HAROLD BRANDON - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by HAROLD BRANDON
Photovoltaic (PV) is a system is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity usi... more Photovoltaic (PV) is a system is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a typical photovoltaic system employs solar panels, each panel is composed by several groups of solar cells. PV systems have greater advantage of the traditional energy sources for its low pollution and no greenhouse gas emission, however, the PV systems' power output is strongly dependent on direct sunlight, so about 10-25% is lost if a tracking system is not used, uncertain weather condition also effect the consistent power output. [1] Photovoltaic is the third world wide green technology after hydropower and wind power, the worldwide installed PV capacity has reached 227 gigawatts, which is 2 percent of the global electricity production. [2] Since 2000, installed capacity has been an growth factor of about 57 [3] , total power output has reached 200TWh of electricity.(Fig 4.1) [4] In 2017 a study estimated that by 2030 global PV installed capacities will be between 3000 and 10000GW. China is the country with top capacity in 2015, which is 43530MW, and expect an annual increasing of 34.8% [5] Fig 4.1 Worldwide Growth of Photovoltaics on a semi-log Utilization of photovoltaic systems Photovoltaic converters, which is commonly as solar cells (Fig 4.2), are semiconductor devices that convert part of the incident solar radiation energy directly into electricity energy, it is the main part of the photovoltaic system. Early handmade cells reached efficiency of 5% with an area of 1 and 2cm 2 , the gross output is only few milliwatts. In recent years the efficiency of solar cells have reached over 30%, solar cell modules(group of cells) are being manufactured with areas with many square meters. Solar cells are being used in a range of applications, like powering watch and calculators, street lamp (Fig 4.3) for power generation. Photovoltaic panels have been utilized as supplying power to most of the satellites in outer space for since the beginning of space programs around the world. [6]
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment accounts for 40% to 50% of a commerci... more Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment accounts for 40% to 50% of a commercial building's energy usage. This energy is supplied using either electricity or natural gas. Combustion products from natural gas pollute the environment and the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity also pollutes the environment. The world must turn to clean, renewable energy resources to stop pollution. Solar energy has the potential to play a huge role in the renewable energy movement. Solar energy
Service emerged with the "Post O ce Program," which studied energy utilization in post o ce build... more Service emerged with the "Post O ce Program," which studied energy utilization in post o ce buildings. However, from a joint e fort between the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the California Energy Commission (CEC), the rst whole building energy modeling tool CAL-ERDA birthed in 1977 (2). Subsequently, ERDA became the well known U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and CAL-ERDA was the rst of many iterations of the "DOE" so tware line. In the 1980s, a handful of other groups released similar programs listed below in table 1. At this time, the audience consisted of design engineers and architects who desired to optimize the size of their HVAC equipment (3). In the early 90s, the Electric Power Research Institute acquired rights to the development of DOE-2.2. Rather than competing in this e fort, the DOE switched its e forts over to a reboot of the Department of Defense's BLAST engine. This new model, named EnergyPlus featured new capabilities, and its modular engine was designed to be easier to maintain and update.
Bioengineering, 2019
The IDEAL IMPLANT® Structured Breast Implant is a dual lumen saline-filled implant with capsular ... more The IDEAL IMPLANT® Structured Breast Implant is a dual lumen saline-filled implant with capsular contracture and deflation/rupture rates much lower than single-lumen silicone gel-filled implants. To better understand the implant’s mechanical properties and to provide a potential explanation for these eight-year clinical results, a novel approach to compressive load testing was employed. Multi-dimensional strains and tangent moduli, metrics describing the shape stability of the total implant, were derived from the experimental load and platen spacing data. The IDEAL IMPLANT was found to have projection, diametric, and areal strains that were generally less than silicone gel implants, and tangent moduli that were generally greater than silicone gel implants. Despite having a relatively inviscid saline fill, the IDEAL IMPLANT was found to be more shape stable compared to gel implants, which implies potentially less interaction with the capsule wall when the implant is subjected to comp...
Advanced Composites Letters, 2000
A study was conducted to examine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of composite (s... more A study was conducted to examine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of composite (silicone/silica) breast implants as a function of implantation time. In the study the properties of SILASTC ® II gel-filled explants with in vivo duration times ranging from 4 months to 10 years were compared to lotmatched control (unimplanted) samples. Tensile strength properties were measured for both explant and control shells using identical testing protocols. The tensile strength properties of shells which were extracted with hexane to remove non-cross linked silicones were also measured. In addition, swelling measurements were used to determine the average molecular weight between cross-links (and/or entanglements). The tensile strength properties obtained from the present study were correlated with implantation time. The results of the study suggest that the silicone elastomer shells do not undergo appreciable degradation during in vivo aging.
Journal of long-term effects of medical implants, 2017
The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University's... more The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University's Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for the purpose of studying implantable devices retrieved after surgery or autopsy and assessing their condition after implantation. Since the early 1990s, significant experience has been gained in testing and analyzing silicone gel breast implants and, to a lesser extent, saline-filled devices. However, there has been no systematic method reported for collecting and evaluating these implants in a way that would permit di. erent laboratories to compare their data. This article offers the plastic and reconstructive surgery community a standardized protocol for analyzing explanted silicone gel and saline-filled breast implants. The protocol gives surgeons a clearly defined approach for removing, handling, documenting, and shipping explanted breast implants. At the same time, biomaterials researchers can use the protocol to acquire implant dat...
American Mineralogist, 1999
Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, 2006
The percent of modern silicone gel breast implants that fail due to shell rupture is quite low, a... more The percent of modern silicone gel breast implants that fail due to shell rupture is quite low, amounting to less than 1% per year. Nonetheless, extensive retrieval and analysis studies are being conducted on failed devices returned to Allergan Medical (formerly Inamed Corporation) in order to determine the modes and causes of failure. With the modes and causes known, solutions can be implemented to eliminate the failure mechanisms. Analyses conducted thus far have demonstrated that there are several causes of breast implant failure. The focus of this paper is on one type of silicone gel breast implant failure, i.e., a failure associated with a fold or wrinkle, which is termed "fold flaw failure." Although fold flaw failure is not a dominant mode of failure for silicone gel breast implants, its failure characteristics must be understood in order for this type of shell rupture to be detected and eventually eliminated. In this study, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are used to describe the morphology of fold flaw failure for explanted silicone gel breast implants with smooth shells. The microscopy analysis demonstrates that there are several different types of shell failure patterns that can be produced by a fold or wrinkle in a silicone gel breast implant.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2003
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 1996
Biomaterials in Plastic Surgery, 2012
Abstract: The environmental durability and useful life of a breast implant is of major concern to... more Abstract: The environmental durability and useful life of a breast implant is of major concern to both the patient and the plastic surgery community. The influence of complex environmental factors, both chemical and physical effects, on the basic properties of breast implants are discussed in this chapter. A large variety of physical-analytical methods were used to determine what change, if any, occurred in a variety of implants prepared by several different manufactures over several generations of implant development. Implants explanted from patients after implantation periods as long as 32 years were directly compared to available control samples. Explants and controls were investigated by a broad combination of mechanical testing, chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.
Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, 2003
The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University&a... more The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University's Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for the purpose of studying implantable devices retrieved after surgery or autopsy and assessing their condition after implantation. Since the early 1990s, significant experience has been gained in testing and analyzing silicone gel breast implants and, to a lesser extent, saline-filled devices. However, there has been no systematic method reported for collecting and evaluating these implants in a way that would permit different laboratories to compare their data. This article offers the plastic and reconstructive surgery community a standardized protocol for analyzing explanted silicone gel and saline-filled breast implants. The protocol gives surgeons a clearly defined approach for removing, handling, documenting, and shipping explanted breast implants. At the same time, biomaterials researchers can use the protocol to acquire implant data with reliable and reproducible methods. Because the study of saline implants has lagged behind the study of silicone gel implants, the article concludes with a demonstration of how this protocol can be applied to obtain mechanical properties data and use scanning electron microscopy to illuminate failure mechanisms of saline devices, including three explants removed after 20+ years in vivo.
Biomaterials in Plastic Surgery, 2012
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2001
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2002
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of in vivo aging on the physical, mechanical, and... more A study was conducted to investigate the effect of in vivo aging on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of Silastic II gel-filled breast implants. In the study, the properties of 16 Silastic II gel-filled explants (retrieved from eight patients), with in vivo duration times ranging from 4 months to 13 years, were compared with lot-matched control (unimplanted) samples. Tensile and tear strength properties were measured for both explant and control shells by using identical testing protocols. The tensile strength properties of shells, which were extracted with hexane to remove non-cross-linked silicones, were also measured. Swelling measurements were used to determine the average molecular weight between cross-links (or entanglements). In addition, scanning electron microscopy was applied in the comparison of the morphological features of the explants and their lot-matched controls. The results of the study suggest that the silicone polymer used to fabricate the shells does not undergo appreciable degradation for up to 13 years in vivo. The study represents an investigation of the world's largest known inventory of explanted breast implants with lot-matched controls.
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 1998
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1999
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 2000
Photovoltaic (PV) is a system is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity usi... more Photovoltaic (PV) is a system is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a typical photovoltaic system employs solar panels, each panel is composed by several groups of solar cells. PV systems have greater advantage of the traditional energy sources for its low pollution and no greenhouse gas emission, however, the PV systems' power output is strongly dependent on direct sunlight, so about 10-25% is lost if a tracking system is not used, uncertain weather condition also effect the consistent power output. [1] Photovoltaic is the third world wide green technology after hydropower and wind power, the worldwide installed PV capacity has reached 227 gigawatts, which is 2 percent of the global electricity production. [2] Since 2000, installed capacity has been an growth factor of about 57 [3] , total power output has reached 200TWh of electricity.(Fig 4.1) [4] In 2017 a study estimated that by 2030 global PV installed capacities will be between 3000 and 10000GW. China is the country with top capacity in 2015, which is 43530MW, and expect an annual increasing of 34.8% [5] Fig 4.1 Worldwide Growth of Photovoltaics on a semi-log Utilization of photovoltaic systems Photovoltaic converters, which is commonly as solar cells (Fig 4.2), are semiconductor devices that convert part of the incident solar radiation energy directly into electricity energy, it is the main part of the photovoltaic system. Early handmade cells reached efficiency of 5% with an area of 1 and 2cm 2 , the gross output is only few milliwatts. In recent years the efficiency of solar cells have reached over 30%, solar cell modules(group of cells) are being manufactured with areas with many square meters. Solar cells are being used in a range of applications, like powering watch and calculators, street lamp (Fig 4.3) for power generation. Photovoltaic panels have been utilized as supplying power to most of the satellites in outer space for since the beginning of space programs around the world. [6]
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment accounts for 40% to 50% of a commerci... more Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment accounts for 40% to 50% of a commercial building's energy usage. This energy is supplied using either electricity or natural gas. Combustion products from natural gas pollute the environment and the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity also pollutes the environment. The world must turn to clean, renewable energy resources to stop pollution. Solar energy has the potential to play a huge role in the renewable energy movement. Solar energy
Service emerged with the "Post O ce Program," which studied energy utilization in post o ce build... more Service emerged with the "Post O ce Program," which studied energy utilization in post o ce buildings. However, from a joint e fort between the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the California Energy Commission (CEC), the rst whole building energy modeling tool CAL-ERDA birthed in 1977 (2). Subsequently, ERDA became the well known U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and CAL-ERDA was the rst of many iterations of the "DOE" so tware line. In the 1980s, a handful of other groups released similar programs listed below in table 1. At this time, the audience consisted of design engineers and architects who desired to optimize the size of their HVAC equipment (3). In the early 90s, the Electric Power Research Institute acquired rights to the development of DOE-2.2. Rather than competing in this e fort, the DOE switched its e forts over to a reboot of the Department of Defense's BLAST engine. This new model, named EnergyPlus featured new capabilities, and its modular engine was designed to be easier to maintain and update.
Bioengineering, 2019
The IDEAL IMPLANT® Structured Breast Implant is a dual lumen saline-filled implant with capsular ... more The IDEAL IMPLANT® Structured Breast Implant is a dual lumen saline-filled implant with capsular contracture and deflation/rupture rates much lower than single-lumen silicone gel-filled implants. To better understand the implant’s mechanical properties and to provide a potential explanation for these eight-year clinical results, a novel approach to compressive load testing was employed. Multi-dimensional strains and tangent moduli, metrics describing the shape stability of the total implant, were derived from the experimental load and platen spacing data. The IDEAL IMPLANT was found to have projection, diametric, and areal strains that were generally less than silicone gel implants, and tangent moduli that were generally greater than silicone gel implants. Despite having a relatively inviscid saline fill, the IDEAL IMPLANT was found to be more shape stable compared to gel implants, which implies potentially less interaction with the capsule wall when the implant is subjected to comp...
Advanced Composites Letters, 2000
A study was conducted to examine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of composite (s... more A study was conducted to examine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of composite (silicone/silica) breast implants as a function of implantation time. In the study the properties of SILASTC ® II gel-filled explants with in vivo duration times ranging from 4 months to 10 years were compared to lotmatched control (unimplanted) samples. Tensile strength properties were measured for both explant and control shells using identical testing protocols. The tensile strength properties of shells which were extracted with hexane to remove non-cross linked silicones were also measured. In addition, swelling measurements were used to determine the average molecular weight between cross-links (and/or entanglements). The tensile strength properties obtained from the present study were correlated with implantation time. The results of the study suggest that the silicone elastomer shells do not undergo appreciable degradation during in vivo aging.
Journal of long-term effects of medical implants, 2017
The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University's... more The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University's Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for the purpose of studying implantable devices retrieved after surgery or autopsy and assessing their condition after implantation. Since the early 1990s, significant experience has been gained in testing and analyzing silicone gel breast implants and, to a lesser extent, saline-filled devices. However, there has been no systematic method reported for collecting and evaluating these implants in a way that would permit di. erent laboratories to compare their data. This article offers the plastic and reconstructive surgery community a standardized protocol for analyzing explanted silicone gel and saline-filled breast implants. The protocol gives surgeons a clearly defined approach for removing, handling, documenting, and shipping explanted breast implants. At the same time, biomaterials researchers can use the protocol to acquire implant dat...
American Mineralogist, 1999
Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, 2006
The percent of modern silicone gel breast implants that fail due to shell rupture is quite low, a... more The percent of modern silicone gel breast implants that fail due to shell rupture is quite low, amounting to less than 1% per year. Nonetheless, extensive retrieval and analysis studies are being conducted on failed devices returned to Allergan Medical (formerly Inamed Corporation) in order to determine the modes and causes of failure. With the modes and causes known, solutions can be implemented to eliminate the failure mechanisms. Analyses conducted thus far have demonstrated that there are several causes of breast implant failure. The focus of this paper is on one type of silicone gel breast implant failure, i.e., a failure associated with a fold or wrinkle, which is termed "fold flaw failure." Although fold flaw failure is not a dominant mode of failure for silicone gel breast implants, its failure characteristics must be understood in order for this type of shell rupture to be detected and eventually eliminated. In this study, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are used to describe the morphology of fold flaw failure for explanted silicone gel breast implants with smooth shells. The microscopy analysis demonstrates that there are several different types of shell failure patterns that can be produced by a fold or wrinkle in a silicone gel breast implant.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2003
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 1996
Biomaterials in Plastic Surgery, 2012
Abstract: The environmental durability and useful life of a breast implant is of major concern to... more Abstract: The environmental durability and useful life of a breast implant is of major concern to both the patient and the plastic surgery community. The influence of complex environmental factors, both chemical and physical effects, on the basic properties of breast implants are discussed in this chapter. A large variety of physical-analytical methods were used to determine what change, if any, occurred in a variety of implants prepared by several different manufactures over several generations of implant development. Implants explanted from patients after implantation periods as long as 32 years were directly compared to available control samples. Explants and controls were investigated by a broad combination of mechanical testing, chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.
Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, 2003
The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University&a... more The Center for Implant Retrieval and Analysis has been established at Washington University's Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for the purpose of studying implantable devices retrieved after surgery or autopsy and assessing their condition after implantation. Since the early 1990s, significant experience has been gained in testing and analyzing silicone gel breast implants and, to a lesser extent, saline-filled devices. However, there has been no systematic method reported for collecting and evaluating these implants in a way that would permit different laboratories to compare their data. This article offers the plastic and reconstructive surgery community a standardized protocol for analyzing explanted silicone gel and saline-filled breast implants. The protocol gives surgeons a clearly defined approach for removing, handling, documenting, and shipping explanted breast implants. At the same time, biomaterials researchers can use the protocol to acquire implant data with reliable and reproducible methods. Because the study of saline implants has lagged behind the study of silicone gel implants, the article concludes with a demonstration of how this protocol can be applied to obtain mechanical properties data and use scanning electron microscopy to illuminate failure mechanisms of saline devices, including three explants removed after 20+ years in vivo.
Biomaterials in Plastic Surgery, 2012
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2001
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2002
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of in vivo aging on the physical, mechanical, and... more A study was conducted to investigate the effect of in vivo aging on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of Silastic II gel-filled breast implants. In the study, the properties of 16 Silastic II gel-filled explants (retrieved from eight patients), with in vivo duration times ranging from 4 months to 13 years, were compared with lot-matched control (unimplanted) samples. Tensile and tear strength properties were measured for both explant and control shells by using identical testing protocols. The tensile strength properties of shells, which were extracted with hexane to remove non-cross-linked silicones, were also measured. Swelling measurements were used to determine the average molecular weight between cross-links (or entanglements). In addition, scanning electron microscopy was applied in the comparison of the morphological features of the explants and their lot-matched controls. The results of the study suggest that the silicone polymer used to fabricate the shells does not undergo appreciable degradation for up to 13 years in vivo. The study represents an investigation of the world's largest known inventory of explanted breast implants with lot-matched controls.
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 1998
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1999
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 2000