree. Il lavoro riporta i risultati preliminari ottenuti nel corso dello svolgimento di tale progetto, con particolare riguardo ad una serie di strutture presenti sulla costa Nord-Occidentale di Capo Miseno, in prossimità della Grotta Dragonara. Si tratta di una serie di ambienti scavati nella roccia in epoca romana, presumibilmente impiegati come peschiere coperte per specie di elevato valore commerciale. Abstract – In comparison with other coastal cave areas, the Flaegrean Fields own some special features: many caves were dug in the tuffs by the Romans and several of them are now partly submerged due to the bradiseism. Furthermore, they host specialized and vulnerable cave habitats, which prompted studies dating back to the XVIII century [3]. The paper shows preliminary results about a coastal cave survey research, with particular reference to an artificial cave system near the famous Dragonara Cave. These caves were dug on the I century B.C., as water tanks and fisheries connected to a luxury villa, traditionally attributed to Lucullus. They are now partly submerged by the sea.
Riassunto – Nel quadro di una ricerca sulle cavità costiere dei Campi Flegrei, sono stati effettu... more Riassunto – Nel quadro di una ricerca sulle cavità costiere dei Campi Flegrei, sono stati effettuati i primi passi per identificare i fenomeni di interesse di carattere speleologico, ambientale, biologico-ecologico, archeologico e geologico dell'area di Capo Posillipo (Napoli), e per leggerli in un quadro unitario multidisciplinare. Il lavoro intende presentare i primi risultati ottenuti da tale indagine e suggerire alcune linee di azione utili per l'approfondimento organico di tali studi. Abstract – Within the framework of a research about Phlegraean Fields coastal caves, a preliminary investigation of Capo Posillipo (Naples, Italy) sea caves and coast line was performed. 10 artificial caves were identified and documented, together with important but poorly investigated surface roman structures, presently submerged due to the bradyseism.