Hashem Alsaab - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Hashem Alsaab
Molecules
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dem... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. The limited pharmacological approaches based on cholinesterase inhibitors only provide symptomatic relief to AD patients. Moreover, the adverse side effects such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, and headaches associated with these drugs and numerous clinical trial failures present substantial limitations on the use of medications and call for a detailed insight of disease heterogeneity and development of preventive and multifactorial therapeutic strategies on urgent basis. In this context, we herein report a series of quinoline-thiosemicarbazone hybrid therapeutics as selective and potent inhibitors of cholinesterases. A facile multistep synthetic approach was utilized to generate target structures bearing multiple sites for chemical modifications and establishing drug-receptor interactions. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were fully ...
I would like to thank my advisor, my PhD committee members, funding sources, colleagues, friends,... more I would like to thank my advisor, my PhD committee members, funding sources, colleagues, friends, and family who have given me support and have helped make this Dissertation possible. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the family closest to me: my parents for their unconditional love and support. Their invaluable guidance provided the strength in my life and I hope to continue in their example. My father's wisdom and strict advice will always be remembered, and my mother's love and confidence continue to inspire me. I would like to acknowledge Zekra, my lovely wife, for being my best friend, my love, and my companion. Her words of encouragement and contribution in my life and work cannot be overstated. Without her support and sacrifice, none of this work would be possible. Also, I would like to thank my children, Shaima, Elias, and Bilal for always being there for me. Without your love, motivation and support, I could never have accomplished this work. I love you very much!! Also, I thank my three sisters for their love, support, and tolerance towards their little brother. Also, I wish to thank my brothers: Abdullah, Saad, and Mohammad. Thank you for your encouragement, love and being my support on whom I always can depend.
Scientific Reports
There has been an increase in cases of drug addiction and prescription drug abuse worldwide. Rece... more There has been an increase in cases of drug addiction and prescription drug abuse worldwide. Recently, pregabalin abuse has been a focus for many healthcare agencies, as highlighted by epidemiological studies. We previously evaluated the possibility of pregabalin abuse using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. We observed that a 60 mg/kg dose could induce CPP in mice and that pregabalin-rewarding properties were mediated through glutamate neurotransmission. Notably, the dopaminergic reward circuitry is also known to play a crucial role in medication-seeking behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the possible involvement of dopaminergic receptor-1 in pregabalin-induced CPP. Mice were randomly allocated to receive saline or the dopamine-1 receptor antagonist SKF-83566 (0.03 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). After 30 min, the mice received either saline or pregabalin (60 mg/kg) during the conditioning phase. Among the control groups that received saline or SKF-83566, the ...
Cancers
Identified as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among American women after lung c... more Identified as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among American women after lung cancer, breast cancer of all types has been the focus of numerous research studies. Even though triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 15–20% of the number of breast cancer cases worldwide, its existing therapeutic options are fairly limited. Due to the pivotal role of the presence/absence of specific receptors to luminal A, luminal B, HER-2+, and TNBC in the molecular classification of breast cancer, the lack of these receptors has accounted for the aforementioned limitation. Thereupon, in an attempt to participate in the ongoing research endeavors to overcome such a limitation, the conducted study adopts a combination strategy as a therapeutic paradigm for TNBC, which has proven notable results with respect to both: improving patient outcomes and survivability rates. The study hinges upon an investigation of a promising NPs platform for CD44 mediated theranostic that can be com...
Aim: Pluronic lecithin organogels (PLO gels) have gained importance as transdermal drug delivery ... more Aim: Pluronic lecithin organogels (PLO gels) have gained importance as transdermal drug delivery systems for the delivery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug molecules. Our previous study showed that the use of ricinoleic acid as an oil phase resulted in the formation of a stable PLO gel with better thixotropic properties and permeation of ketoprofen than the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro and in vivo antiinflammatory effects of ricinoleic acid PLO gel system with the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. Methods: PLO gels were prepared using ketoprofen (10%) as a model drug and characterized for pH, viscosity, and morphology. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity and cell viability tests were performed using blank ricinoleic acid PLO and compared with the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of ricinoleic acid PLO containing ketoprofen was evaluated in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Results: The pH and viscosity of ricinoleic acid PLO gel were comparable with the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. The viscosities for the PLO gels containing isopropyl palmitate and ricinoleic acid at 20 rpm were found to be 47,800 cps and 49,050 cps, respectively. The in vitro antiinflammatory effect exhibited by the blank ricinoleic acid PLO gel was significantly (p<0.05) higher than isopropyl palmitate PLO gel at 1 mM concentration, while both the gel formulations had no significant (p>0.05) cytotoxic activity. The ricinoleic acid PLO gel formulation was significantly more effective against edema formation than the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. Conclusion: The results observed in this study clearly indicate that the ricinoleic acid PLO gel is better than the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel.
Vaccines
First detected in Wuhan, China, a highly contagious coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrom... more First detected in Wuhan, China, a highly contagious coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, spread globally in December of 2019. As of 19 September 2021, approximately 4.5 million people have died globally, and 215 million active cases have been reported. To date, six vaccines have been developed and approved for human use. However, current production and supply capabilities are unable to meet global demands to immunize the entire world population. Only a few countries have been able to successfully vaccinate many of their residents. Therefore, an alternative vaccine that can be prepared in an easy and cost-effective manner is urgently needed. A vaccine that could be prepared in this manner, as well as can be preserved and transported at room temperature, would be of great benefit to public health. It is possible to develop such an alternative vaccine by using nano- or microparticle platforms. These platforms address most of...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
In the first few months of the pandemic, Makkah region reported the highest number of COVID-19 ca... more In the first few months of the pandemic, Makkah region reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases among all regions in Saudi Arabia. More than 80% of these reported cases were non-Saudi residents. In this study, we evaluated the perceived threat from and psychological impact of COVID-19 among non-Saudi residents of Makkah region. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected using a standardized self-report questionnaire. A total of 292 expatriates were included in the study, the majority of whom were non-Arabic speakers. The prevalence of self-reported depression was nearly 40%, anxiety was 32%, and stress was 43%. The findings indicated variability in the prevalence of psychological symptoms among expatriates from different ethnic backgrounds. Additionally, work environment and perceived threat were strong predictors of psychological disorders. This suggested that the perceived threat from and psychological burden of COVID-19 among non-Saudis in Makkah region is substan...
Healthcare
Introduction: Substance use disorder has been frequently reported to increase the risk of infecti... more Introduction: Substance use disorder has been frequently reported to increase the risk of infectious diseases, which might be owing to the sharing of contaminated inhalation, smoking, vaping, or injection equipment. Aim: This review analyzes the recent literature with the aim to put in light the possible relationship between the abuse of different substances (Tobacco, opioid, and Alcohol) with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Tobacco: Multiple studies confirmed that cigarette smoking affects the respiratory system by increasing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors, which have a significant association with COVID-19 infection rate and disease severity. Opioid: Studies conducted regarding the association of opioid use disorder (OUD) and COVID-19 infection severity are limited; however, opioids can lead to both respiratory depression and kidney injuries, causing poor prognosis for those with COVID-19 infections. Alcohol: People with alcohol use disorders ar...
Molecules
The assessment of greenness of analytical protocols is of great importance now to preserve the en... more The assessment of greenness of analytical protocols is of great importance now to preserve the environment. Some studies have analyzed either only the neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), together or with other neurotransmitters and biomarkers. However, these methods have not been investigated for their greenness and were not compared with each other to find the optimum one. Therefore, this study aims to compare seven published chromatographic methods that analyzed the four neurotransmitters and their mixtures using the National Environmental Method Index, Analytical Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). As these methods cover both qualitative and quantitative aspects, they offer better transparency. Overall, GAPI showed maximum greenness throughout the analysis. Method 6 was proven to be the method of choice for analyzing the mixture, owing to its greenness, according to NEMI, ESA, and GAPI. Additi...
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Several studies have shown that vascular endothel... more Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Several studies have shown that vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) plays a leading role in angiogenesis progression. Antiangiogenic medication has gained substantial recognition and is commonly administered in many forms of human cancer, leading to a rising interest in cancer therapy. However, this treatment method can lead to a deteriorating outcome of resistance, invasion, distant metastasis, and overall survival relative to its cytotoxicity. Furthermore, there are significant obstacles in tracking the efficacy of antiangiogenic treatments by incorporating positive biomarkers into clinical settings. These shortcomings underline the essential need to identify additional angiogenic inhibitors that target numerous angiogenic factors or to develop a new method for drug delivery of current inhibitors. The great benefits of nanoparticles are their potential, based on their specific properties, to be effective mechanisms that concent...
Cancers
Current research to find effective anticancer treatments is being performed on photodynamic thera... more Current research to find effective anticancer treatments is being performed on photodynamic therapy (PDT) with increasing attention. PDT is a very promising therapeutic way to combine a photosensitive drug with visible light to manage different intense malignancies. PDT has several benefits, including better safety and lower toxicity in the treatment of malignant tumors over traditional cancer therapy. This reasonably simple approach utilizes three integral elements: a photosensitizer (PS), a source of light, and oxygen. Upon light irradiation of a particular wavelength, the PS generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), beginning a cascade of cellular death transformations. The positive therapeutic impact of PDT may be limited because several factors of this therapy include low solubilities of PSs, restricting their effective administration, blood circulation, and poor tumor specificity. Therefore, utilizing nanocarrier systems that modulate PS pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynami...
Scientific Reports
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be used to derive different neural subtypes. Current differentiat... more Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be used to derive different neural subtypes. Current differentiation protocols generate heterogeneous neural subtypes rather than a specific neuronal population. Here, we present a protocol to derive separate two-deep layer cortical neurons from mouse ESCs (mESCs). mESCs were differentiated into mature Tbr1 or Ctip2-positive neurons using a monolayer-based culture for neural induction and neurosphere-based culture for neural proliferation and expansion. The differentiation protocol relies on SMAD inhibition for neural induction and the use of FGF2 and EGF for proliferation and it is relatively short as mature neurons are generated between differentiation days 12–16. Compared with the monolayer-based differentiation method, mESCs can be directed to generate specific deep-layer cortical neurons rather than heterogeneous cortical neurons that are generated using the monolayer differentiation culture. The early analysis of progenitors using flow cytometry...
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
Scientific Reports
Drugs of abuse represent a growing public health crisis. Accumulating evidence indicates that gab... more Drugs of abuse represent a growing public health crisis. Accumulating evidence indicates that gabapentin (GBP), a prescription drug, is prone to misuse, abuse, withdrawal, and dependence. Commonly, drugs of abuse modulate the dopaminergic system to induce addiction. In this study, we used the conditioned place preference (CPP) model to investigate the involvement of the dopamine 1 (D1) receptor on the reward and reinforcement behavior of GBP. Under a CPP paradigm, male BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected either saline or 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of GBP and confined to the injection-paired chamber for 30 min. In the pre-conditioning phase, mice were conditioned for 3 days, and baseline data were collected. In the conditioning phase, mice were given once-daily alternating injections of either GBP or saline for 8 days and subsequently assessed in a post-conditioning test. Injections of 300 mg/kg of GBP significantly increased the time spent in the drug-paired chamber compared to ...
Clinical Research (Excluding Clinical Trials)
Molecules
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dem... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. The limited pharmacological approaches based on cholinesterase inhibitors only provide symptomatic relief to AD patients. Moreover, the adverse side effects such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, and headaches associated with these drugs and numerous clinical trial failures present substantial limitations on the use of medications and call for a detailed insight of disease heterogeneity and development of preventive and multifactorial therapeutic strategies on urgent basis. In this context, we herein report a series of quinoline-thiosemicarbazone hybrid therapeutics as selective and potent inhibitors of cholinesterases. A facile multistep synthetic approach was utilized to generate target structures bearing multiple sites for chemical modifications and establishing drug-receptor interactions. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were fully ...
I would like to thank my advisor, my PhD committee members, funding sources, colleagues, friends,... more I would like to thank my advisor, my PhD committee members, funding sources, colleagues, friends, and family who have given me support and have helped make this Dissertation possible. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the family closest to me: my parents for their unconditional love and support. Their invaluable guidance provided the strength in my life and I hope to continue in their example. My father's wisdom and strict advice will always be remembered, and my mother's love and confidence continue to inspire me. I would like to acknowledge Zekra, my lovely wife, for being my best friend, my love, and my companion. Her words of encouragement and contribution in my life and work cannot be overstated. Without her support and sacrifice, none of this work would be possible. Also, I would like to thank my children, Shaima, Elias, and Bilal for always being there for me. Without your love, motivation and support, I could never have accomplished this work. I love you very much!! Also, I thank my three sisters for their love, support, and tolerance towards their little brother. Also, I wish to thank my brothers: Abdullah, Saad, and Mohammad. Thank you for your encouragement, love and being my support on whom I always can depend.
Scientific Reports
There has been an increase in cases of drug addiction and prescription drug abuse worldwide. Rece... more There has been an increase in cases of drug addiction and prescription drug abuse worldwide. Recently, pregabalin abuse has been a focus for many healthcare agencies, as highlighted by epidemiological studies. We previously evaluated the possibility of pregabalin abuse using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. We observed that a 60 mg/kg dose could induce CPP in mice and that pregabalin-rewarding properties were mediated through glutamate neurotransmission. Notably, the dopaminergic reward circuitry is also known to play a crucial role in medication-seeking behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the possible involvement of dopaminergic receptor-1 in pregabalin-induced CPP. Mice were randomly allocated to receive saline or the dopamine-1 receptor antagonist SKF-83566 (0.03 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). After 30 min, the mice received either saline or pregabalin (60 mg/kg) during the conditioning phase. Among the control groups that received saline or SKF-83566, the ...
Cancers
Identified as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among American women after lung c... more Identified as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among American women after lung cancer, breast cancer of all types has been the focus of numerous research studies. Even though triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 15–20% of the number of breast cancer cases worldwide, its existing therapeutic options are fairly limited. Due to the pivotal role of the presence/absence of specific receptors to luminal A, luminal B, HER-2+, and TNBC in the molecular classification of breast cancer, the lack of these receptors has accounted for the aforementioned limitation. Thereupon, in an attempt to participate in the ongoing research endeavors to overcome such a limitation, the conducted study adopts a combination strategy as a therapeutic paradigm for TNBC, which has proven notable results with respect to both: improving patient outcomes and survivability rates. The study hinges upon an investigation of a promising NPs platform for CD44 mediated theranostic that can be com...
Aim: Pluronic lecithin organogels (PLO gels) have gained importance as transdermal drug delivery ... more Aim: Pluronic lecithin organogels (PLO gels) have gained importance as transdermal drug delivery systems for the delivery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug molecules. Our previous study showed that the use of ricinoleic acid as an oil phase resulted in the formation of a stable PLO gel with better thixotropic properties and permeation of ketoprofen than the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro and in vivo antiinflammatory effects of ricinoleic acid PLO gel system with the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. Methods: PLO gels were prepared using ketoprofen (10%) as a model drug and characterized for pH, viscosity, and morphology. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity and cell viability tests were performed using blank ricinoleic acid PLO and compared with the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of ricinoleic acid PLO containing ketoprofen was evaluated in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Results: The pH and viscosity of ricinoleic acid PLO gel were comparable with the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. The viscosities for the PLO gels containing isopropyl palmitate and ricinoleic acid at 20 rpm were found to be 47,800 cps and 49,050 cps, respectively. The in vitro antiinflammatory effect exhibited by the blank ricinoleic acid PLO gel was significantly (p<0.05) higher than isopropyl palmitate PLO gel at 1 mM concentration, while both the gel formulations had no significant (p>0.05) cytotoxic activity. The ricinoleic acid PLO gel formulation was significantly more effective against edema formation than the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel. Conclusion: The results observed in this study clearly indicate that the ricinoleic acid PLO gel is better than the isopropyl palmitate PLO gel.
Vaccines
First detected in Wuhan, China, a highly contagious coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrom... more First detected in Wuhan, China, a highly contagious coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, spread globally in December of 2019. As of 19 September 2021, approximately 4.5 million people have died globally, and 215 million active cases have been reported. To date, six vaccines have been developed and approved for human use. However, current production and supply capabilities are unable to meet global demands to immunize the entire world population. Only a few countries have been able to successfully vaccinate many of their residents. Therefore, an alternative vaccine that can be prepared in an easy and cost-effective manner is urgently needed. A vaccine that could be prepared in this manner, as well as can be preserved and transported at room temperature, would be of great benefit to public health. It is possible to develop such an alternative vaccine by using nano- or microparticle platforms. These platforms address most of...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
In the first few months of the pandemic, Makkah region reported the highest number of COVID-19 ca... more In the first few months of the pandemic, Makkah region reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases among all regions in Saudi Arabia. More than 80% of these reported cases were non-Saudi residents. In this study, we evaluated the perceived threat from and psychological impact of COVID-19 among non-Saudi residents of Makkah region. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected using a standardized self-report questionnaire. A total of 292 expatriates were included in the study, the majority of whom were non-Arabic speakers. The prevalence of self-reported depression was nearly 40%, anxiety was 32%, and stress was 43%. The findings indicated variability in the prevalence of psychological symptoms among expatriates from different ethnic backgrounds. Additionally, work environment and perceived threat were strong predictors of psychological disorders. This suggested that the perceived threat from and psychological burden of COVID-19 among non-Saudis in Makkah region is substan...
Healthcare
Introduction: Substance use disorder has been frequently reported to increase the risk of infecti... more Introduction: Substance use disorder has been frequently reported to increase the risk of infectious diseases, which might be owing to the sharing of contaminated inhalation, smoking, vaping, or injection equipment. Aim: This review analyzes the recent literature with the aim to put in light the possible relationship between the abuse of different substances (Tobacco, opioid, and Alcohol) with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Tobacco: Multiple studies confirmed that cigarette smoking affects the respiratory system by increasing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors, which have a significant association with COVID-19 infection rate and disease severity. Opioid: Studies conducted regarding the association of opioid use disorder (OUD) and COVID-19 infection severity are limited; however, opioids can lead to both respiratory depression and kidney injuries, causing poor prognosis for those with COVID-19 infections. Alcohol: People with alcohol use disorders ar...
Molecules
The assessment of greenness of analytical protocols is of great importance now to preserve the en... more The assessment of greenness of analytical protocols is of great importance now to preserve the environment. Some studies have analyzed either only the neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), together or with other neurotransmitters and biomarkers. However, these methods have not been investigated for their greenness and were not compared with each other to find the optimum one. Therefore, this study aims to compare seven published chromatographic methods that analyzed the four neurotransmitters and their mixtures using the National Environmental Method Index, Analytical Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). As these methods cover both qualitative and quantitative aspects, they offer better transparency. Overall, GAPI showed maximum greenness throughout the analysis. Method 6 was proven to be the method of choice for analyzing the mixture, owing to its greenness, according to NEMI, ESA, and GAPI. Additi...
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Several studies have shown that vascular endothel... more Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Several studies have shown that vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) plays a leading role in angiogenesis progression. Antiangiogenic medication has gained substantial recognition and is commonly administered in many forms of human cancer, leading to a rising interest in cancer therapy. However, this treatment method can lead to a deteriorating outcome of resistance, invasion, distant metastasis, and overall survival relative to its cytotoxicity. Furthermore, there are significant obstacles in tracking the efficacy of antiangiogenic treatments by incorporating positive biomarkers into clinical settings. These shortcomings underline the essential need to identify additional angiogenic inhibitors that target numerous angiogenic factors or to develop a new method for drug delivery of current inhibitors. The great benefits of nanoparticles are their potential, based on their specific properties, to be effective mechanisms that concent...
Cancers
Current research to find effective anticancer treatments is being performed on photodynamic thera... more Current research to find effective anticancer treatments is being performed on photodynamic therapy (PDT) with increasing attention. PDT is a very promising therapeutic way to combine a photosensitive drug with visible light to manage different intense malignancies. PDT has several benefits, including better safety and lower toxicity in the treatment of malignant tumors over traditional cancer therapy. This reasonably simple approach utilizes three integral elements: a photosensitizer (PS), a source of light, and oxygen. Upon light irradiation of a particular wavelength, the PS generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), beginning a cascade of cellular death transformations. The positive therapeutic impact of PDT may be limited because several factors of this therapy include low solubilities of PSs, restricting their effective administration, blood circulation, and poor tumor specificity. Therefore, utilizing nanocarrier systems that modulate PS pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynami...
Scientific Reports
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be used to derive different neural subtypes. Current differentiat... more Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be used to derive different neural subtypes. Current differentiation protocols generate heterogeneous neural subtypes rather than a specific neuronal population. Here, we present a protocol to derive separate two-deep layer cortical neurons from mouse ESCs (mESCs). mESCs were differentiated into mature Tbr1 or Ctip2-positive neurons using a monolayer-based culture for neural induction and neurosphere-based culture for neural proliferation and expansion. The differentiation protocol relies on SMAD inhibition for neural induction and the use of FGF2 and EGF for proliferation and it is relatively short as mature neurons are generated between differentiation days 12–16. Compared with the monolayer-based differentiation method, mESCs can be directed to generate specific deep-layer cortical neurons rather than heterogeneous cortical neurons that are generated using the monolayer differentiation culture. The early analysis of progenitors using flow cytometry...
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
Scientific Reports
Drugs of abuse represent a growing public health crisis. Accumulating evidence indicates that gab... more Drugs of abuse represent a growing public health crisis. Accumulating evidence indicates that gabapentin (GBP), a prescription drug, is prone to misuse, abuse, withdrawal, and dependence. Commonly, drugs of abuse modulate the dopaminergic system to induce addiction. In this study, we used the conditioned place preference (CPP) model to investigate the involvement of the dopamine 1 (D1) receptor on the reward and reinforcement behavior of GBP. Under a CPP paradigm, male BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected either saline or 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of GBP and confined to the injection-paired chamber for 30 min. In the pre-conditioning phase, mice were conditioned for 3 days, and baseline data were collected. In the conditioning phase, mice were given once-daily alternating injections of either GBP or saline for 8 days and subsequently assessed in a post-conditioning test. Injections of 300 mg/kg of GBP significantly increased the time spent in the drug-paired chamber compared to ...
Clinical Research (Excluding Clinical Trials)