Hans Pols - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Hans Pols

Research paper thumbnail of War Neurosis, Adjustment Problems in Veterans, and an Ill Nation: The Disciplinary Project of American Psychiatry during and after World War II

Osiris, 2007

After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result ... more After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result of their successful participation in the war. When the incidence of mental breakdown in the American armed forces rose to unprecedented heights, new and effective psychotherapeutic methods were developed to treat the traumatic effects of the extraordinary stresses of warfare. At the same time, social scientists concluded that breakdown incidence was inversely related to morale, which led to the development of preventive measures aimed at specific groups. Both initiatives stimulated a number of psychiatrists to plan projects of social engineering after the war. They first focused on aiding the reintegration of returning veterans. Later, they addressed the poor mental health of the American population as a whole, which they considered to be the consequence of faulty child-rearing methods.

Research paper thumbnail of Notes from Batavia, the Europeans' Graveyard: The Nineteenth-Century Debate on Acclimatization in the Dutch East Indies

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of European Physicians and Botanists, Indigenous Herbal Medicine in the Dutch East Indies, and Colonial Networks of Mediation

East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal, 2009

During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working ... more During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working in the Dutch East Indies displayed an eager interest in Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine or jamu, the investigation of which required them to establish contacts with local informers and mediators who could make indigenous medicine understandable to researchers. In the Dutch East Indies, these mediators were Indo-European women who had built up a medical lore with both European and Indigenous elements. The diminishing trust in the standard therapeutic measures created a window of opportunity for the investigation of Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine. The way medical knowledge circulated in the Dutch East Indies, the intermediaries who aided this circulation and the factors which impeded or facilitated it, and the ways in which European physicians and botanists legitimized indigenous herbal medicine are analyzed.

Research paper thumbnail of August Hollingshead and Frederick Redlich: Poverty, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Illness

American Journal of Public Health, 2007

SOCIAL CLASS AND MENTAL ILLNESS was the result of an unusually creative and productive collaborat... more SOCIAL CLASS AND MENTAL ILLNESS was the result of an unusually creative and productive collaborative research project undertaken by August Hollingshead, a sociologist, and Frederick Redlich, a psychiatrist. By combining their expertise in their respective disciplines, they became pioneers in the field of medical sociology, social psychiatry, and psychiatric epidemiology; their study is now considered a classic in these fields. 1 The main conclusion of this study was that there was a significant relationship between social class and mental illness both in type and severity of mental illness suffered as well as in the nature and quality of treatment that is provided. Individuals from the lowest socioeconomic strata had a much higher incidence of severe, persistent, and debilitating forms of mental illness and received the least adequate forms of treatment, if they received treatment at all. These disturbing conclusions raised questions about medicine, social policy, and the distribution of resources in mental health care. Frederick ("Fritz") Redlich was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1910. 2 He was raised Catholic but found out he was of Jewish ancestry when he was 24. Redlich studied medicine and psychology in Vienna and received his MD in 1935. During his studies, he spent

Research paper thumbnail of The expansion of medical education in the Dutch East Indies and the formation of the Indonesian medical profession

Medical history, Apr 8, 2024

In 1851, the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies established a two-year program to e... more In 1851, the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies established a two-year program to educate young Javanese men to become vaccinators in Batavia (today's Jakarta). During the following sixty years, the medical curriculum was expanded several times; in 1913, it consisted of a ten-year program. In 1927, the Batavia Medical School, granting degrees equivalent to those of Dutch university-affiliated medical schools, commenced operations. Consequently, a steadily increasing number of Indonesian physicians with various credentials were employed by the colonial health service, plantations, sugar factories and mines, or established private practices. They became a social group that occupied an ambiguous and even paradoxical position somewhere between Europeans and the indigenous population. During the 1910s, this inspired these physicians to obtain credentials and professional recognition equal to those of their European colleagues. Several of them became active in journalism, politics and social movements. During the 1920s, several became radicalised and criticised the nature of colonial society. In the 1930s, following the increasingly repressive nature of colonial society, most of them remained active in the public sphere while a small group dedicated itself to improving medical research and health care. After the transfer of sovereignty from the Netherlands to Indonesia on 27 December 1949, this small cadre reestablished medical education and health care, and built the Indonesian medical profession.

Research paper thumbnail of The US Psychiatric Response in the 20 th Century Military

Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of mil... more Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of military personnel. During the 20th century, US military psychiatrists tried to deal with these consequences while contributing to the military goal of preserving manpower and reducing the debilitating impact of psychiatric syndromes by implementing screening programs to detect factors that predispose individuals to mental disorders, providing early intervention strategies for acute war-related syndromes, and treating long-term psychiatric disability after deployment. The success of screening has proven disappointing, the effects of treatment near the front lines are unclear, and the results of treatment for chronic postwar syndromes are mixed. After the Persian Gulf War, a number of military physicians made innovative proposals for a population-based approach, anchored in primary care instead of specialty-based care. This approach appears to hold the most promise for the future. The US Psy...

Research paper thumbnail of European Physicians and Botanists, Indigenous Herbal Medicine in the Dutch East Indies, and Colonial Networks of Mediation

During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working ... more During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working in the Dutch East Indies displayed an eager interest in Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine or jamu, the investigation of which required them to establish contacts with local informers and mediators who could make indigenous medicine understandable to researchers. In the Dutch East Indies, these mediators were Indo-European women who had built up a medical lore with both European and Indigenous elements. The diminishing trust in the standard therapeutic measures created a window of opportunity for the investigation of Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine. The way medical knowledge circulated in the Dutch East Indies, the intermediaries who aided this circulation and the factors which impeded or facilitated it, and the ways in which European physicians and botanists legitimized indigenous herbal medicine are analyzed.

Research paper thumbnail of The Repression of War Trauma In American Psychiatry After WWII

Clio Medica/The Wellcome Series in the History of …, 1999

Fatherland and the sacrifices young men had made rushing to her defense, the poem was recited. Ba... more Fatherland and the sacrifices young men had made rushing to her defense, the poem was recited. Bardamu was appalled that this sickly poet had 'monstrously enlarged upon my fantasies with the help of fine-sounding rhymes and tremendous adjectives which rolled out ...

Research paper thumbnail of War & Military Mental Health: the US Psychiatric Response In the 20th Century

American Journal of Public Health, 2007

Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of mil... more Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of military personnel. During the 20th century, US military psychiatrists tried to deal with these consequences while contributing to the military goal of preserving manpower and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Towards trans-cultural histories of psychotherapies

European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling

Research paper thumbnail of The roots of Canadian community psychology in the psychology of human development, Toronto, 1912-1956

Research paper thumbnail of The Psychiatrist as Administrator

Health and History, 2012

ABSTRACT W. F. Theunissen (1882-1961) was a leading psychiatrist in the Dutch East Indies. He was... more ABSTRACT W. F. Theunissen (1882-1961) was a leading psychiatrist in the Dutch East Indies. He was the medical director of several large mental hospitals after which he became director of the Dutch East Indies Public Health Service. Theunissen was not known for his research into the causes of mental illness. Instead, he made his mark as an administrator greatly reducing the expenses of the Lawang mental hospital by expanding occupational therapy in new and innovative ways. His accomplishments earned him the position of director of the Indies Public Health Department, where he oversaw the decentralisation of health services and the development of public health initiatives.

Research paper thumbnail of The Tunisian Campaign, War Neuroses, and the Reorientation of American Psychiatry During World War II

Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 2011

1. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;19(6):313-20. The Tunisian Campaign, War Neuroses, and the Reori... more 1. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;19(6):313-20. The Tunisian Campaign, War Neuroses, and the Reorientation of American Psychiatry During World War II. Pols H. From the Unit for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Frankwood E. Williams (1883–1936)

American Journal of Public Health, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of War Neurosis, Adjustment Problems In Veterans, and An Ill Nation: the Disciplinary Project of American Psychiatry During and After World War II

Osiris, 2007

After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result ... more After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result of their successful participation in the war. When the incidence of mental breakdown in the American armed forces rose to unprecedented heights, new and effective psychotherapeutic methods were developed to treat the traumatic effects of the extraordinary stresses of warfare. At the same time, social scientists concluded that breakdown incidence was inversely related to morale, which led to the development of preventive measures aimed at specific groups. Both initiatives stimulated a number of psychiatrists to plan projects of social engineering after the war. They first focused on aiding the reintegration of returning veterans. Later, they addressed the poor mental health of the American population as a whole, which they considered to be the consequence of faulty child-rearing methods.

Research paper thumbnail of War Neurosis, Adjustment Problems in Veterans, and an Ill Nation: The Disciplinary Project of American Psychiatry during and after World War II

Osiris, 2007

After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result ... more After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result of their successful participation in the war. When the incidence of mental breakdown in the American armed forces rose to unprecedented heights, new and effective psychotherapeutic methods were developed to treat the traumatic effects of the extraordinary stresses of warfare. At the same time, social scientists concluded that breakdown incidence was inversely related to morale, which led to the development of preventive measures aimed at specific groups. Both initiatives stimulated a number of psychiatrists to plan projects of social engineering after the war. They first focused on aiding the reintegration of returning veterans. Later, they addressed the poor mental health of the American population as a whole, which they considered to be the consequence of faulty child-rearing methods.

Research paper thumbnail of Notes from Batavia, the Europeans' Graveyard: The Nineteenth-Century Debate on Acclimatization in the Dutch East Indies

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of European Physicians and Botanists, Indigenous Herbal Medicine in the Dutch East Indies, and Colonial Networks of Mediation

East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal, 2009

During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working ... more During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working in the Dutch East Indies displayed an eager interest in Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine or jamu, the investigation of which required them to establish contacts with local informers and mediators who could make indigenous medicine understandable to researchers. In the Dutch East Indies, these mediators were Indo-European women who had built up a medical lore with both European and Indigenous elements. The diminishing trust in the standard therapeutic measures created a window of opportunity for the investigation of Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine. The way medical knowledge circulated in the Dutch East Indies, the intermediaries who aided this circulation and the factors which impeded or facilitated it, and the ways in which European physicians and botanists legitimized indigenous herbal medicine are analyzed.

Research paper thumbnail of August Hollingshead and Frederick Redlich: Poverty, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Illness

American Journal of Public Health, 2007

SOCIAL CLASS AND MENTAL ILLNESS was the result of an unusually creative and productive collaborat... more SOCIAL CLASS AND MENTAL ILLNESS was the result of an unusually creative and productive collaborative research project undertaken by August Hollingshead, a sociologist, and Frederick Redlich, a psychiatrist. By combining their expertise in their respective disciplines, they became pioneers in the field of medical sociology, social psychiatry, and psychiatric epidemiology; their study is now considered a classic in these fields. 1 The main conclusion of this study was that there was a significant relationship between social class and mental illness both in type and severity of mental illness suffered as well as in the nature and quality of treatment that is provided. Individuals from the lowest socioeconomic strata had a much higher incidence of severe, persistent, and debilitating forms of mental illness and received the least adequate forms of treatment, if they received treatment at all. These disturbing conclusions raised questions about medicine, social policy, and the distribution of resources in mental health care. Frederick ("Fritz") Redlich was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1910. 2 He was raised Catholic but found out he was of Jewish ancestry when he was 24. Redlich studied medicine and psychology in Vienna and received his MD in 1935. During his studies, he spent

Research paper thumbnail of The expansion of medical education in the Dutch East Indies and the formation of the Indonesian medical profession

Medical history, Apr 8, 2024

In 1851, the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies established a two-year program to e... more In 1851, the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies established a two-year program to educate young Javanese men to become vaccinators in Batavia (today's Jakarta). During the following sixty years, the medical curriculum was expanded several times; in 1913, it consisted of a ten-year program. In 1927, the Batavia Medical School, granting degrees equivalent to those of Dutch university-affiliated medical schools, commenced operations. Consequently, a steadily increasing number of Indonesian physicians with various credentials were employed by the colonial health service, plantations, sugar factories and mines, or established private practices. They became a social group that occupied an ambiguous and even paradoxical position somewhere between Europeans and the indigenous population. During the 1910s, this inspired these physicians to obtain credentials and professional recognition equal to those of their European colleagues. Several of them became active in journalism, politics and social movements. During the 1920s, several became radicalised and criticised the nature of colonial society. In the 1930s, following the increasingly repressive nature of colonial society, most of them remained active in the public sphere while a small group dedicated itself to improving medical research and health care. After the transfer of sovereignty from the Netherlands to Indonesia on 27 December 1949, this small cadre reestablished medical education and health care, and built the Indonesian medical profession.

Research paper thumbnail of The US Psychiatric Response in the 20 th Century Military

Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of mil... more Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of military personnel. During the 20th century, US military psychiatrists tried to deal with these consequences while contributing to the military goal of preserving manpower and reducing the debilitating impact of psychiatric syndromes by implementing screening programs to detect factors that predispose individuals to mental disorders, providing early intervention strategies for acute war-related syndromes, and treating long-term psychiatric disability after deployment. The success of screening has proven disappointing, the effects of treatment near the front lines are unclear, and the results of treatment for chronic postwar syndromes are mixed. After the Persian Gulf War, a number of military physicians made innovative proposals for a population-based approach, anchored in primary care instead of specialty-based care. This approach appears to hold the most promise for the future. The US Psy...

Research paper thumbnail of European Physicians and Botanists, Indigenous Herbal Medicine in the Dutch East Indies, and Colonial Networks of Mediation

During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working ... more During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, European physicians and botanists working in the Dutch East Indies displayed an eager interest in Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine or jamu, the investigation of which required them to establish contacts with local informers and mediators who could make indigenous medicine understandable to researchers. In the Dutch East Indies, these mediators were Indo-European women who had built up a medical lore with both European and Indigenous elements. The diminishing trust in the standard therapeutic measures created a window of opportunity for the investigation of Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine. The way medical knowledge circulated in the Dutch East Indies, the intermediaries who aided this circulation and the factors which impeded or facilitated it, and the ways in which European physicians and botanists legitimized indigenous herbal medicine are analyzed.

Research paper thumbnail of The Repression of War Trauma In American Psychiatry After WWII

Clio Medica/The Wellcome Series in the History of …, 1999

Fatherland and the sacrifices young men had made rushing to her defense, the poem was recited. Ba... more Fatherland and the sacrifices young men had made rushing to her defense, the poem was recited. Bardamu was appalled that this sickly poet had 'monstrously enlarged upon my fantasies with the help of fine-sounding rhymes and tremendous adjectives which rolled out ...

Research paper thumbnail of War & Military Mental Health: the US Psychiatric Response In the 20th Century

American Journal of Public Health, 2007

Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of mil... more Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of military personnel. During the 20th century, US military psychiatrists tried to deal with these consequences while contributing to the military goal of preserving manpower and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Towards trans-cultural histories of psychotherapies

European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling

Research paper thumbnail of The roots of Canadian community psychology in the psychology of human development, Toronto, 1912-1956

Research paper thumbnail of The Psychiatrist as Administrator

Health and History, 2012

ABSTRACT W. F. Theunissen (1882-1961) was a leading psychiatrist in the Dutch East Indies. He was... more ABSTRACT W. F. Theunissen (1882-1961) was a leading psychiatrist in the Dutch East Indies. He was the medical director of several large mental hospitals after which he became director of the Dutch East Indies Public Health Service. Theunissen was not known for his research into the causes of mental illness. Instead, he made his mark as an administrator greatly reducing the expenses of the Lawang mental hospital by expanding occupational therapy in new and innovative ways. His accomplishments earned him the position of director of the Indies Public Health Department, where he oversaw the decentralisation of health services and the development of public health initiatives.

Research paper thumbnail of The Tunisian Campaign, War Neuroses, and the Reorientation of American Psychiatry During World War II

Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 2011

1. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;19(6):313-20. The Tunisian Campaign, War Neuroses, and the Reori... more 1. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;19(6):313-20. The Tunisian Campaign, War Neuroses, and the Reorientation of American Psychiatry During World War II. Pols H. From the Unit for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Frankwood E. Williams (1883–1936)

American Journal of Public Health, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of War Neurosis, Adjustment Problems In Veterans, and An Ill Nation: the Disciplinary Project of American Psychiatry During and After World War II

Osiris, 2007

After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result ... more After World War II, the confidence of American psychiatrists was at an all-time high as a result of their successful participation in the war. When the incidence of mental breakdown in the American armed forces rose to unprecedented heights, new and effective psychotherapeutic methods were developed to treat the traumatic effects of the extraordinary stresses of warfare. At the same time, social scientists concluded that breakdown incidence was inversely related to morale, which led to the development of preventive measures aimed at specific groups. Both initiatives stimulated a number of psychiatrists to plan projects of social engineering after the war. They first focused on aiding the reintegration of returning veterans. Later, they addressed the poor mental health of the American population as a whole, which they considered to be the consequence of faulty child-rearing methods.