Nayan Gujarathi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nayan Gujarathi

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Oct 1, 2012

The present study investigates the ability of a polyelectrolyte complex, composed of O-carboxymet... more The present study investigates the ability of a polyelectrolyte complex, composed of O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) and carbopol cross linked with calcium, as a pH-sensitive carrier for acid susceptible drugs. DSC studies were performed to confirm the formation of O-CMC-carbopol complex. Double endothermic peaks in thermogram of polyelectrolyte beads reflect the molecular changes brought in after cross-linking. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to reveal peak variation of the carboxylic groups as a function of pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. The formation of polyelectrolyte complex, on account of electrostatic interactions between the COO − group of carbopol and the NH 3 + group of O-CMC, was also confirmed by FT-IR studies. Swelling of the O-CMC-carbopol film showed a pH-dependent profile that was affected by calcium ion concentration. The swelling rate was more significant at intestinal pH because the ionization of carboxylic acid group on O-CMC and carbopol creates electrostatic repulsion. Release behavior of drug is relative to the viscosity of solution and the ionic interaction between O-CMC and carbopol. Mucous glycoprotein assay revealed that ionization of carboxylic group on the beads at intestinal pH formed a strong hydrogen bond with mucin, which was responsible for the prominent mucoadhesive property thus prolonging the intestinal residence time.

Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, Jun 13, 2023

Background: Perphenazine (PPZ) is a prevalent antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophreni... more Background: Perphenazine (PPZ) is a prevalent antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia. After oral treatment, however, it shows substantial first-pass metabolism and decreased bioavailability. Objective: The goal of this research was to incorporate PPZ into nanostructured lipid carriers and thereby improve its bioavailability and brain targeting (PPZ-NLCs). Method: PPZ-NLCs were formulated by a high-pressure homogenization methodology under heated conditions and optimized by applying a 23-full factorial design. Results: The optimized PPZ-NLCs showed particle size 167.5 nm, PDI 0.277, Zeta Potential of -28.8 mV, and 98.6% EE. The drug release during In-vitro experiments of PPZ-NLCs exhibited a prolonged release profile of the drug best fitted into the Higuchi kinetic model. PPZ-NLCs when examined In-vivo pharmacokinetically a significant increase in t1/2, AUC0-∞, and Cmax was observed which indicates a greater bioavailability and a lesser elimination (Kel). Conclusion: These results suggested the superiority of NLCs in enhancing the bioavailability of PPZ drug and their suitability for successful brain targeting.

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, Feb 23, 2012

Most of floating systems have an inbuilt limitation of high variability in the gastric retention ... more Most of floating systems have an inbuilt limitation of high variability in the gastric retention time, invariably affecting the bioavailability of drug. An oral sustained release system is formulated to increase gastric residence time by a different way like floating. The objective of present investigation was to prepare hollow microspheres of Rosiglitazone Maleate in order to increase its bioavailability and reduce the dose frequency. Hollow microspheres of Rosiglitazone Maleate were prepared by O/W emulsion-solvent diffusion technique using biodegradable anionic acrylic resin as a polymer. A mixture of dichloromethane and ethanol (1:1) used as solvent system for drug and polymer with water containing polyvinyl alcohol and salt as external aqueous phase. Entrapment efficiency of drug was increased upto 89.71% as a result of salting out effect. The morphology of Eudragit S100 based microspheres in comparison to Ethyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) was found to be hollow, spherical, and porous which was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Microspheres were evaluated for micromeritic profile and found satisfactory. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the absence of drug-polymer interaction. The Eudragit S100 based formulation demonstrated favorable in vitro floating and sustained release profile for longer period of time with increased bioavailability. The anionic acrylic resin based microspheres confirmed to have high floating ability >12 h. Entrapment efficiency and bioavailability of Rosiglitazone Maleate loaded microspheres were increased significantly after modification of method. The release mechanism for formulation was diffusion controlled and had followed first order kinetics, as well as physically and chemically stable as per ICH guidelines.

Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series, 2017

Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery syst... more Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery system. Formulation of system to administered via transdermal is an attractive option because this route is suitable and safe. Transfersomes is one of vesicular system which possesses a single chain surfactant as it offers ultra deformation property which provides better penetration. Vesicles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties can be formulated together and as a result can deliver drug molecules with wide range of solubility. Problems of drug leakage and low entrapment could be overcome in this system. Materials which are widely used in the formulation of it are various phospholipids, surfactants, alcohol, dye and buffering agent. These systems can deform up to 5 times lesser than its original size to pass through narrow constriction without showing drug leakage. These are more flexible and adjustable than that of liposomes thus can be used to carry drugs across the biological membrane, such as skin. It can act as a carrier for wide variety of drugs.

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Apr 12, 2023

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Psoriasis is linked with unusual differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocyte... more Psoriasis is linked with unusual differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes that significantly impair the quality of life (QoL) of patients. The present treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and are surrounded by various adverse effects. Recently, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as next-generation nanocarriers with better physicochemical characteristics. The current manuscript provides background information on psoriasis, its pathophysiology, existing treatment options, and its limitations. It highlights the advantages, rationale, and mechanism of the permeation of NLCs for the treatment of psoriasis. It further gives a detailed account of various NLC nanoformulations for the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, tabular information is provided on the most relevant patents on NLCs for treating psoriasis. Lastly, light is shed on regulatory considerations related to NLC-like nanoformulations. In the treatment of psoriasis, NLCs disp...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 2012

Even though experimental designs are becoming popular especially for conventional dosage forms, l... more Even though experimental designs are becoming popular especially for conventional dosage forms, limited studies have been performed to optimize formulations of orally disintegrating films (ODFs). This study aimed to evaluate sildenafil citrate-loaded ODFs for a controlled release with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a film-forming polymer. A factorial design was utilized for optimization with three control factors: ethanol ratio, plasticizer ratio, and the type of plasticizer. Tensile strength, disintegration time, water contact angle, and thickness were chosen as responses. For optimization, water contact angle, disintegration time, and thickness were minimized, while the tensile strength was maximized. Based on the conditions, optimal formulations were achieved for each type of plasticizer. Evaluation of desirability indicated that the response values were close to the target. When these optimal formulations were validated, the optimal solutions and target values were similar with small biases. The formulations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface pH, in vitro dissolution, and drug release simulation with a mathematical modeling. After the drug was homogenously dispersed throughout the film, the crystalline form of the drug provided strong hydrogen bonds between the drug and the film components. Moreover, it showed a controlled drug release profiles that were well matched with simulated results. This study suggests that the optimized films may present a better alternative to conventional tablets for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction.

Traditionally Used solutions for the treatment of Cuts , Open wounds ,Abrasions of skin , Incisio... more Traditionally Used solutions for the treatment of Cuts , Open wounds ,Abrasions of skin , Incisions are only having the antiseptic ( antimicrobial ) activity but they do not stop the bleeding; hence to overcome this problem we are developed a formulation by formulating the number of batches by designing the23 factorial design of herbals Azadirachta indica (Neem) ,Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Acacia catechu (Kattha) to act as a antiseptic and hemostatic by applying solution on the cuts and wounds . The plants have been reported in the literature as having good antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and Hemostatics (Astringent) Activity. The prepared formulation was evaluated for various parameters like appearance, colour, pH, Consistency, Viscosity and antimicrobial activity. The formulation of Batch# F4 was compared with the marketed preparation Betadine (5 % Povidone Iodine). It is a very good attempt to establish the herbal antiseptic-Hemostatic Solution containing Extracts of Azadirach...

The oral delivery of lipophilic drugs presents a major challenge due to low aqueous solubility of... more The oral delivery of lipophilic drugs presents a major challenge due to low aqueous solubility of such compounds. Clopidogrel is a BCS class II prodrug specifically and irreversibly inhibits the platelets aggregation by blocking activation of the glycoprotein IIb /IIIa pathway. The chief intention of this work is to develop an orally stable self Nano-emulsifying drug delivery system by evaluating its in vitro potential. Components of SNEDDS were assessed by solubility studies on various oils, surfactant, co-surfactants and co solvents. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify area of nanoemulsification for the selected systems. Characterization of SNEDDS was done by Physical method, Droplet size, Zeta potential determination, drug loading capacity, Transmission test, Cloud point measurement and in vitro release study. The optimal Formulation consisted of mixture of Drug (13.05%), Acrysol K150 and PEG 400 (1:1) and Capmul MCM NF (17.39%). Droplet size of optimal batch was ...

Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery

Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery syst... more Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery system. Formulation of system to administered via transdermal is an attractive option because this route is suitable and safe. Transfersomes is one of vesicular system which possesses a single chain surfactant as it offers ultra deformation property which provides better penetration. Vesicles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties can be formulated together and as a result can deliver drug molecules with wide range of solubility. Problems of drug leakage and low entrapment could be overcome in this system. Materials which are widely used in the formulation of it are various phospholipids, surfactants, alcohol, dye and buffering agent. These systems can deform up to 5 times lesser than its original size to pass through narrow constriction without showing drug leakage. These are more flexible and adjustable than that of liposomes thus can be used to carry drugs across the biological membrane,...

Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery

INTRODUCTION: a) History In 1888, Austrian botanical physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer, working at... more INTRODUCTION: a) History In 1888, Austrian botanical physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer, working at the Karl-Ferdinands-Universität, examined the physico-chemical properties of various derivatives of cholesterol which now belong to the class of materials known as cholesteric liquid crystals. Previously, other researchers had observed distinct color effects when cooling cholesterol derivatives just above the freezing point, but had not associated it with a new phenomenon. Reinitzer perceived that color changes in a derivative cholesteryl benzoate were not the most peculiar feature. Figure 1: Chemical structure of cholesteryl benzoate molecule He found that cholesteryl benzoate does not melt in the same manner as other compounds, but has two melting points. At 145.5 °C (293.9 °F) it melts into a cloudy liquid, and at 178.5 °C (353.3 °F) it melts again and the cloudy liquid becomes clear. The phenomenon is reversible. Seeking help from a physicist, on March 14, 1888, he wrote to Otto Lehmann, at that time aPrivatdozent in Aachen. They exchanged letters and samples. Lehmann examined the intermediate cloudy fluid, and reported seeing crystallites. Reinitzer's Viennese colleague von Zepharovich also indicated that the intermediate "fluid" was crystalline. The exchange of letters with Lehmann ended on April 24, with many questions unanswered. Reinitzer presented his results, with credits to Lehmann and von Zepharovich, at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888. [1] By that time, Reinitzer had discovered and described three important features of cholesteric liquid crystals (the name coined by Otto Lehmann in 1904): the existence of two melting points, the reflection of circularly polarized light, and the ability to rotate the polarization direction of light. After his accidental discovery, Reinitzer did not pursue studying liquid crystals further. The research was continued by Lehmann, who realized that he had encountered a new phenomenon and was in a position to ABSTRACT Liquid crystaline system is a thermodynamically stable phase which is characterized by anisotropy. LC's are also termed as mesophase as they exhibit isotropic properties and fluid-like behavior under some conditions (change in temperature). LC'S are influenced by number of factors such as concentration, temperature, pH, and presence of salt. Liquid crystals are divided on the basis of shape of the molecules into two groups one is calmitic and other is discotic. The various liquid-crystal phases (called mesophases) can be characterized by the type of ordering. The ordering of liquid crystalline phases is extensive on the molecular scale. The Liquid Crystals are the only holistic representations of the mineral kingdom and most potent form of crystalline energy on earth. Liquid crystal technology has had a major effect many areas of science pharmacy and engineering, as well as device technology. Liquid crystals have a multitude of other uses. They are used for non destructive mechanical testing of materials under stress. As new properties and types of liquid crystals are investigated and researched, these materials are sure to gain increasing importance in industrial and scientific applications such as optical imaging.

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Oct 1, 2012

The present study investigates the ability of a polyelectrolyte complex, composed of O-carboxymet... more The present study investigates the ability of a polyelectrolyte complex, composed of O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) and carbopol cross linked with calcium, as a pH-sensitive carrier for acid susceptible drugs. DSC studies were performed to confirm the formation of O-CMC-carbopol complex. Double endothermic peaks in thermogram of polyelectrolyte beads reflect the molecular changes brought in after cross-linking. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to reveal peak variation of the carboxylic groups as a function of pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. The formation of polyelectrolyte complex, on account of electrostatic interactions between the COO − group of carbopol and the NH 3 + group of O-CMC, was also confirmed by FT-IR studies. Swelling of the O-CMC-carbopol film showed a pH-dependent profile that was affected by calcium ion concentration. The swelling rate was more significant at intestinal pH because the ionization of carboxylic acid group on O-CMC and carbopol creates electrostatic repulsion. Release behavior of drug is relative to the viscosity of solution and the ionic interaction between O-CMC and carbopol. Mucous glycoprotein assay revealed that ionization of carboxylic group on the beads at intestinal pH formed a strong hydrogen bond with mucin, which was responsible for the prominent mucoadhesive property thus prolonging the intestinal residence time.

Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, Jun 13, 2023

Background: Perphenazine (PPZ) is a prevalent antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophreni... more Background: Perphenazine (PPZ) is a prevalent antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia. After oral treatment, however, it shows substantial first-pass metabolism and decreased bioavailability. Objective: The goal of this research was to incorporate PPZ into nanostructured lipid carriers and thereby improve its bioavailability and brain targeting (PPZ-NLCs). Method: PPZ-NLCs were formulated by a high-pressure homogenization methodology under heated conditions and optimized by applying a 23-full factorial design. Results: The optimized PPZ-NLCs showed particle size 167.5 nm, PDI 0.277, Zeta Potential of -28.8 mV, and 98.6% EE. The drug release during In-vitro experiments of PPZ-NLCs exhibited a prolonged release profile of the drug best fitted into the Higuchi kinetic model. PPZ-NLCs when examined In-vivo pharmacokinetically a significant increase in t1/2, AUC0-∞, and Cmax was observed which indicates a greater bioavailability and a lesser elimination (Kel). Conclusion: These results suggested the superiority of NLCs in enhancing the bioavailability of PPZ drug and their suitability for successful brain targeting.

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, Feb 23, 2012

Most of floating systems have an inbuilt limitation of high variability in the gastric retention ... more Most of floating systems have an inbuilt limitation of high variability in the gastric retention time, invariably affecting the bioavailability of drug. An oral sustained release system is formulated to increase gastric residence time by a different way like floating. The objective of present investigation was to prepare hollow microspheres of Rosiglitazone Maleate in order to increase its bioavailability and reduce the dose frequency. Hollow microspheres of Rosiglitazone Maleate were prepared by O/W emulsion-solvent diffusion technique using biodegradable anionic acrylic resin as a polymer. A mixture of dichloromethane and ethanol (1:1) used as solvent system for drug and polymer with water containing polyvinyl alcohol and salt as external aqueous phase. Entrapment efficiency of drug was increased upto 89.71% as a result of salting out effect. The morphology of Eudragit S100 based microspheres in comparison to Ethyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) was found to be hollow, spherical, and porous which was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Microspheres were evaluated for micromeritic profile and found satisfactory. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the absence of drug-polymer interaction. The Eudragit S100 based formulation demonstrated favorable in vitro floating and sustained release profile for longer period of time with increased bioavailability. The anionic acrylic resin based microspheres confirmed to have high floating ability >12 h. Entrapment efficiency and bioavailability of Rosiglitazone Maleate loaded microspheres were increased significantly after modification of method. The release mechanism for formulation was diffusion controlled and had followed first order kinetics, as well as physically and chemically stable as per ICH guidelines.

Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series, 2017

Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery syst... more Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery system. Formulation of system to administered via transdermal is an attractive option because this route is suitable and safe. Transfersomes is one of vesicular system which possesses a single chain surfactant as it offers ultra deformation property which provides better penetration. Vesicles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties can be formulated together and as a result can deliver drug molecules with wide range of solubility. Problems of drug leakage and low entrapment could be overcome in this system. Materials which are widely used in the formulation of it are various phospholipids, surfactants, alcohol, dye and buffering agent. These systems can deform up to 5 times lesser than its original size to pass through narrow constriction without showing drug leakage. These are more flexible and adjustable than that of liposomes thus can be used to carry drugs across the biological membrane, such as skin. It can act as a carrier for wide variety of drugs.

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Apr 12, 2023

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Apple Academic Press eBooks, Dec 13, 2022

Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Psoriasis is linked with unusual differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocyte... more Psoriasis is linked with unusual differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes that significantly impair the quality of life (QoL) of patients. The present treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and are surrounded by various adverse effects. Recently, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as next-generation nanocarriers with better physicochemical characteristics. The current manuscript provides background information on psoriasis, its pathophysiology, existing treatment options, and its limitations. It highlights the advantages, rationale, and mechanism of the permeation of NLCs for the treatment of psoriasis. It further gives a detailed account of various NLC nanoformulations for the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, tabular information is provided on the most relevant patents on NLCs for treating psoriasis. Lastly, light is shed on regulatory considerations related to NLC-like nanoformulations. In the treatment of psoriasis, NLCs disp...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 2012

Even though experimental designs are becoming popular especially for conventional dosage forms, l... more Even though experimental designs are becoming popular especially for conventional dosage forms, limited studies have been performed to optimize formulations of orally disintegrating films (ODFs). This study aimed to evaluate sildenafil citrate-loaded ODFs for a controlled release with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a film-forming polymer. A factorial design was utilized for optimization with three control factors: ethanol ratio, plasticizer ratio, and the type of plasticizer. Tensile strength, disintegration time, water contact angle, and thickness were chosen as responses. For optimization, water contact angle, disintegration time, and thickness were minimized, while the tensile strength was maximized. Based on the conditions, optimal formulations were achieved for each type of plasticizer. Evaluation of desirability indicated that the response values were close to the target. When these optimal formulations were validated, the optimal solutions and target values were similar with small biases. The formulations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface pH, in vitro dissolution, and drug release simulation with a mathematical modeling. After the drug was homogenously dispersed throughout the film, the crystalline form of the drug provided strong hydrogen bonds between the drug and the film components. Moreover, it showed a controlled drug release profiles that were well matched with simulated results. This study suggests that the optimized films may present a better alternative to conventional tablets for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction.

Traditionally Used solutions for the treatment of Cuts , Open wounds ,Abrasions of skin , Incisio... more Traditionally Used solutions for the treatment of Cuts , Open wounds ,Abrasions of skin , Incisions are only having the antiseptic ( antimicrobial ) activity but they do not stop the bleeding; hence to overcome this problem we are developed a formulation by formulating the number of batches by designing the23 factorial design of herbals Azadirachta indica (Neem) ,Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Acacia catechu (Kattha) to act as a antiseptic and hemostatic by applying solution on the cuts and wounds . The plants have been reported in the literature as having good antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and Hemostatics (Astringent) Activity. The prepared formulation was evaluated for various parameters like appearance, colour, pH, Consistency, Viscosity and antimicrobial activity. The formulation of Batch# F4 was compared with the marketed preparation Betadine (5 % Povidone Iodine). It is a very good attempt to establish the herbal antiseptic-Hemostatic Solution containing Extracts of Azadirach...

The oral delivery of lipophilic drugs presents a major challenge due to low aqueous solubility of... more The oral delivery of lipophilic drugs presents a major challenge due to low aqueous solubility of such compounds. Clopidogrel is a BCS class II prodrug specifically and irreversibly inhibits the platelets aggregation by blocking activation of the glycoprotein IIb /IIIa pathway. The chief intention of this work is to develop an orally stable self Nano-emulsifying drug delivery system by evaluating its in vitro potential. Components of SNEDDS were assessed by solubility studies on various oils, surfactant, co-surfactants and co solvents. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify area of nanoemulsification for the selected systems. Characterization of SNEDDS was done by Physical method, Droplet size, Zeta potential determination, drug loading capacity, Transmission test, Cloud point measurement and in vitro release study. The optimal Formulation consisted of mixture of Drug (13.05%), Acrysol K150 and PEG 400 (1:1) and Capmul MCM NF (17.39%). Droplet size of optimal batch was ...

Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery

Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery syst... more Vesicular system brings several possible advantages over conventional route of drug delivery system. Formulation of system to administered via transdermal is an attractive option because this route is suitable and safe. Transfersomes is one of vesicular system which possesses a single chain surfactant as it offers ultra deformation property which provides better penetration. Vesicles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties can be formulated together and as a result can deliver drug molecules with wide range of solubility. Problems of drug leakage and low entrapment could be overcome in this system. Materials which are widely used in the formulation of it are various phospholipids, surfactants, alcohol, dye and buffering agent. These systems can deform up to 5 times lesser than its original size to pass through narrow constriction without showing drug leakage. These are more flexible and adjustable than that of liposomes thus can be used to carry drugs across the biological membrane,...

Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery

INTRODUCTION: a) History In 1888, Austrian botanical physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer, working at... more INTRODUCTION: a) History In 1888, Austrian botanical physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer, working at the Karl-Ferdinands-Universität, examined the physico-chemical properties of various derivatives of cholesterol which now belong to the class of materials known as cholesteric liquid crystals. Previously, other researchers had observed distinct color effects when cooling cholesterol derivatives just above the freezing point, but had not associated it with a new phenomenon. Reinitzer perceived that color changes in a derivative cholesteryl benzoate were not the most peculiar feature. Figure 1: Chemical structure of cholesteryl benzoate molecule He found that cholesteryl benzoate does not melt in the same manner as other compounds, but has two melting points. At 145.5 °C (293.9 °F) it melts into a cloudy liquid, and at 178.5 °C (353.3 °F) it melts again and the cloudy liquid becomes clear. The phenomenon is reversible. Seeking help from a physicist, on March 14, 1888, he wrote to Otto Lehmann, at that time aPrivatdozent in Aachen. They exchanged letters and samples. Lehmann examined the intermediate cloudy fluid, and reported seeing crystallites. Reinitzer's Viennese colleague von Zepharovich also indicated that the intermediate "fluid" was crystalline. The exchange of letters with Lehmann ended on April 24, with many questions unanswered. Reinitzer presented his results, with credits to Lehmann and von Zepharovich, at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888. [1] By that time, Reinitzer had discovered and described three important features of cholesteric liquid crystals (the name coined by Otto Lehmann in 1904): the existence of two melting points, the reflection of circularly polarized light, and the ability to rotate the polarization direction of light. After his accidental discovery, Reinitzer did not pursue studying liquid crystals further. The research was continued by Lehmann, who realized that he had encountered a new phenomenon and was in a position to ABSTRACT Liquid crystaline system is a thermodynamically stable phase which is characterized by anisotropy. LC's are also termed as mesophase as they exhibit isotropic properties and fluid-like behavior under some conditions (change in temperature). LC'S are influenced by number of factors such as concentration, temperature, pH, and presence of salt. Liquid crystals are divided on the basis of shape of the molecules into two groups one is calmitic and other is discotic. The various liquid-crystal phases (called mesophases) can be characterized by the type of ordering. The ordering of liquid crystalline phases is extensive on the molecular scale. The Liquid Crystals are the only holistic representations of the mineral kingdom and most potent form of crystalline energy on earth. Liquid crystal technology has had a major effect many areas of science pharmacy and engineering, as well as device technology. Liquid crystals have a multitude of other uses. They are used for non destructive mechanical testing of materials under stress. As new properties and types of liquid crystals are investigated and researched, these materials are sure to gain increasing importance in industrial and scientific applications such as optical imaging.