Greg Bernstein - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Greg Bernstein

This document describes requirements for, and the use of, the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Sw... more This document describes requirements for, and the use of, the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) control plane in support of the Virtual Concatenation (VCAT) layer 1 inverse multiplexing data plane mechanism and its companion Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS). LCAS can be used for hitless dynamic resizing of the inverse multiplex group. These techniques apply to Optical Transport Network (OTN), Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), and Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) signals. This document updates RFC 4606 by making modifications to the procedures for supporting virtual concatenation. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6344.

Proceedings of SPIE, Oct 17, 2001

With the advent of optical mesh networks, certain new protection schemes have been defined. This ... more With the advent of optical mesh networks, certain new protection schemes have been defined. This encompasses both local span and end-to-end path protection. But the implementations of these protection schemes have so far been based on proprietary mechanisms developed by each vendor. This has made it virtually impractical to construct a heterogeneous network with interoperable mesh protection schemes. Also, while the notion of a standard IP-centric control plane for optical networks based on Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) has gained wide acceptance, the work in this area has so far focussed exclusively on connection provisioning rather than restoration. This paper defines standard, IP-based signaling protocols for restoration in optical mesh networks. These protocols focus on a new local span protection mode and end-to-end shared protection. The main requirements on these protocols are simplicity and speed. The signaling mechanisms described in this paper are complimentary to the GMPLS provisioning mechanisms.

This memo provides a framework for applying Generalized Multi- Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) a... more This memo provides a framework for applying Generalized Multi- Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and the Path Computation Element (PCE) architecture to the control of wavelength switched optical networks (WSON). In particular we provide control plane models for key wavelength switched optical network subsystems and processes. The subsystems include wavelength division multiplexed links, tunable laser transmitters, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADM) and wavelength converters. Lightpath provisioning, in general, requires the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) process. This process is reviewed and the information requirements, both static and dynamic for this process are presented, along with alternative implementation scenarios that could be realized via GMPLS/PCE and/or extended GMPLS/PCE protocols. This memo does NOT address optical impairments in any depth and focuses on topological elements and path selection constraints that are common across different WSON environments. It is expected that a variety of different techniques will be applied to optical impairments depending on the type of WSON, such as access, metro or long haul.

As an optical signal progresses along its path, it may be altered by the various physical process... more As an optical signal progresses along its path, it may be altered by the various physical processes in the optical fibers and devices it encounters. When such alterations result in signal degradation, these processes are usually referred to as "impairments". These physical characteristics may be important constraints to consider when using a GMPLS control plane to support path setup and maintenance in wavelength switched optical networks. This document provides a framework for applying GMPLS protocols and the Path Computation Element (PCE) architecture to support Impairment-Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment (IA-RWA) in wavelength switched optical networks. Specifically, this document discusses key computing constraints, scenarios, and architectural processes: routing, wavelength assignment, and impairment validation. This document does not define optical data plane aspects; impairment parameters; or measurement of, or assessment and qualification of, a route; rather, it describes the architectural and information components for protocol solutions. Lee, et al. Informational [Page 1] RFC 6566 Framework for Optical Impairments March 2012 Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6566.

... 5. References [1] Mannie, E., Ed., &quot;Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (... more ... 5. References [1] Mannie, E., Ed., &quot;Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture&quot;, RFC 3945, October 2004. [2] Strand, J., Ed., and A. Chiu, Ed., &quot;Impairments and Other Constraints on Optical Layer Routing&quot;, RFC 4054, May 2005. ...

This document provides a framework for applying Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS... more This document provides a framework for applying Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and the Path Computation Element (PCE) architecture to the control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs). In particular, it examines Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) of optical paths. This document focuses on topological elements and path selection constraints that are common across different WSON environments; as such, it does not address optical impairments in any depth. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6163. Lee, et al.

However, I ultimately got started and was very pleasantly surprised. The book does indeed cover a... more However, I ultimately got started and was very pleasantly surprised. The book does indeed cover all those topics, and they are all important to a good comprehension of network control issues in optical networks. However, it does so in a logical and progressive way that introduces ...

This memo provides the Path Computation Element communication Protocol (PCEP) extensions for the ... more This memo provides the Path Computation Element communication Protocol (PCEP) extensions for the support of signal compatibility constraints in Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSON). Signal compatibility is an essential path computation constraint in path computation of WSON networks where network elements can be limited to processing WSON signals with specific characteristics and attributes.

This document provides extensions to Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signaling ... more This document provides extensions to Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signaling for control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs). Such extensions are applicable in WSONs under a number of conditions including: (a) when optional processing, such as regeneration, must be configured to occur at specific nodes along a path, (b) where equipment must be configured to accept an optical signal with specific attributes, or (c) where equipment must be configured to output an optical signal with specific attributes. This document provides mechanisms to support distributed wavelength assignment with a choice of distributed wavelength assignment algorithms. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7689.

IEEE Communications Magazine, 2000

Previous techniques for the management and control of optical transport networks are proving inad... more Previous techniques for the management and control of optical transport networks are proving inadequate in today's rapidly evolving multivendor environments. This article examines the issues and challenges involved in developing a standardized optical network control plane. The control of optical transport networks is decomposed into provisioning models, a circuit provisioning process based on signaling, a neighbor and service discovery process, and a topology and resource discovery process. Unique properties and challenges of optical transport networks are explained in the context of these functions.

The Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) protocol [RFC7285] has defined cost maps and en... more The Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) protocol [RFC7285] has defined cost maps and endpoint cost maps to provide basic network information. However, they provide only scalar (numerical or ordinal) cost mode values, which are insufficient to satisfy the demands of solving more complex network optimization problems. This document introduces an extension to the base ALTO protocol, namely the path- vector extension, which allows ALTO clients to query information such as the capacity region for a given set of flows (called co-flows). A non-normative example called co-flow scheduling is presented to illustrate the limitations of existing ALTO endpoint cost maps. After that, details of the extension are defined.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the conse... more This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7580.

Due to the lack of layer interaction between networked applications and the network during servic... more Due to the lack of layer interaction between networked applications and the network during service provisioning, many end user applications and services cannot efficiently utilize the network capabilities, nor can achieve the desired quality of service objectives. This document describes the general problem of cross layer optimization. Cross-layer optimization (CLO) involves the overall optimization of application layer and network resources by providing an interface for interactions and exchanges between the two layers. The potential gains of cross layer optimization are illustrated via examples from content delivery systems, video on demand systems, and grid computing.

Wavelength switched optical networks (WSONs) are based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) ... more Wavelength switched optical networks (WSONs) are based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) in which user traffic is carried by data channels of different optical wavelengths. In traditional WDM Networks, each wavelength path is statically configured. With the deployment of Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs), photonic cross-connects (PXCs), and tunable laser, WSONs have become more dynamic, and operators can flexibly set up wavelength paths to carry user traffic. In WSONs where there are no or a limited number of switches capable of wavelength conversion paths must be set up subject to the "wavelength continuity" constraint. This leads to a path computation problem known as routing and wavelength assignment (RWA). In order to perform such computations, it is necessary to collect information about the available wavelengths within the network. This document describes OSPF routing protocols extensions to support Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSON) under the control of Generalized MPLS (GMPLS).

This compatibility constraint model is applicable to common optical or hybrid electro-optical sys... more This compatibility constraint model is applicable to common optical or hybrid electro-optical systems such as optical-electronic-optical (OEO) switches, regenerators, and wavelength converters, since such systems can be limited to processing only certain types of WSON signals. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7688.

Proceedings of SPIE, Oct 17, 2001

IEEE Communications Magazine, 2000