Guy Morag - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Guy Morag
The American journal of sports medicine, Jan 27, 2015
The effect of corticosteroids on tendons is poorly understood, and current data are insufficient ... more The effect of corticosteroids on tendons is poorly understood, and current data are insufficient and conflicting. To evaluate the effects of corticosteroid injections on intact and injured rotator cuffs (RCs) through biomechanical and radiographic analyses in a rat model. Controlled laboratory study. A total of 70 rats were assigned to 7 groups. Uninjured rats (no tear) received either a single saline injection, a single methylprednisolone acetate (MTA) injection, or triple MTA injections. Injured rats (unilateral supraspinatus injury) received either a single saline injection, triple saline injections, a single MTA injection, or triple MTA injections (injections were subacromial; repeat injections were administered weekly). Rats were sacrificed 1 week after final injection. Shoulders were harvested and grossly inspected, and the supraspinatus tendon was evaluated biomechanically. Bone density at the tendon insertion site on the greater tuberosity was assessed by micro-computed tomo...
The journal of knee surgery, 2011
Extensor mechanism disruption, whether due to patella fracture or tendon rupture, generally occur... more Extensor mechanism disruption, whether due to patella fracture or tendon rupture, generally occurs after low-energy trauma and frequently involves an indirect mechanism. When the fracture is comminuted and reconstruction is impossible, a partial or total patellectomy may be indicated. Although some authors advocate total patellectomy, partial patellectomy remains the standard treatment, especially for young and active patients. In the rare instance of a failed tendon repair after partial or total patellectomy, inadequate tissue is usually available for adequate restoration of the extensor mechanism. Extensor mechanism allograft, using the tibial tuberosity, patellar tendon, patella, and quadriceps tendon in continuity or the Achilles' tendon with calcaneal bone-block in continuity has been reported for extensor mechanism repair after total knee arthroplasty in patients who did not undergo patellectomy. We present a novel technique, using the bone patellar tendon bone allograft t...
![Research paper thumbnail of [The treatment of focal chondral lesions of the knee]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42475252/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Harefuah, 2010
Focal osteochondral lesions of the knee are a common cause of pain and other knee symptoms, and a... more Focal osteochondral lesions of the knee are a common cause of pain and other knee symptoms, and are mostly caused by traumatic injuries. The spontaneous repair ability of the articular cartilage tissue is very limited. Thus, focal chondral lesions result in early degenerative changes and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The surgical treatment of focal osteochondral lesions can be divided into three major groups: cartilage debridement techniques, marrow stimulating techniques and transplantation techniques. Lesion debridement causes limited and temporary symptoms relief. While marrow stimulating techniques are considered simple, cheap and easy to perform, some of the transplantation techniques are complicated and consist of highly demanding surgery and new technologies of tissue engineering. Many published studies attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment methods and to compare between them. There is no obvious or definite advantage of any one technique. There are relative ad...
Journal of Knee Surgery, 2010
Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is a benign tumor typically presenting as a nontender mass ... more Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is a benign tumor typically presenting as a nontender mass around the hand and wrist. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath in large joints is typically larger and shows higher rates of local recurrence, as well as common features with pigmented villonodular synovitis. We describe two cases of giant cell tumors in the patellar tendon area that were treated successfully with arthroscopically assisted complete excision. Orthopedic surgeons must be aware of this entity to prevent unnecessary adjuvant therapy or recurrent excision.
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2013
Purpose The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of a new foot-worn device on t... more Purpose The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of a new foot-worn device on the gait, physical function and pain in patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis (OA) who had a low-impact injury to the medial meniscus causing a degenerative meniscal tear. Methods A retrospective analysis of 34 patients with knee OA and a degenerative medial meniscal tear was performed. Patients underwent a gait evaluation, using an electronic walkway mat, and completed the SF-36 health survey and the WOMAC questionnaire at baseline and after 3 and 12 months of therapy. AposTherapy is a functional, biomechanical, non-invasive rehabilitation therapy consisting of a foot-worn device that is individually calibrated to each patient and is used during activities of daily living. Repeated-measures analyses were performed to compare gait parameters and self-evaluation questionnaires between baseline, and 3 and 12 months. Results Significant improvements were found in gait velocity, step length and single-limb support of the involved knee following 12 weeks of therapy (all p \ 0.01), alongside an improvement in limb symmetry. These results were maintained at the 12-month follow-up examination. Significant improvements were also found in all three domains of the WOMAC index (pain, stiffness and physical function) and in the SF-36 Physical Health Scale and the SF-36 Mental Health Scale (all p \ 0.01).
The Knee, 2013
Background: This study was devised to examine the effect of a novel biomechanical therapy for pat... more Background: This study was devised to examine the effect of a novel biomechanical therapy for patients suffering from anterior knee pain (AKP). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 48 patients suffering from AKP was performed. Patients underwent a gait evaluation, using an electronic walkway mat, and completed the SF-36 health survey and the WOMAC questionnaire at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of therapy. A special biomechanical device was individually calibrated for each patient. AposTherapy is a functional, non-invasive rehabilitation therapy consisting of a biomechanical foot-worn device that is used during activities of daily living. Repeated measures analyses were performed to compare gait parameters and self-evaluation questionnaires between baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Results: Walking velocity significantly increased by 5.7 cm/s, cadence increased by 1.6 steps/minute, and stride length increased by 3.4 cm in relation to pretreatment testing (pb 0.001 for all). End-point evaluation revealed additional improvement of these parameters; however these did not significantly differ from that of mid-treatment. Pain decreased by 36.6% and 49.2% following 13 and 26 weeks of treatment, respectively (Pb 0.01) and function improved by 25.2% and 41.7% following 13 and 26 weeks of treatment, respectively (P=0.01). Conclusions: Based on the current study's results it may be concluded that this therapy might have a positive effect for patients with AKP.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, 2005
Our aim was to determine if the height of the cup, lateralisation or the abduction angle correlat... more Our aim was to determine if the height of the cup, lateralisation or the abduction angle correlated with functional outcome or survivorship in revision total hip replacement in patients with a previous diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. A retrospective investigation of 51 patients (63 hips) who had undergone revision total hip replacement was performed. The mean duration of follow-up was 119 months. Forty-one patients (52 hips) were available for both determination of functional outcome and survivorship analysis. Ten patients (11 hips) were only available for survivorship analysis. The height of the cup was found to have a statistically significant correlation with functional outcome and a high hip centre correlated with a worse outcome score. Patients with a hip centre of less than 3.5 cm above the anatomical level had a statistically better survivorship of the cup than those with centres higher than this. Restoration of the height of the centre of the hip to as near the anatomical position as possible improved functional outcome and survivorship of the cup.
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 2006
Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation is a treatment option for young patients with osteo... more Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation is a treatment option for young patients with osteochondral lesions of the knee. The present study evaluated the surgical complexity of, and the prevalence of complications related to, total knee arthroplasty in patients who had had a previous osteochondral graft transplantation. A retrospective analysis was performed on thirty-three consecutive patients (thirty-five knees) who underwent total knee arthroplasty from 1974 to 2000 after having had a previous transplantation of a fresh osteochondral allograft into the same knee. The mean duration of follow-up was ninety-two months. Perioperative data were analyzed with regard to etiology, preoperative impairment, intraoperative technical complications, early and late postoperative complications, and postoperative functional and subjective outcomes. The Knee Society clinical rating system was used for clinical evaluation beginning in 1990. Four knees required additional techniques for exposure. Three knees required stemmed components, one knee required a tibial augment, and two knees required morselized grafts. The mean Knee Society objective score (available for eighteen knees) improved from 34.7 preoperatively to 87.9 at the time of the latest follow-up, and the mean Knee Society function score improved from 45 to 82. The mean range of motion of all knees improved from 85 degrees to 105 degrees . Six of the thirty-five knees underwent revision total knee arthroplasty because of aseptic loosening, with two knees being revised within two years after the index total knee arthroplasty. Total knee arthroplasty after previous fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation provides improvements in knee function and range of motion, with manageable technical difficulties. Compared with routine total knee arthroplasty, an increased rate of early revision can be expected.
The Journal of Arthroplasty, 2007
Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) of the knee may be indicated for young, active patients wit... more Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) of the knee may be indicated for young, active patients with unicompartmental arthritis and valgus deformity. We report on 40 DFVOs with a mean follow-up of 123 months. At the most recent follow-up, 24 knees had good or excellent results (60%), 3 had fair results (7.5%), and 3 had poor results (7.5%). Four in the fair/poor group were awaiting total knee arthroplasty. Eight knees (20%) had been converted to total knee arthroplasty. Mean Knee Society objective score improved from 18 (range, 0-74) to 87.2 (range, 50-100). Mean Knee Society function score improved from 54 (range, 0-100) to 85.6 (range, 40-100). Ten-year survival rate of the DFVO was 82% (95% confidence interval, 75%-89%) and the 15-year survival rate was 45% (95% confidence interval, 33%-57%).
International Orthopaedics, 2010
Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) may be indicated for symptomatic lateral compartment gonart... more Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) may be indicated for symptomatic lateral compartment gonarthrosis associated with valgus deformity in younger, active patients. Thirty-three consecutive DFVOs (31 patients) with a minimum follow-up of ten years (mean 15.1, range 10-25) were reviewed. Fifteen DFVOs were converted to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and one DFVO was awaiting TKA, reaching an overall failure rate of 48.5% at a mean of 15.6 years (range 6-21.5). Of the remaining 17 DFVOs, ten (58.8%) had good or excellent results, two (11.8%) had fair results and five (29.4%) had poor results. Mean modified Knee Society scores improved significantly (p< 0.01) from 36.8 preoperatively to 77.5 at one year post DFVO. DFVO is a viable treatment alternative for lateral compartment gonarthrosis. Conversion to TKA is expected to be required in approximately half of the patients at a mean of 15.6 years.
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2003
The arthroscope has served the orthopaedic surgeon as a diagnostic and operative tool since 1931.... more The arthroscope has served the orthopaedic surgeon as a diagnostic and operative tool since 1931. Several reports on its use in the treatment of extra-articular injuries have been published over the past few years. The surgical approach to the posterior ankle region is associated with some complications stemming from the poor blood supply to this region that can lead to wound complications and the formation of painful scars that later cause irritation when shoes are worn. We describe our experience in treating 3 hindfoot pathologic conditions, chronic Achilles tendonitis, os trigonum syndrome, and Haglund's deformity, by using an endoscope as an alternative to open surgical techniques. All the patients underwent a 2-portal endoscopic procedure, they suffered no complications, and they resumed their daily and sports activities after 2 to 3 months. Our results with the endoscopic treatment of hindfoot and Achilles tendon injuries indicate it to be a good alternative to the surgical approach, and to have the added advantage of reducing postoperative morbidity.
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2003
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2003
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2007
Background: Injury to the axillary nerve has devastating results. Variations in the distance betw... more Background: Injury to the axillary nerve has devastating results. Variations in the distance between the acromial edge and axillary nerve range from 20-70 mm. The purpose of this study was to anatomically analyze the relations between the anterior trunk of the axillary nerve and the acromion in order to provide guidelines for minimizing intraoperative iatrogenic neural injury. Methods: The distances between the axillary nerve and the posterolateral, midlateral , and anterolateral edges of the acromion were measured in 60 cadaveric shoulders (30 fresh cadavers). The correlations between these measurements to the weight, height and sex of the cadavers were statistically analyzed. Results: The distances between the axillary nerve and all three acromial anatomic landmarks significantly correlated with the cadaver’s height (p<0.001) The axillary nerve was found as close as 30-35 mm distal to the acromion in cadavers shorter than 170 cm, (5.7”), whereas the minimal distance between the...
The American journal of sports medicine, Jan 27, 2015
The effect of corticosteroids on tendons is poorly understood, and current data are insufficient ... more The effect of corticosteroids on tendons is poorly understood, and current data are insufficient and conflicting. To evaluate the effects of corticosteroid injections on intact and injured rotator cuffs (RCs) through biomechanical and radiographic analyses in a rat model. Controlled laboratory study. A total of 70 rats were assigned to 7 groups. Uninjured rats (no tear) received either a single saline injection, a single methylprednisolone acetate (MTA) injection, or triple MTA injections. Injured rats (unilateral supraspinatus injury) received either a single saline injection, triple saline injections, a single MTA injection, or triple MTA injections (injections were subacromial; repeat injections were administered weekly). Rats were sacrificed 1 week after final injection. Shoulders were harvested and grossly inspected, and the supraspinatus tendon was evaluated biomechanically. Bone density at the tendon insertion site on the greater tuberosity was assessed by micro-computed tomo...
The journal of knee surgery, 2011
Extensor mechanism disruption, whether due to patella fracture or tendon rupture, generally occur... more Extensor mechanism disruption, whether due to patella fracture or tendon rupture, generally occurs after low-energy trauma and frequently involves an indirect mechanism. When the fracture is comminuted and reconstruction is impossible, a partial or total patellectomy may be indicated. Although some authors advocate total patellectomy, partial patellectomy remains the standard treatment, especially for young and active patients. In the rare instance of a failed tendon repair after partial or total patellectomy, inadequate tissue is usually available for adequate restoration of the extensor mechanism. Extensor mechanism allograft, using the tibial tuberosity, patellar tendon, patella, and quadriceps tendon in continuity or the Achilles' tendon with calcaneal bone-block in continuity has been reported for extensor mechanism repair after total knee arthroplasty in patients who did not undergo patellectomy. We present a novel technique, using the bone patellar tendon bone allograft t...
Harefuah, 2010
Focal osteochondral lesions of the knee are a common cause of pain and other knee symptoms, and a... more Focal osteochondral lesions of the knee are a common cause of pain and other knee symptoms, and are mostly caused by traumatic injuries. The spontaneous repair ability of the articular cartilage tissue is very limited. Thus, focal chondral lesions result in early degenerative changes and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The surgical treatment of focal osteochondral lesions can be divided into three major groups: cartilage debridement techniques, marrow stimulating techniques and transplantation techniques. Lesion debridement causes limited and temporary symptoms relief. While marrow stimulating techniques are considered simple, cheap and easy to perform, some of the transplantation techniques are complicated and consist of highly demanding surgery and new technologies of tissue engineering. Many published studies attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment methods and to compare between them. There is no obvious or definite advantage of any one technique. There are relative ad...
Journal of Knee Surgery, 2010
Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is a benign tumor typically presenting as a nontender mass ... more Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is a benign tumor typically presenting as a nontender mass around the hand and wrist. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath in large joints is typically larger and shows higher rates of local recurrence, as well as common features with pigmented villonodular synovitis. We describe two cases of giant cell tumors in the patellar tendon area that were treated successfully with arthroscopically assisted complete excision. Orthopedic surgeons must be aware of this entity to prevent unnecessary adjuvant therapy or recurrent excision.
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2013
Purpose The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of a new foot-worn device on t... more Purpose The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of a new foot-worn device on the gait, physical function and pain in patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis (OA) who had a low-impact injury to the medial meniscus causing a degenerative meniscal tear. Methods A retrospective analysis of 34 patients with knee OA and a degenerative medial meniscal tear was performed. Patients underwent a gait evaluation, using an electronic walkway mat, and completed the SF-36 health survey and the WOMAC questionnaire at baseline and after 3 and 12 months of therapy. AposTherapy is a functional, biomechanical, non-invasive rehabilitation therapy consisting of a foot-worn device that is individually calibrated to each patient and is used during activities of daily living. Repeated-measures analyses were performed to compare gait parameters and self-evaluation questionnaires between baseline, and 3 and 12 months. Results Significant improvements were found in gait velocity, step length and single-limb support of the involved knee following 12 weeks of therapy (all p \ 0.01), alongside an improvement in limb symmetry. These results were maintained at the 12-month follow-up examination. Significant improvements were also found in all three domains of the WOMAC index (pain, stiffness and physical function) and in the SF-36 Physical Health Scale and the SF-36 Mental Health Scale (all p \ 0.01).
The Knee, 2013
Background: This study was devised to examine the effect of a novel biomechanical therapy for pat... more Background: This study was devised to examine the effect of a novel biomechanical therapy for patients suffering from anterior knee pain (AKP). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 48 patients suffering from AKP was performed. Patients underwent a gait evaluation, using an electronic walkway mat, and completed the SF-36 health survey and the WOMAC questionnaire at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of therapy. A special biomechanical device was individually calibrated for each patient. AposTherapy is a functional, non-invasive rehabilitation therapy consisting of a biomechanical foot-worn device that is used during activities of daily living. Repeated measures analyses were performed to compare gait parameters and self-evaluation questionnaires between baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Results: Walking velocity significantly increased by 5.7 cm/s, cadence increased by 1.6 steps/minute, and stride length increased by 3.4 cm in relation to pretreatment testing (pb 0.001 for all). End-point evaluation revealed additional improvement of these parameters; however these did not significantly differ from that of mid-treatment. Pain decreased by 36.6% and 49.2% following 13 and 26 weeks of treatment, respectively (Pb 0.01) and function improved by 25.2% and 41.7% following 13 and 26 weeks of treatment, respectively (P=0.01). Conclusions: Based on the current study's results it may be concluded that this therapy might have a positive effect for patients with AKP.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, 2005
Our aim was to determine if the height of the cup, lateralisation or the abduction angle correlat... more Our aim was to determine if the height of the cup, lateralisation or the abduction angle correlated with functional outcome or survivorship in revision total hip replacement in patients with a previous diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. A retrospective investigation of 51 patients (63 hips) who had undergone revision total hip replacement was performed. The mean duration of follow-up was 119 months. Forty-one patients (52 hips) were available for both determination of functional outcome and survivorship analysis. Ten patients (11 hips) were only available for survivorship analysis. The height of the cup was found to have a statistically significant correlation with functional outcome and a high hip centre correlated with a worse outcome score. Patients with a hip centre of less than 3.5 cm above the anatomical level had a statistically better survivorship of the cup than those with centres higher than this. Restoration of the height of the centre of the hip to as near the anatomical position as possible improved functional outcome and survivorship of the cup.
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 2006
Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation is a treatment option for young patients with osteo... more Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation is a treatment option for young patients with osteochondral lesions of the knee. The present study evaluated the surgical complexity of, and the prevalence of complications related to, total knee arthroplasty in patients who had had a previous osteochondral graft transplantation. A retrospective analysis was performed on thirty-three consecutive patients (thirty-five knees) who underwent total knee arthroplasty from 1974 to 2000 after having had a previous transplantation of a fresh osteochondral allograft into the same knee. The mean duration of follow-up was ninety-two months. Perioperative data were analyzed with regard to etiology, preoperative impairment, intraoperative technical complications, early and late postoperative complications, and postoperative functional and subjective outcomes. The Knee Society clinical rating system was used for clinical evaluation beginning in 1990. Four knees required additional techniques for exposure. Three knees required stemmed components, one knee required a tibial augment, and two knees required morselized grafts. The mean Knee Society objective score (available for eighteen knees) improved from 34.7 preoperatively to 87.9 at the time of the latest follow-up, and the mean Knee Society function score improved from 45 to 82. The mean range of motion of all knees improved from 85 degrees to 105 degrees . Six of the thirty-five knees underwent revision total knee arthroplasty because of aseptic loosening, with two knees being revised within two years after the index total knee arthroplasty. Total knee arthroplasty after previous fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation provides improvements in knee function and range of motion, with manageable technical difficulties. Compared with routine total knee arthroplasty, an increased rate of early revision can be expected.
The Journal of Arthroplasty, 2007
Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) of the knee may be indicated for young, active patients wit... more Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) of the knee may be indicated for young, active patients with unicompartmental arthritis and valgus deformity. We report on 40 DFVOs with a mean follow-up of 123 months. At the most recent follow-up, 24 knees had good or excellent results (60%), 3 had fair results (7.5%), and 3 had poor results (7.5%). Four in the fair/poor group were awaiting total knee arthroplasty. Eight knees (20%) had been converted to total knee arthroplasty. Mean Knee Society objective score improved from 18 (range, 0-74) to 87.2 (range, 50-100). Mean Knee Society function score improved from 54 (range, 0-100) to 85.6 (range, 40-100). Ten-year survival rate of the DFVO was 82% (95% confidence interval, 75%-89%) and the 15-year survival rate was 45% (95% confidence interval, 33%-57%).
International Orthopaedics, 2010
Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) may be indicated for symptomatic lateral compartment gonart... more Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) may be indicated for symptomatic lateral compartment gonarthrosis associated with valgus deformity in younger, active patients. Thirty-three consecutive DFVOs (31 patients) with a minimum follow-up of ten years (mean 15.1, range 10-25) were reviewed. Fifteen DFVOs were converted to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and one DFVO was awaiting TKA, reaching an overall failure rate of 48.5% at a mean of 15.6 years (range 6-21.5). Of the remaining 17 DFVOs, ten (58.8%) had good or excellent results, two (11.8%) had fair results and five (29.4%) had poor results. Mean modified Knee Society scores improved significantly (p< 0.01) from 36.8 preoperatively to 77.5 at one year post DFVO. DFVO is a viable treatment alternative for lateral compartment gonarthrosis. Conversion to TKA is expected to be required in approximately half of the patients at a mean of 15.6 years.
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2003
The arthroscope has served the orthopaedic surgeon as a diagnostic and operative tool since 1931.... more The arthroscope has served the orthopaedic surgeon as a diagnostic and operative tool since 1931. Several reports on its use in the treatment of extra-articular injuries have been published over the past few years. The surgical approach to the posterior ankle region is associated with some complications stemming from the poor blood supply to this region that can lead to wound complications and the formation of painful scars that later cause irritation when shoes are worn. We describe our experience in treating 3 hindfoot pathologic conditions, chronic Achilles tendonitis, os trigonum syndrome, and Haglund's deformity, by using an endoscope as an alternative to open surgical techniques. All the patients underwent a 2-portal endoscopic procedure, they suffered no complications, and they resumed their daily and sports activities after 2 to 3 months. Our results with the endoscopic treatment of hindfoot and Achilles tendon injuries indicate it to be a good alternative to the surgical approach, and to have the added advantage of reducing postoperative morbidity.
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2003
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2003
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2007
Background: Injury to the axillary nerve has devastating results. Variations in the distance betw... more Background: Injury to the axillary nerve has devastating results. Variations in the distance between the acromial edge and axillary nerve range from 20-70 mm. The purpose of this study was to anatomically analyze the relations between the anterior trunk of the axillary nerve and the acromion in order to provide guidelines for minimizing intraoperative iatrogenic neural injury. Methods: The distances between the axillary nerve and the posterolateral, midlateral , and anterolateral edges of the acromion were measured in 60 cadaveric shoulders (30 fresh cadavers). The correlations between these measurements to the weight, height and sex of the cadavers were statistically analyzed. Results: The distances between the axillary nerve and all three acromial anatomic landmarks significantly correlated with the cadaver’s height (p<0.001) The axillary nerve was found as close as 30-35 mm distal to the acromion in cadavers shorter than 170 cm, (5.7”), whereas the minimal distance between the...