Sajid Gul - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Sajid Gul

The El Niño-South Oscillation (ENSO), a dominant factor in interannual climate variations worldwi... more The El Niño-South Oscillation (ENSO), a dominant factor in interannual climate variations worldwide, is characterized in the Pacific by anomalous sea surface heating during the El Niño phase and cooling during the La Niña phase. Although ENSO strongly affects atmospheric circulation, its effects on tropospheric ozone are not fully explored. We used satellite measurements of the tropospheric column of ozone to assess the effects of atmospheric circulations driven by ENSO on tropospheric column ozone levels in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). The objective of this work is to analyze the annual variation and the effects of the El Niño atmospheric variability mode in the Total Ozone Column (TCO) on MS between 2005 and 2020 using data from the AUREA satellite and the \Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensor. We found that observed ozone tends to increase in the troposphere after the La Niña peak, corresponding to anomalous downward motions and suppressed convection. The model also reveals that ...

2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2020

The Spatio temporal scale varying characteristics of aridity and thus the dominance of this metho... more The Spatio temporal scale varying characteristics of aridity and thus the dominance of this method within the present year is notable due to global climate change during this investigation, we proposed to work out the trend of the Aridity index using non-parametric methods like Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope approaches for testing. In Contrast, the Aridity index is computed by using Jensen formula to formulate, which is worldwide accepted. At the same time, ETo can be calculated using the well-known scheme by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) through Penman-Monteith FAO-56 (PM). We used 10-year data (2000-2009) of 12 climate locations positioned in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan. We acknowledged an increasing drift within the Aridity index rate had been observed mostly in spring, summer, and winter, with a downward tendency through fall. Furthermore, the statistical investigation demonstrations an increasing drifts in AI during spring and winter. In conclusion, we presented an efficient procedure which may, therefore, benefit by including in irrigation, water resource management, and meteorological modeling for future enlargement.

Acta Geophysica, 2022

Reliable information on the frequency and duration of excessive precipitation in floods, droughts... more Reliable information on the frequency and duration of excessive precipitation in floods, droughts, earthquakes, coastal floods, and hill torrents is critical to natural disaster planning and disaster risk reduction strategies. The current study examined precipitation on a monthly, seasonal, and annual scale at varying amplitudes. Moreover, the Mann–Kendall and Sen Innovatiove trend analysis (ITA) approaches are used to examine precipitation variations. This study aims to evaluate the Mann–Kendall and Sen Innovative Trend Analysis techniques to understand better how they apply to the topic under consideration. Overall, 84.16% of testing months showed trendless precipitation based on the MK trend test. Comparatively, the ITA monthly analysis showed statistically significant variation in 80% months and 88% considerable rate in seasonal perspective over the entire study regions. The research recognized that the Sen Innovative trend test outperforms the Mann–Kendall analysis in a range of circumstances. First of all, Sen Approach has simple assumptions, and the study of skewed distributions with fewer data could apply. Another benefit of using the ITA was that all data sets could be viewed on a graph, making it easier to see patterns and interpret the trends. Thus, the research recommends that the Sen Trend Method (ITA) analyze monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation patterns to facilitate water resource scheduling and establish natural disaster strategies in the future.

Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 2021

Children dropping out from schools is one of common phenomena in the modern world. Different demo... more Children dropping out from schools is one of common phenomena in the modern world. Different demographic, socio-economic, psychological, school based, and community factors are responsible for the number of children school dropout across the globe. Using convenient sampling technique, through questionnaire and interview methods primary data was collected from 400 household heads whose children were dropped out from schools in rural areas of district Peshawar during last five years. For this purpose, a structured questionnaire and interviews were conducted to obtain the required data. Results of the study reveal that, in case of boys, more than 60% of the respondents were of the view that poverty is the main reason for children's school dropout. In the case of girls school dropouts, 45% left studies incomplete because of poor financial position. Other determinants such as father education, mother education, school distance, illiterate community, the parental perception was also c...

Natural and Applied Sciences International Journal (NASIJ), 2021

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) concept is one of the most serious ecological and social challenges o... more The Urban Heat Island (UHI) concept is one of the most serious ecological and social challenges of the urbanisation. As a result of these events, several man-made urban areas have displaced the rural areas with increased thermal conductivity surfaces, resulting in higher temperatures in the urban areas. Thus, this paper analyses the variations in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the heat island area using Landsat 8 data and NPP VIIRS night-time light data. The data sources during 2013-2015 of Zhengzhou city, China, are selected to be a case study in this research work. According to the research, the economic centre of Zhengzhou city is shifting eastward, and the mean centre of urban area acquired from NPP VIIRS night-light data is extremely similar to the heat island area derived from Landsat 8 data. Also, the heat island areas obtained from the NPP VIIRS night-light data, and the yearbook data of Zhengzhou Bureau of Statistics are comparable with the accuracies of 96-99%. Hence, ...

PeerJ, 2021

Water Supply

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is critical for irrigation design and water management in rain... more Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is critical for irrigation design and water management in rainfed and irrigated agriculture. The Penman-Monteith (FAO-56(PM)) equation was demonstrated to be the most reliable and adaptive to a wide range of humid to semi-arid climates. However, it requires several environmental parameters (e.g., wind speed, solar radiation), rarely available in developing countries. Therefore, numerous temperature-based formulas have been designed to address this issue for various environments. Their calibration and validation against the local climate frequently lead to increases in performance. We revised the Hargreaves exponent (EH) and substituted a value of (0.16) for the original value (0.5). The modified Hargreaves formula enhances the ETo predictions with a mean absolute error ranging from (0.791) mm per day for Balakot to (2.36) mm per day in Risalpur, averaging (3.797) mm per day, as compared to the Hargreaves-Samani (16.827) mm per day. In general, all ...

Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ)

This study aims to identify the effects of foreign remittances on school enrolment and the educat... more This study aims to identify the effects of foreign remittances on school enrolment and the educational expenditures of children in the Peshawar district. Primary data were acquired by simple random sampling and a questionnaire. Correspondingly, the logit approach and Heckman selection theory were utilized to examine school enrolment and educational expenses. The marginal effects were evaluated to determine the co-efficient. The study's findings indicate that Per Capita Remittances (PCRM) have a highly substantial and beneficial effect on children's school attendance, with a (10.8%) point increase in school enrolment for every 100 rupees rises in Per Capita Remittances (PCRM). Suppose a household's Per Capita Income (PCIM) improves by one hundred rupees, the probability of children enrolling in school increases by (0.17). The results indicate that PCRM and educational costs per kid are significantly and positively correlated. Educational spending per child increases by 12...

International Journal of Global Warming

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

Changes in the climate and weather conditions, as well as rising earth's average temperature are ... more Changes in the climate and weather conditions, as well as rising earth's average temperature are likely to escalate deterioration of global drought occurrence. Drought is considered an interwoven natural disaster composed by a number of different factors, as for example agricultural, meteorological or hydrological. Hydrological drought estimation with regional accuracy is the most problematic and challenging issue. In order to monitor and characterize drought conditions, using Standardized Drought Indices (SDI) is recently the most frequently used practice. In this research article, we suggest an improved hydrological drought index that incorporates upgraded monthly rainfall estimation records, which play an important role in defining regional drought conditions, with regard to the global temperature rise. Rainfall is highly changeable even at a low distance and therefore should be also considered in precipitation estimation records because temporal rainfall records play a significant role in determining long-term rainfall shortages. Thus, the integration of regional aspect to the amount of rainfall is essential for accurate regional drought assessment. This research article proposes adding auxiliary data such as regional weights in order to make monthly rainfall records more accurate in relation to the dependency characteristics of temperature and rainfall records under regression and product estimation settings. Subsequently, we propose an innovative method of hydrological drought evaluation, a so-called Regionally Improved Weighted Standardized Drought Index (RIWSDI). We evaluated hydrological drought with the usage of RIWSDI at seven various meteorological regions situated in climatologically different areas in Pakistan. We assessed and compared the results using RIWSDI, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) on 3 and 12-month interval period on the basis of Pearson correlation. Under both parametric and non-parametric standardization, we discovered that there is a high positive correlation between RIWSDI and current methodology (SPI). To sum up, we proved that the upgraded estimations of rainfall are able to improve systems for monitoring droughts.

Accurate estimates of reference evapotranspiration are critical for water-resource management str... more Accurate estimates of reference evapotranspiration are critical for water-resource management strategies such as irrigation scheduling and operation. Therefore, knowledge of events such as spatial and temporal reference evapotranspiration (ET o) and their related principle of statistical probability theory plays a vital role in amplifying sustainable irrigation planning. Spatiotemporal statistical probability distribution and its associated trends have not yet has explored in Pakistan. In this study, we have two objectives: (1) to determine the most appropriate statistical probability distribution that better describes ET o on mean monthly and seasons wise estimates for the design of irrigation system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and (2) to check the trends in ET o on a monthly, seasonal, and annual basis. To check the ET o trends, we used the modified version of the Mann-Kendall and Sen Slope. We used Bayesian Kriging for spatial interpolation and propose a practical approach to the design and study of statistical probability distributions for the irrigation system and water supplies management. Also, the scheme preeminent explains ET o , on a monthly and seasonal basis. The statistical distribution that showed the best fit ET o result occupying 58.33% and 25% performance for the design of irrigation scheme in the entire study region on the monthly level was Johnson SB and Generalized Pareto, respectively. However, according to the Anderson-Darling (AD) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) goodness of fit measure, seasonal ET o estimates were preferably suited to the Burr, Johnson SB & Generalized Extreme Value. More research work must be conduct to assess the significance of this study to other fields. In conclusion, these findings might be helpful for water resource management and policymaker in future operations.