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Papers by Greg Shea

Australian journal of agricultural research, 2001

Almost the entire lupin industry of Western Australia is based on the single species Lupinus angu... more Almost the entire lupin industry of Western Australia is based on the single species Lupinus angustifolius L. (narrow-leafed lupin), which is very well adapted to coarse-textured, mildly acid soils. However, L. angustifolius is not well suited to the strongly acid sand plain soils along the low rainfall fringe of Western Australia’s agricultural areas, and alternative grain legume species may be preferable. These soils, known locally as wodjil soils, have very low nutrient contents, often high levels of extractable Al in the subsoil, and are common in areas where severe brown spot and root rot disease is caused byPleiochaeta setosa. Yellow lupin, Lupinus luteus L., may be a better species on these soils. This paper describes a series of trials comparing the grain yields of narrow-leafed lupin and yellow lupin on a range of soils in the agricultural areas of Western Australia. These trials were sown on a range of dates and in a range of rotational backgrounds between 1995 and 1998. With current cultivars, narrow-leafed lupin clearly has higher yield potential than yellow lupin when soil-extractable [Al] at a depth of 15–25 cm (measured in a 1 :5 extract of soil in 0.01 M CaCl2) is <10 mg/kg. When extractable [Al] at this depth is greater, yellow lupin can produce greater yields than narrow-leafed lupin, depending on other environmental characteristics, especially when extractable [Al] exceeds 28 mg/kg, but its yield advantage is often small. Yellow lupin is less sensitive to delayed sowing than narrow-leafed lupin, and more tolerant of brown spot, but narrow-leafed lupin is more responsive to good seasonal conditions and less sensitive to frost. We conclude that yellow lupin has a place in Western Australian farming systems on soils with >10 mg/kg extractable [Al] where these soils are in close lupin rotations, in areas where brown spot is severe, or in low rainfall areas where narrow-leafed lupin yield potential does not often exceed 1 t/ha on these soils. However, yellow lupin has had relatively little breeding effort in Australia and its place will remain precarious until better adapted, higher yielding cultivars become available.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the nutritive value of yellow lupins for weaner pigs. U... more Two experiments were conducted to examine the nutritive value of yellow lupins for weaner pigs. Using a completely randomised block design, Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the optimum inclusion level for yellow lupins (cv. Wodjil) in the diet of weaner pigs (6.14 kg ± 0.278). Experiment 2 was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine whether supplementation of an enzyme preparation (VegPro) either in a soybean meal-based diet (0 g/kg yellow lupins) or in a yellow lupin-based diet (150 g/kg) improved performance of piglets (6.17 kg ± 0.317). In Experiment 1, the feed conversion ratio significantly increased at week 1 (linear effect, P = 0.040) and at week 3 (quadratic effect, P = 0.010) as the concentration of yellow lupins increased in the diet. In Experiment 2, supplementation with the enzyme preparation improved the feed conversion ratio in the pigs fed the lupin-based diet only but not in the pigs fed the soybean meal-based diet in week 2 (interaction P = 0.001). The results indicate that the optimum inclusion levels of yellow lupins for piglets immediately after weaning was 150 g/kg, and supplementation of a multi-enzyme preparation to a yellow lupin-based diet for the weaner pigs improved performance relative to the soybean meal-based diet.

Recent poor seasons have left many farmers with depleted cash reserves, lower farm equity and an ... more Recent poor seasons have left many farmers with depleted cash reserves, lower farm equity and an increased need for seasonal finance. To assist farmers to improve their financial positions this plenary paper outlines a range of recovery principles. The principles constitute general guidance for farm business management in season 2001 and range from simple ideas such as the need to 'stay positive' through to potentially more complex ideas such as 'understanding the profit drivers of the farm business'. For farmers and their advisers to apply these principles successfully requires tailoring them to specific farm situations. Know your planning horizon For some farmers season 2001 will be a 'make or break' year so their planning horizon is one season. These farmers need to make decisions that give them maximum return in season 2001. For farmers with longer planning horizons they can focus on using rotations and enterprise sequences that offer reasonable returns in 2001 as well as in subsequent years. These farmers can invest in setting up some paddocks for seasons 2002 and 2003. Knowing your planning horizon is part of knowing yourself. Near the reflection pond at the University of Western Australia are carved the words 'know thyself'. It's important that farmers and their advisers know what they're good at and what they're not. The attitude, skill and knowledge of a farmer and their advisers can influence how successful or not are particular aspects of the farm business. In times of adversity it's often better to build from what you are already good at, rather than launch into unfamiliar activities with serious downside risk. Spread your risk Maintaining a complementary mix of enterprises can generate profit and spread price and production risk. Diversifying your income sources (on-farm and off-farm as well as livestock and crops) is often a useful business strategy for long-term survival. Some people think that diversification and risk management are part of modern management. They're not; they're part of good, old-fashioned management. Table 2. Measures of yield risk faced by Australian farmers for major agricultural crops: coefficients of variation of de-trended yields (%)

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2001

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat and barley caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 continues to cause sig... more Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat and barley caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 continues to cause significant yield losses, especially in no-till cropping systems in low to medium rainfall regions across southern Australia. This study was conducted to determine if liquid banding of the fungicides Uniform® and EverGol® Prime could significantly reduce yield losses attributed to Rhizoctonia. From 2011-2013, 28 trials were conducted at 14 sites across SA and WA; Uniform® was evaluated in 10 barley and 11 wheat trials, and EverGol® Prime in 6 barley trials sown using a knife point furrow opener. Sites had significant levels of Rhizoctonia prior to seeding and treatments included banding fungicide 3-4 cm below the seed, on the soil surface behind the press wheel and a combination of both. Seed treatments plus/minus banding fungicide below the seed were also evaluated. Vibrance™ and EverGol® Prime seed treatments produced significant yield responses in 4/21 and 2/6 trials, respectively. Unifo...

Through 1998 anthracnose has spread to infect many more parts of WA, with some detections in the ... more Through 1998 anthracnose has spread to infect many more parts of WA, with some detections in the south and east well removed from the original focus in the north. Significant losses were experienced in a several narrow-leafed lupin crops of susceptible varieties in 1998 in the northern and west midlands areas. It is expected that many parts of the wheatbelt now have pockets of low level infection. Infection is particularly widespread in the high rainfall zone between Gingin and Geraldton. SPREAD IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA Management packages for anthracnose control in narrow-leafed lupins have been well promoted and industry awareness is high. Two new narrow-leafed varieties, Wonga and Tanjil are showed excellent resistance to anthracnose in 1998 trials although they are not immune. These and new varieties of equivalent or greater resistance will play a key role in future of the lupin industry. Set up a clean seed multiplication area on your farm at low risk of infection or organise a reliable source off-farm if you are in a high risk area. • Plan for 2000 clean seed now • Varieties Note the relative resistance of the current lupin varieties. In higher risk situations do not grow Kiev Mutant, Wodjil, Myallie or Tallerack. Tanjil and Wonga are the most resistant followed by Kalya. In 1997 and to a lesser extent in 1998 anthracnose-free seed was relatively easy for many growers to obtain from locations remote from the 1996 outbreak areas. From 1999 on, anthracnose-free seed will become an increasing rare commodity. So the question for most growers will be-what level of anthracnose infection can be tolerated in my seed? The importance of sowing clean seed for the management of anthracnose in lupins has been stressed many times.

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Plant biosecurity is a global issue that continues to grow in importance as the volume of trade b... more Plant biosecurity is a global issue that continues to grow in importance as the volume of trade between countries and the number of people travelling increases. Australia is free from many of the pests and diseases that affect plant industries and natural environments in other countries. This freedom provides a competitive advantage to Australia as a major agricultural exporter reliant on its international reputation as a producer of ‘clean and green’ agricultural and food products. Australia also places a high value on protecting our unique environment and lifestyle for future generations. Plant biosecurity is essential to protect these values. Plant biosecurity is focussed on those pests (insects and plant pathogens) that are; not currently present in Australia, are present but not in all production regions of Australia and are being actively controlled, or those pests that represent a new threat as their biology has changed. Plant biosecurity can impact on food safety, food secur...

Plant biosecurity is a global issue that continues to grow in importance as the volume of trade b... more Plant biosecurity is a global issue that continues to grow in importance as the volume of trade between countries and the number of people travelling increases. Australia is free from many of the pests and diseases that affect plant industries and natural environments in other countries. This freedom provides a competitive advantage to Australia as a major agricultural exporter reliant on its international reputation as a producer of 'clean and green' agricultural and food products. Australia also places a high value on protecting our unique environment and lifestyle for future generations. Plant biosecurity is essential to protect these values. Plant biosecurity is focussed on those pests (insects and plant pathogens) that are; not currently present in Australia, are present but not in all production regions of Australia and are being actively controlled, or those pests that represent a new threat as their biology has changed. Plant biosecurity can impact on food safety, fo...

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2001

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a common problem on the sandy acidic soils insouth Western Australia (WA)... more Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a common problem on the sandy acidic soils insouth Western Australia (WA) for seed (grain) production of Lupinus angustifolius, and L. luteus. The Zn requirement of L. luteus is not known; while that of L. angustifolius has only been measured in one field experiment in WA. The effectiveness of Zn fertilizer was measured in 1997 for

Lupins for health and …, 2008

IN JA Palta and JB Berger (eds). 2008. 'Lupins for Health and Wealth' Proceedings of th... more IN JA Palta and JB Berger (eds). 2008. 'Lupins for Health and Wealth' Proceedings of the 12th International Lupin Conference, 14-18 Sept. 2008, Fremantle, Western Australia. International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand. ISBN 0-86476-153-8.

Journal of the Department of Agriculture for Western Australia, 1999

, several thousand lupin breeding lines and wild types of 11 lupin species were sown in New Zeala... more , several thousand lupin breeding lines and wild types of 11 lupin species were sown in New Zealand for resistance screening. In 1997, resistance to anthracnose was confirmed in several breeding fines and commercial cultivars of narrow-leafed lupins (I. angustifolius), landraces of albus lupins (I. albus) and wild types of several other lupin species. Important information on critical seed infection levels and fungicide seed treatment has also been determined. Greg Shea reports on the research undertaken during the breeding and disease management program, and the results that will enable growers to avoid losses from lupin anthracnose in the future.

Cropping on yellow earth soils in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia can be restricted by... more Cropping on yellow earth soils in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia can be restricted by subsoil acidity. There are approximately one million hectares of yellow earth soils in Western Australia, some of which are extremely unproductive due to acidity and high concentrations of available aluminum. The best crop rotation on yellow earth soils includes wheat and narrow-leafed lupins, but this is not economically viable on those soils with high aluminum concentrations. It is known that the yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) is more tolerant to toxic levels of subsoil aluminum than the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus engustifolius). Research has shown that the yellow lupin has a very high level of resistance to Pleiochaeta root rot and brown leaf spot (Pleiochaeta setosa) compared to the narrow-leafed lupin. Evidence from field trials has shown that the advantage of the yellow lupin over the narrow-leafed lupin is the greatest on the soils with a high level of extractable aluminum. The ...

Important developments in breeding and variety development have made 2004 a year to remember in t... more Important developments in breeding and variety development have made 2004 a year to remember in the advancement of the lupin and pulse industries in Western Australia. New varieties that have been released provide solutions to major problems that have troubled the lupin and pulse industries for several years. The future now looks bright with significant expansion expected over the next five years. The keenly anticipated release of the new narrow leaf lupin variety Mandelup, lived well up to expectations. There was very strong demand for seed of this variety and it is now recommended for all lupin growing areas throughout the State, except the anthracnose prone areas in the high rainfall parts of the Northern Agricultural Region. Mandelup provides up to an 8% yield boost over all other lupin varieties and compared with Belara, provides better anthracnose tolerance, higher protein, improved aphid resistance and better metribuzin tolerance. Mandelup has been particularly welcomed by growers because of the improved options it provides for weed management. Its higher yield and early maturity allows more flexibility for delayed sowing and better use of knockdown herbicides. This, coupled with its greater metribuzin tolerance, reduces the cost and improves the control of broadleafed weeds in lupin crops. Research during 2004 also showed that Mandelup was well suited to wide-row production, opening up further possibilities for specific management of weeds either within, or between, rows. Field peas were the talk of the pulse world in WA during 2004 with Kaspa generating a large amount of interest. Harvesting Kaspa was the main topic of discussion. The upright nature of the plant and reduced pod shattering allowed crops to be harvested well above ground level with negligible harvest loss. Other problems, however, emerged, particularly with getting the crop to feed into the broad elevator on draper fronts. Innovative solutions to these problems were developed by growers and are included in a new farmnote on Harvesting Semi-leafless Field Peas, to be published by the Department of Agriculture in 2005. The yields of Kaspa were again impressive in the medium to high rainfall areas of the wheatbelt, with Kaspa generally being amongst the top yielding lines for these regions. The very dry spring and frost in parts of the southern growing region, however, took their toll in the low rainfall areas, with Kaspa being hit worse than other varieties. Research results also indicated that Kaspa, in low rainfall environments, will suffer a greater yield penalty than Dunwa or Helena from mid to late June sowing, particularly in dry seasons. In most years though, yield differences are unlikely to be large and will be offset by the ease of harvest and lower pod shattering of Kaspa. Sales of Kaspa seed during 2004 increased to over almost 3,000 tonnes with demand out-stripping supply. Most of this seed is expected to be sown for seed-increase in 2005 and then sown as commercial crops in 2006. A record field pea crop is therefore projected for 2006 with a significant number of new field pea growers. Three new desi chickpea varieties with improved resistance to ascochyta blight, and higher yields, excellent seed quality or improved harvestibility, became available to growers in 2004. Rupali and Sonali were released by the Department of Agriculture and, while not officially released, significant quantities of Genesis 836 were received by growers from Australian Agricultural Commodities in Victoria. All three varieties have something to offer Western Australian growers and provide a sound basis for the recovery in the chickpea industry. Research results indicate that Genesis 836 is the best all-round variety with the highest level of ascochyta resistance of the three varieties, but also with good yield potential and fine seed quality. Sonali, is likely to be the preferred option where ascochyta risk is low, because it has produced high yields in low disease situations over the past four years. Rupali has excellent seed quality with a potential to attract significant price premiums, however, its yield and disease resistance appear average. All three varieties will still need several fungicide sprays to manage ascochyta blight, but the management of this disease with these varieties will be easier and more robust. Research trials also showed the excellent levels of resistance to ascochyta blight that can be expected in future new varieties of both desi and kabuli chickpea. Agribusiness Crop Updates 2005 Crop Updates is a partnership between the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia and the Grains Research & Development Corporation 2 In an exciting further development during 2004, a new desi chickpea breeding alliance was formed between the Department of Agriculture, CLIMA, COGGO and ICRISAT. This alliance is focused squarely on breeding improved varieties for the Northern Agriculture Region of WA, and promises the accelerated release of superior chickpea varieties for this important chickpea growing region in the future. Farah, a new variety of faba bean with excellent ascochyta resistance also became available to Western Australian growers in 2004. This variety (released in South Australia in 2003) is an ascochyta resistant selection from Fiesta and is therefore the first variety available with good resistance to the two major diseases of faba beans in WA (chocolate spot and ascochyta blight). Farah is a particularly good variety for ascochyta prone areas where it provides a substantial yield and quality boost over Ascot, the only other ascochyta resistant variety available. Variety trials in 2004 showed that Cairo, a faba bean variety released for Northern New South Wales, is well suited to the Northern Agricultural Region of WA, with yields generally being higher than that of Fiord. This variety however, is not yet readily available in WA. Good progress was also made with the development and release of new varieties of yellow lupin, albus lupin and lathyrus. An experimental release of two lines of yellow lupins was trialled by the Department of Agriculture with four growers successfully applying to multiply seed and test the suitability of these lines for commercial production. The seed multiplication was successful and further decisions on the release of the lines will be made in 2005. During the year 12 tonnes of WALAB-2000, an albus lupin line with improved anthracnose resistance was produced by COGGO. A decision will be made in 2005 about the release and distribution of this line. Finally, a new variety of Lathyrus sativus underwent the final stages of testing and commercialisation during the year and is set to be released by CLIMA in 2005. GRDC has continued its strong support for research and development of lupins and pulses in WA by funding more than a million dollars of new projects in 2004 in both breeding, agronomic research and industry development. Collaboration between the major industry players also continued with good leadership provided in several new initiatives by the Department of Agriculture, CLIMA, Pulse WA, CBH/GPWA and Grower Groups.

Anthracnose in lupins, caused by Colletotrichum lupini, was first detected in commercial crops in... more Anthracnose in lupins, caused by Colletotrichum lupini, was first detected in commercial crops in Western Australia (WA) in 1996. This incursion of an exotic plant pathogen into Australia constituted a major biosecurity threat to the local lupin industry. The disease caught the industry unawares with the majority of cultivars at that time being susceptible and there were major issues with local plant pathologists and lupin agronomists having very little exposure to diagnosis and management of this disease. In 1997, the first major breakthrough was made when resistance to anthracnose was confirmed in several breeding lines and commercial cultivars of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), and landraces of Lupinus albus. These findings led to the release of cultivars with elevated levels of resistance to the disease. Important information on relative yield loss, critical seed infection levels, fungicide seed treatment and geographical risk factors have also been discovered through applied research leading to use of seed testing and registered fungicides for the control of early infection.

Australian journal of agricultural research, 2001

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2001

Plant biosecurity is a global issue that continues to grow in importance as the volume of trade b... more Plant biosecurity is a global issue that continues to grow in importance as the volume of trade between countries and the number of people travelling increases. Australia is free from many of the pests and diseases that affect plant industries and natural environments in other countries. This freedom provides a competitive advantage to Australia as a major agricultural exporter reliant on its international reputation as a producer of 'clean and green' agricultural and food products. Australia also places a high value on protecting our unique environment and lifestyle for future generations. Plant biosecurity is essential to protect these values. Plant biosecurity is focussed on those pests (insects and plant pathogens) that are; not currently present in Australia, are present but not in all production regions of Australia and are being actively controlled, or those pests that represent a new threat as their biology has changed. Plant biosecurity can impact on food safety, fo...

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2001

Lupins for health and …, 2008

Journal of the Department of Agriculture for Western Australia, 1999