Guy Woodruff - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Guy Woodruff
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1978
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduc... more All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Animal Learning & Behavior, 1978
Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand r... more Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand reinforcers during exposure to an omission-training procedure. The chicks were thus prevented from performing approach and contact responses to the reinforcer at any time in their lives. Nevertheless, the subjects displayed approach and species-specific feeding or drinking reactions directed toward an illuminated key paired with food or water, but not with sand. Illumination of a key either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with food or water did not engender appreciable responding. Feeding and drinking reactions were topographically distinct, determined by the type of reinforcer, but were not elicited by the reinforcer. These findings support a "learned release" view of autoshaping, according to which phylogenetically preorganized behavior patterns are triggered by distal stimuli paired with biologically significant proximal stimulation, and suggest a close relationship between autoshaping and primitive instances of visual object recognition.
Animal Learning & Behavior, 1979
Learning & Behavior, 1979
Learning & Behavior, 1978
Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand r... more Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand reinforcers during exposure to an omission-training procedure. The chicks were thus prevented from performing approach and contact responses to the reinforcer at any time in their lives. Nevertheless, the subjects displayed approach and species-specific feeding or drinking reactions directed toward an illuminated key paired with food or water, but not with sand. Illumination of a key either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with food or water did not engender appreciable responding. Feeding and drinking reactions were topographically distinct, determined by the type of reinforcer, but were not elicited by the reinforcer. These findings support a "learned release" view of autoshaping, according to which phylogenetically preorganized behavior patterns are triggered by distal stimuli paired with biologically significant proximal stimulation, and suggest a close relationship between autoshaping and primitive instances of visual object recognition.
Science, 1978
A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered t... more A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered to Sarah, a "language"-trained chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The test format was simple, economical, and controlled for social cues. The ape successfully made same-similar-different judgments on pictures of familiar objects when up to four questions were presented at the same time. Performance remained satisfactory on same-different judgments of novel pictures of alphabetic characters. Throughout the series of tests, the subject showed a superiority on same judgments.
Science, 1978
An adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight pro... more An adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight problems and was then shown two photographs, one of which depicted an action or an object (or both) that could constitute a solution to the problem. On seven of the eight problems, the animal consistently chose the correct photograph. This test problem-solving comprehension permits the animal's knowledge about problem-solving--its ability to infer the nature of problems and to recognize potential solutions to them--to be examined.
Science, 1978
Sarah, an adult "language"-trained chimpanzee, made accurate same-different jud... more Sarah, an adult "language"-trained chimpanzee, made accurate same-different judgments on quantities of liquid and solid matter and conserved both types of quantity despite a transformation in an irrelevant property (shape). Control tests showed that she judged on the basis of inference rather than perceptual evaluation of the quantities. She failed to make accurate same-different judgments on the basis of number, and she was not tested for conservation of this type of quantity.
Neurosurgery, 1987
Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricular paraforn... more Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricular parafornicial approach. Pre- and postoperative cognitive reviews were conducted on all patients. Each review consisted of: (a) a standardized neuropsychological battery, (b) mental status reviews, (c) specific tests for disconnection, and (d) a personality variable, where possible. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also presented. The three patients with colloid cysts and the two with oligodendrogliomas showed no significant postoperative cognitive deficits compared to the preoperative review. These additional subtle neuropsychometric measures, along with the methodological advantage of preoperative review, support a parafornicial approach where indicated to preserve cognitive abilities.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1977
The joint control of rate of key pecking in pigeons by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforce... more The joint control of rate of key pecking in pigeons by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relationships was studied in the context of a two-component multiple schedule of reinforcement. Food presentation was always associated with one component and extinction with the other. The stimulus-reinforcer relationship was manipulated by varying the relative durations of the two components. In the food-presentation component, a fixed rate of reinforcement, independent of rate of responding, was generated by a schedule referred to as "T*". One aspect of the response-reinforcer relationship, contiguity, was manipulated by varying the percentage of delayed reinforcers. With the multiple T* extinction schedule, stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relationships could be varied independently of one another. Rate of key pecking was sensitive to manipulations of both relationships. However, significant differential effects due to either the stimulus-reinforcer or response-reinforcer relationship were obtained only when the other relationship was weak: stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relationships interacted in the joint control of responding.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1976
Fifteen pigeons were exposed to either response-independent or response-dependent schedules of wa... more Fifteen pigeons were exposed to either response-independent or response-dependent schedules of water reinforcement, whereby water was injected directly into the unrestrained pigeons' mandibles. Key-contact responses were released by a lighted key correlated with water, but not by a lighted key uncorrelated with water. A negative response-reinforcer contingency suppressed autoshaped key-contact responses, resulting in responding directed away from the lighted key. In all pigeons, water injected directly into the mandibles elicited a consummatory fixed-action pattern of "mumbling" and swallowing. The lighted key correlated with water released a broader set of both appetitive and consummatory responses: approach to the lighted key, "bowing", "rooting", "mumbling", and swallowing. Key-contact responses were "rooting" and "mumbling" motions of the beak on the surface of the key. Views of autoshaping based on stimulus substitution or stimulus surrogation do not fully explain the origin of autoshaped responses not previously elicited by the reinforcer. The present findings are consonant with views of conditioning that emphasize the large degree of biological pre-organization in conditioned response patterns, and the importance of associative factors in the control of such patterns.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1981
Analogical reasoning in a 16-yr-old female chimpan7.ee (Sarah) was studied in five experiments. T... more Analogical reasoning in a 16-yr-old female chimpan7.ee (Sarah) was studied in five experiments. The general design of the analogy problems was where same was Sarah's plastic symbol for "same." Sarah solved analogy problems with two types of displays: (a) forced choice, in which she had to complete an analogy by choosing the correct B' from a set of alternatives (Experiments IA, In, and 3A) and (b) same-different, in which she had to complete an analogy by choosing the correct predicate, Same or Different (Experiments 2 and JB). In addition, she correctly solved both figural analogy problems, in which the stimuli were geometric figures and the relations among them were differences in size, color, or marking (Experiments IA, In, and 2), and conceptual analogy problems, in which the stimuli were household objects and the relations were functional and spatial (Experiments 3A and 3n). Simple mechanisms for problem solution, e.g., physical matching, feature combination, and choice on the basis of association, were ruled out. The data strongly indicate that Sarah used the relation between A and A' to solve the analogy problems (Experiment IB). The implications for theories of human and animal cognition are discussed.
Folia Primatologica, 1978
Infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a... more Infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a familiar caretaker walking out into an outdoor field and disappearing from sight, were more successful in finding the person than if they had been given no such cue; and their performance approximated that which obtained after they had seen the same scene normally, via direct perception.
Folia Primatologica, 1978
Science, 1978
A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered t... more A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered to Sarah, a "language"-trained chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The test format was simple, economical, and controlled for social cues. The ape successfully made same-similar-different judgments on pictures of familiar objects when up to four questions were presented at the same time. Performance remained satisfactory on same-different judgments of novel pictures of alphabetic characters. Throughout the series of tests, the subject showed a superiority on same judgments.
…, 1987
Abstract: Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricula... more Abstract: Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricular parafornicial approach. Pre-and postoperative cognitive reviews were conducted on all patients. Each review consisted of:(a) a standardized ...
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1978
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduc... more All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Animal Learning & Behavior, 1978
Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand r... more Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand reinforcers during exposure to an omission-training procedure. The chicks were thus prevented from performing approach and contact responses to the reinforcer at any time in their lives. Nevertheless, the subjects displayed approach and species-specific feeding or drinking reactions directed toward an illuminated key paired with food or water, but not with sand. Illumination of a key either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with food or water did not engender appreciable responding. Feeding and drinking reactions were topographically distinct, determined by the type of reinforcer, but were not elicited by the reinforcer. These findings support a "learned release" view of autoshaping, according to which phylogenetically preorganized behavior patterns are triggered by distal stimuli paired with biologically significant proximal stimulation, and suggest a close relationship between autoshaping and primitive instances of visual object recognition.
Animal Learning & Behavior, 1979
Learning & Behavior, 1979
Learning & Behavior, 1978
Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand r... more Newly hatched chicks were force-fed food and water throughout rearing, and food, water, or sand reinforcers during exposure to an omission-training procedure. The chicks were thus prevented from performing approach and contact responses to the reinforcer at any time in their lives. Nevertheless, the subjects displayed approach and species-specific feeding or drinking reactions directed toward an illuminated key paired with food or water, but not with sand. Illumination of a key either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with food or water did not engender appreciable responding. Feeding and drinking reactions were topographically distinct, determined by the type of reinforcer, but were not elicited by the reinforcer. These findings support a "learned release" view of autoshaping, according to which phylogenetically preorganized behavior patterns are triggered by distal stimuli paired with biologically significant proximal stimulation, and suggest a close relationship between autoshaping and primitive instances of visual object recognition.
Science, 1978
A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered t... more A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered to Sarah, a "language"-trained chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The test format was simple, economical, and controlled for social cues. The ape successfully made same-similar-different judgments on pictures of familiar objects when up to four questions were presented at the same time. Performance remained satisfactory on same-different judgments of novel pictures of alphabetic characters. Throughout the series of tests, the subject showed a superiority on same judgments.
Science, 1978
An adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight pro... more An adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight problems and was then shown two photographs, one of which depicted an action or an object (or both) that could constitute a solution to the problem. On seven of the eight problems, the animal consistently chose the correct photograph. This test problem-solving comprehension permits the animal's knowledge about problem-solving--its ability to infer the nature of problems and to recognize potential solutions to them--to be examined.
Science, 1978
Sarah, an adult "language"-trained chimpanzee, made accurate same-different jud... more Sarah, an adult "language"-trained chimpanzee, made accurate same-different judgments on quantities of liquid and solid matter and conserved both types of quantity despite a transformation in an irrelevant property (shape). Control tests showed that she judged on the basis of inference rather than perceptual evaluation of the quantities. She failed to make accurate same-different judgments on the basis of number, and she was not tested for conservation of this type of quantity.
Neurosurgery, 1987
Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricular paraforn... more Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricular parafornicial approach. Pre- and postoperative cognitive reviews were conducted on all patients. Each review consisted of: (a) a standardized neuropsychological battery, (b) mental status reviews, (c) specific tests for disconnection, and (d) a personality variable, where possible. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also presented. The three patients with colloid cysts and the two with oligodendrogliomas showed no significant postoperative cognitive deficits compared to the preoperative review. These additional subtle neuropsychometric measures, along with the methodological advantage of preoperative review, support a parafornicial approach where indicated to preserve cognitive abilities.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1977
The joint control of rate of key pecking in pigeons by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforce... more The joint control of rate of key pecking in pigeons by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relationships was studied in the context of a two-component multiple schedule of reinforcement. Food presentation was always associated with one component and extinction with the other. The stimulus-reinforcer relationship was manipulated by varying the relative durations of the two components. In the food-presentation component, a fixed rate of reinforcement, independent of rate of responding, was generated by a schedule referred to as "T*". One aspect of the response-reinforcer relationship, contiguity, was manipulated by varying the percentage of delayed reinforcers. With the multiple T* extinction schedule, stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relationships could be varied independently of one another. Rate of key pecking was sensitive to manipulations of both relationships. However, significant differential effects due to either the stimulus-reinforcer or response-reinforcer relationship were obtained only when the other relationship was weak: stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relationships interacted in the joint control of responding.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1976
Fifteen pigeons were exposed to either response-independent or response-dependent schedules of wa... more Fifteen pigeons were exposed to either response-independent or response-dependent schedules of water reinforcement, whereby water was injected directly into the unrestrained pigeons' mandibles. Key-contact responses were released by a lighted key correlated with water, but not by a lighted key uncorrelated with water. A negative response-reinforcer contingency suppressed autoshaped key-contact responses, resulting in responding directed away from the lighted key. In all pigeons, water injected directly into the mandibles elicited a consummatory fixed-action pattern of "mumbling" and swallowing. The lighted key correlated with water released a broader set of both appetitive and consummatory responses: approach to the lighted key, "bowing", "rooting", "mumbling", and swallowing. Key-contact responses were "rooting" and "mumbling" motions of the beak on the surface of the key. Views of autoshaping based on stimulus substitution or stimulus surrogation do not fully explain the origin of autoshaped responses not previously elicited by the reinforcer. The present findings are consonant with views of conditioning that emphasize the large degree of biological pre-organization in conditioned response patterns, and the importance of associative factors in the control of such patterns.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1981
Analogical reasoning in a 16-yr-old female chimpan7.ee (Sarah) was studied in five experiments. T... more Analogical reasoning in a 16-yr-old female chimpan7.ee (Sarah) was studied in five experiments. The general design of the analogy problems was where same was Sarah's plastic symbol for "same." Sarah solved analogy problems with two types of displays: (a) forced choice, in which she had to complete an analogy by choosing the correct B' from a set of alternatives (Experiments IA, In, and 3A) and (b) same-different, in which she had to complete an analogy by choosing the correct predicate, Same or Different (Experiments 2 and JB). In addition, she correctly solved both figural analogy problems, in which the stimuli were geometric figures and the relations among them were differences in size, color, or marking (Experiments IA, In, and 2), and conceptual analogy problems, in which the stimuli were household objects and the relations were functional and spatial (Experiments 3A and 3n). Simple mechanisms for problem solution, e.g., physical matching, feature combination, and choice on the basis of association, were ruled out. The data strongly indicate that Sarah used the relation between A and A' to solve the analogy problems (Experiment IB). The implications for theories of human and animal cognition are discussed.
Folia Primatologica, 1978
Infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a... more Infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a familiar caretaker walking out into an outdoor field and disappearing from sight, were more successful in finding the person than if they had been given no such cue; and their performance approximated that which obtained after they had seen the same scene normally, via direct perception.
Folia Primatologica, 1978
Science, 1978
A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered t... more A series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered to Sarah, a "language"-trained chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The test format was simple, economical, and controlled for social cues. The ape successfully made same-similar-different judgments on pictures of familiar objects when up to four questions were presented at the same time. Performance remained satisfactory on same-different judgments of novel pictures of alphabetic characters. Throughout the series of tests, the subject showed a superiority on same judgments.
…, 1987
Abstract: Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricula... more Abstract: Five adult patients with 3rd ventricle tumors underwent a transcallosal intraventricular parafornicial approach. Pre-and postoperative cognitive reviews were conducted on all patients. Each review consisted of:(a) a standardized ...