Kristin Halvorsen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kristin Halvorsen

Research paper thumbnail of Considerations and values in decision making regarding mechanical ventilation for older patients with severe to very severe COPD

Clinical Ethics, 2016

Background The different considerations involved in decisions regarding whether or not to initiat... more Background The different considerations involved in decisions regarding whether or not to initiate mechanical ventilation for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are challenging for health professionals. Aim To investigate the considerations and values that influences decision-making regarding mechanical ventilation in older patients (≥65-years-old) with severe to very severe COPD. Furthermore, it aims to elucidate how physicians involve their patient in decision-making process. Participants and setting Seven intensive care physicians and seven physicians working in the respiratory units at two university hospitals and two district hospitals in Norway. Methods This study had a qualitative design consisting of focus group interviews with 14 physicians. The data was analysed according to the interpretative contexts: self-understanding, critical common-sense understanding and theoretical understanding. Results Decisions regarding mechanical ventilation wer...

Research paper thumbnail of Mirror of shame: Patients experiences of late-stage COPD. A qualitative study

Journal of clinical nursing, 2021

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to shed light on patients with late-stage COPD and their expe... more AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to shed light on patients with late-stage COPD and their experiences of shame. BACKGROUND Patients with COPD often experience shame for bringing the disease into their lives due to smoking. Knowledge about patients with COPD and their feelings of shame is crucial, but limited, however. DESIGN The study has a qualitative and explorative design. We interviewed twelve patients with late-stage COPD. The data were analysed using Kvale and Brinkmann's three interpretative contexts. The COREQ checklist was used. RESULTS Three main themes were defined; the body as a mirror of shame; a sense of being unworthy, invisible and powerless; and that sharing the burden is too difficult. The participants experienced that the disease defined their value as human beings and that made them feel vulnerable, ashamed and more socially isolated. CONCLUSIONS The participants experienced feelings of shame, guilt and self-blame due to their own perceptions of themselves...

Research paper thumbnail of Patients' experiences of well‐being when being cared for in the intensive care unit—An integrative review

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of ‘They just came with the medication dispenser’- a qualitative study of elderly service users’ involvement and welfare technology in public home care services

BMC Health Services Research

Background Public home care for the elderly is a key area in relation to improving health care qu... more Background Public home care for the elderly is a key area in relation to improving health care quality. It is an important political goal to increase elderly people’s involvement in their care and in the use of welfare technology. The aim of this study was to explore elderly service users’ experience of user involvement in the implementation and everyday use of welfare technology in public home care services. Method This qualitative study has an explorative and descriptive design. Sixteen interviews of service users were conducted in five different municipalities over a period of six months. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Service users receiving public home care service are not a homogenous group, and the participants had different wishes and needs as regards user involvement and the use of welfare technology. The analysis led to four main themes: 1) diverse preferences as regards user involvement, 2) individual differences as regards information, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Patients with COPD: Exploring patients’ coping ability during an interdisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme: A qualitative focus group study

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Involving nursing students into clinical research projects: Reliability of data and experiences of students?

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of User involvement in the implementation of welfare technology in home care services: The experience of health professionals—A qualitative study

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Practice Recommendations for End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit

Critical Care Nurse

Topic A substantial number of patients die in the intensive care unit, so high-quality end-of-lif... more Topic A substantial number of patients die in the intensive care unit, so high-quality end-of-life care is an important part of intensive care unit work. However, end-of-life care varies because of lack of knowledge of best practices. Clinical Relevance Research shows that high-quality end-of-life care is possible in an intensive care unit. This article encourages nurses to be imaginative and take an individual approach to provide the best possible end-of-life care for patients and their family members. Purpose of Paper To provide recommendations for high-quality end-of-life care for patients and family members. Content Covered This article touches on the following domains: end-of-life decision-making, place to die, patient comfort, family presence in the intensive care unit, visiting children, family needs, preparing the family, staff presence, when the patient dies, after-death care of the family, and caring for staff.

Research paper thumbnail of Empowerment in healthcare: A thematic synthesis and critical discussion of concept analyses of empowerment

Patient Education and Counseling

Research paper thumbnail of Nurses’ experiences of ICU diaries following implementation of national recommendations for diaries in intensive care units: A quality improvement project

Intensive and Critical Care Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Visibility of nursing in policy documents related to healthcare priorities

Journal of Nursing Management

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Research paper thumbnail of Forskningsetiske utfordringer ved kvalitative studier

Research paper thumbnail of The provision of nurse-led follow-up at Norwegian intensive care units

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Ethical elements in priority setting in nursing care: A scoping review

International journal of nursing studies, Jan 17, 2018

Nurses are often responsible for the care of many patients at the same time and have to prioritis... more Nurses are often responsible for the care of many patients at the same time and have to prioritise their daily nursing care activities. Prioritising the different assessed care needs and managing consequential conflicting expectations, challenges nurses' professional and moral values. To explore and illustrate the key aspects of the ethical elements of the prioritisation of nursing care and its consequences for nurses. A scoping review was used to analyse existing empirical research on the topics of priority setting, prioritisation and rationing in nursing care, including the related ethical issues. The selection of material was conducted in three stages: research identification using two data bases, CINAHL and MEDLINE. Out of 2024 citations 25 empirical research articles were analysed using inductive content analysis. Nurses prioritised patient care or participated in the decision-making at the bedside and at unit, organisational and at societal levels. Bedside priority setting...

Research paper thumbnail of Resource allocation and rationing in nursing care: A discussion paper

Nursing ethics, 2018

Driven by interests in workforce planning and patient safety, a growing body of literature has be... more Driven by interests in workforce planning and patient safety, a growing body of literature has begun to identify the reality and the prevalence of missed nursing care, also specified as care left undone, rationed care or unfinished care. Empirical studies and conceptual considerations have focused on structural issues such as staffing, as well as on outcome issues - missed care/unfinished care. Philosophical and ethical aspects of unfinished care are largely unexplored. Thus, while internationally studies highlight instances of covert rationing/missed care/care left undone - suggesting that nurses, in certain contexts, are actively engaged in rationing care - in terms of the nursing and nursing ethics literature, there appears to be a dearth of explicit decision-making frameworks within which to consider rationing of nursing care. In reality, the assumption of policy makers and health service managers is that nurses will continue to provide full care - despite reducing staffing leve...

Research paper thumbnail of Older patients with late-stage COPD: their illness experiences and involvement in decision-making regarding mechanical ventilation and noninvasive ventilation

Journal of Clinical Nursing

We thank all the participants. Our thanks also go to the persons involved in planning this study.

Research paper thumbnail of A qualitative study of women's experiences of living with COPD

Nursing Open

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Research paper thumbnail of Overtreatment and Futility: an increasing dilemma in ICU? The role and autonomy of intensive care nurses in the decision Making process

Research paper thumbnail of The ethics of bedside priorities in intensive care – Value choices and considerations. A qualitative study

Sykepleien Nett, 2010

Background: The Lønning II white paper asks for more knowledge on clinical priorities in differen... more Background: The Lønning II white paper asks for more knowledge on clinical priorities in different areas of health care. This in particular goes for resources used in intensive care units. Thanks to improvements in medical and technological knowledge and a greater proportion of older patients with complex diseases intensive care units face serious challenges regarding bedside priorities. Which patients and what kind of treatment should be prioritised? Aim: The aim of this research has been to shed light on the values and considerations that affect the priority decisions with regard to limitation of intensive care treatment in intensive care. Further it was to illuminate if and how resource restrictions were followed by specific limitations in medical and nursing care. Method: This research is based on qualitative method through field observations and in-depth interviews with intensive care physicians and intensive care nurses in three intensive care units in Norwegian University Hospitals. Emphasis was on eliciting the underlying rationale for prioritisations in clinical intensive care with particular focus on clinicians' value considerations when limiting intensive care treatment. Findings: Informants perceived that provision of treatment that was not found to be meaningful represented an increasing dilemma in intensive care. One possible explanation could be that the basis for decision-making was uncertain, complex and contradictory. The informants claimed that those who were responsible for making decisions on the admitting ward wished to prolong futile treatment because of feelings of guilt or responsibility for something that had gone wrong during the course of treatment. The assessments of the patient's situation that were made by physicians from the admitting ward were often more organ-oriented, and their expectations tended to be less realistic than those of the clinicians in the ICU, who frequently had a more balanced perspective on the patient's total condition. Aspects such as the personality and the specialisation of those involved, the culture of the unit and the degree of interdisciplinary cooperation constituted important issues in the decisionmaking processes. Significant others could cause unintentional discrimination of ICU patients. Family members who were demanding could receive more time and attention to the patient as well as for themselves. The status and position of patients and next of kin and /-or an interesting medical diagnosis appeared to govern the clinicians' priorities with regard to patients and families-consciously as well as unconsciously. Scarcity of resources in the ICUs regularly gave rise to suboptimal professional standards of medical treatment and nursing care. The clinicians rarely referred to national priority criteria as a rationale for bedside priorities. Because prioritisations were undertaken implicitly and most likely partly without the clinician being aware of it, essential patient rights, such as justice and equality, could be at risk. Conclusion: Under-communicated value considerations jeopardise the principle of justice in intensive care. If intensive care patients are to be ensured equal treatment, strategies for interdisciplinary, transparent and appropriate decision-making processes must be developed, in which open and hidden values are rendered visible, power structures are revealed, employees are respected and the various perspectives on the treatment are awarded legitimate attention. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the nurses and physicians in all three intensive care units for letting me enter their routine workday, and for sharing their thoughts and experiences with me with openness and honesty. Without their open-heartedness and generosity this project would not have been possible. I also wish to thank the heads of departments who granted me access to the hospitals and the intensive care units. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Professor Per Nortvedt and Professor Reidun Førde at the Section for Medical Ethics, UiO, my supervisors, who have generously shared their knowledge and provided continuous support and constructive criticism throughout the whole project. Drawing on their involvement in clinical ethics and prioritisations in the medical field, they have engaged me in rewarding discussions and showed me their unfailing confidence, and their commitment to and concern for the study have been of invaluable help in the research process. They have supported me in believing that I could pull this project through, even in times when it appeared too difficult. Many thanks also to Professor Jan Helge Solbakk, who in 2003 in his position as leader of the Section for Medical Ethics, admitted me as a pre-qualifying student. I am also grateful for his numerous knowledgeable contributions throughout the PhD project. I will give a special thanks to Professor Knut Erik Tranøy who read my manuscript in an early phase of this project. Thanks for your wisdom and generosity. I also want to thank the dean, all my colleagues and research fellows at Akershus University College, the Faculty of Nursing Education and the Section for Medical Ethics, for their collegial support and good times! You have all been of great significance to me! A special appreciation to Kristine Johaug and Nils Smith Erichsen, my employers at the intensive care unit, Akershus University Hospital for being such good leaders and for your valuable support, from starting my master's degree studies and throughout my doctoral work. Many thanks to Marianne Bahus, Berit Støre Brinchmann, Heidi Jerpseth, Anne Cathrine Naess, Terje Takle and André Sjåvåg for reading my manuscripts and sharing their knowledge on legal, nursing, medical, methodological and linguistic matters. Also many thanks for good moments and much laughter. Thanks to Svanhild Storbråten and her staff Erik Hansen, Ruth Johnson and Karin Lillehei in Akasie kurs og Veiledning for translation and proofreading of manuscripts. Throughout these years on our many common walks with our beautiful dogs, my good friend Cecile Bjørgo, has inspired me with her interest in my project, with rewarding discussions, insistent questions, reflections and friendship. Thank you for your important contributions. A big thank you to those close important persons and friends in my everyday life, who make my days bright! And finally, my very special gratitude and appreciation go to my three children: Ingvild, Guro and Bendik, who are always by my side. What would I have done without you! A special thanks to Bendik, who is irreplaceable when it comes to technological matters! The warmest gratitude of all goes to my mother Reidun, who has always been there for me.

Research paper thumbnail of Hva er god publiseringsetikk?

Sykepleien Forskning, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Considerations and values in decision making regarding mechanical ventilation for older patients with severe to very severe COPD

Clinical Ethics, 2016

Background The different considerations involved in decisions regarding whether or not to initiat... more Background The different considerations involved in decisions regarding whether or not to initiate mechanical ventilation for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are challenging for health professionals. Aim To investigate the considerations and values that influences decision-making regarding mechanical ventilation in older patients (≥65-years-old) with severe to very severe COPD. Furthermore, it aims to elucidate how physicians involve their patient in decision-making process. Participants and setting Seven intensive care physicians and seven physicians working in the respiratory units at two university hospitals and two district hospitals in Norway. Methods This study had a qualitative design consisting of focus group interviews with 14 physicians. The data was analysed according to the interpretative contexts: self-understanding, critical common-sense understanding and theoretical understanding. Results Decisions regarding mechanical ventilation wer...

Research paper thumbnail of Mirror of shame: Patients experiences of late-stage COPD. A qualitative study

Journal of clinical nursing, 2021

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to shed light on patients with late-stage COPD and their expe... more AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to shed light on patients with late-stage COPD and their experiences of shame. BACKGROUND Patients with COPD often experience shame for bringing the disease into their lives due to smoking. Knowledge about patients with COPD and their feelings of shame is crucial, but limited, however. DESIGN The study has a qualitative and explorative design. We interviewed twelve patients with late-stage COPD. The data were analysed using Kvale and Brinkmann's three interpretative contexts. The COREQ checklist was used. RESULTS Three main themes were defined; the body as a mirror of shame; a sense of being unworthy, invisible and powerless; and that sharing the burden is too difficult. The participants experienced that the disease defined their value as human beings and that made them feel vulnerable, ashamed and more socially isolated. CONCLUSIONS The participants experienced feelings of shame, guilt and self-blame due to their own perceptions of themselves...

Research paper thumbnail of Patients' experiences of well‐being when being cared for in the intensive care unit—An integrative review

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of ‘They just came with the medication dispenser’- a qualitative study of elderly service users’ involvement and welfare technology in public home care services

BMC Health Services Research

Background Public home care for the elderly is a key area in relation to improving health care qu... more Background Public home care for the elderly is a key area in relation to improving health care quality. It is an important political goal to increase elderly people’s involvement in their care and in the use of welfare technology. The aim of this study was to explore elderly service users’ experience of user involvement in the implementation and everyday use of welfare technology in public home care services. Method This qualitative study has an explorative and descriptive design. Sixteen interviews of service users were conducted in five different municipalities over a period of six months. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Service users receiving public home care service are not a homogenous group, and the participants had different wishes and needs as regards user involvement and the use of welfare technology. The analysis led to four main themes: 1) diverse preferences as regards user involvement, 2) individual differences as regards information, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Patients with COPD: Exploring patients’ coping ability during an interdisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme: A qualitative focus group study

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Involving nursing students into clinical research projects: Reliability of data and experiences of students?

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of User involvement in the implementation of welfare technology in home care services: The experience of health professionals—A qualitative study

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Practice Recommendations for End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit

Critical Care Nurse

Topic A substantial number of patients die in the intensive care unit, so high-quality end-of-lif... more Topic A substantial number of patients die in the intensive care unit, so high-quality end-of-life care is an important part of intensive care unit work. However, end-of-life care varies because of lack of knowledge of best practices. Clinical Relevance Research shows that high-quality end-of-life care is possible in an intensive care unit. This article encourages nurses to be imaginative and take an individual approach to provide the best possible end-of-life care for patients and their family members. Purpose of Paper To provide recommendations for high-quality end-of-life care for patients and family members. Content Covered This article touches on the following domains: end-of-life decision-making, place to die, patient comfort, family presence in the intensive care unit, visiting children, family needs, preparing the family, staff presence, when the patient dies, after-death care of the family, and caring for staff.

Research paper thumbnail of Empowerment in healthcare: A thematic synthesis and critical discussion of concept analyses of empowerment

Patient Education and Counseling

Research paper thumbnail of Nurses’ experiences of ICU diaries following implementation of national recommendations for diaries in intensive care units: A quality improvement project

Intensive and Critical Care Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Visibility of nursing in policy documents related to healthcare priorities

Journal of Nursing Management

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Research paper thumbnail of Forskningsetiske utfordringer ved kvalitative studier

Research paper thumbnail of The provision of nurse-led follow-up at Norwegian intensive care units

Journal of Clinical Nursing

Research paper thumbnail of Ethical elements in priority setting in nursing care: A scoping review

International journal of nursing studies, Jan 17, 2018

Nurses are often responsible for the care of many patients at the same time and have to prioritis... more Nurses are often responsible for the care of many patients at the same time and have to prioritise their daily nursing care activities. Prioritising the different assessed care needs and managing consequential conflicting expectations, challenges nurses' professional and moral values. To explore and illustrate the key aspects of the ethical elements of the prioritisation of nursing care and its consequences for nurses. A scoping review was used to analyse existing empirical research on the topics of priority setting, prioritisation and rationing in nursing care, including the related ethical issues. The selection of material was conducted in three stages: research identification using two data bases, CINAHL and MEDLINE. Out of 2024 citations 25 empirical research articles were analysed using inductive content analysis. Nurses prioritised patient care or participated in the decision-making at the bedside and at unit, organisational and at societal levels. Bedside priority setting...

Research paper thumbnail of Resource allocation and rationing in nursing care: A discussion paper

Nursing ethics, 2018

Driven by interests in workforce planning and patient safety, a growing body of literature has be... more Driven by interests in workforce planning and patient safety, a growing body of literature has begun to identify the reality and the prevalence of missed nursing care, also specified as care left undone, rationed care or unfinished care. Empirical studies and conceptual considerations have focused on structural issues such as staffing, as well as on outcome issues - missed care/unfinished care. Philosophical and ethical aspects of unfinished care are largely unexplored. Thus, while internationally studies highlight instances of covert rationing/missed care/care left undone - suggesting that nurses, in certain contexts, are actively engaged in rationing care - in terms of the nursing and nursing ethics literature, there appears to be a dearth of explicit decision-making frameworks within which to consider rationing of nursing care. In reality, the assumption of policy makers and health service managers is that nurses will continue to provide full care - despite reducing staffing leve...

Research paper thumbnail of Older patients with late-stage COPD: their illness experiences and involvement in decision-making regarding mechanical ventilation and noninvasive ventilation

Journal of Clinical Nursing

We thank all the participants. Our thanks also go to the persons involved in planning this study.

Research paper thumbnail of A qualitative study of women's experiences of living with COPD

Nursing Open

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Research paper thumbnail of Overtreatment and Futility: an increasing dilemma in ICU? The role and autonomy of intensive care nurses in the decision Making process

Research paper thumbnail of The ethics of bedside priorities in intensive care – Value choices and considerations. A qualitative study

Sykepleien Nett, 2010

Background: The Lønning II white paper asks for more knowledge on clinical priorities in differen... more Background: The Lønning II white paper asks for more knowledge on clinical priorities in different areas of health care. This in particular goes for resources used in intensive care units. Thanks to improvements in medical and technological knowledge and a greater proportion of older patients with complex diseases intensive care units face serious challenges regarding bedside priorities. Which patients and what kind of treatment should be prioritised? Aim: The aim of this research has been to shed light on the values and considerations that affect the priority decisions with regard to limitation of intensive care treatment in intensive care. Further it was to illuminate if and how resource restrictions were followed by specific limitations in medical and nursing care. Method: This research is based on qualitative method through field observations and in-depth interviews with intensive care physicians and intensive care nurses in three intensive care units in Norwegian University Hospitals. Emphasis was on eliciting the underlying rationale for prioritisations in clinical intensive care with particular focus on clinicians' value considerations when limiting intensive care treatment. Findings: Informants perceived that provision of treatment that was not found to be meaningful represented an increasing dilemma in intensive care. One possible explanation could be that the basis for decision-making was uncertain, complex and contradictory. The informants claimed that those who were responsible for making decisions on the admitting ward wished to prolong futile treatment because of feelings of guilt or responsibility for something that had gone wrong during the course of treatment. The assessments of the patient's situation that were made by physicians from the admitting ward were often more organ-oriented, and their expectations tended to be less realistic than those of the clinicians in the ICU, who frequently had a more balanced perspective on the patient's total condition. Aspects such as the personality and the specialisation of those involved, the culture of the unit and the degree of interdisciplinary cooperation constituted important issues in the decisionmaking processes. Significant others could cause unintentional discrimination of ICU patients. Family members who were demanding could receive more time and attention to the patient as well as for themselves. The status and position of patients and next of kin and /-or an interesting medical diagnosis appeared to govern the clinicians' priorities with regard to patients and families-consciously as well as unconsciously. Scarcity of resources in the ICUs regularly gave rise to suboptimal professional standards of medical treatment and nursing care. The clinicians rarely referred to national priority criteria as a rationale for bedside priorities. Because prioritisations were undertaken implicitly and most likely partly without the clinician being aware of it, essential patient rights, such as justice and equality, could be at risk. Conclusion: Under-communicated value considerations jeopardise the principle of justice in intensive care. If intensive care patients are to be ensured equal treatment, strategies for interdisciplinary, transparent and appropriate decision-making processes must be developed, in which open and hidden values are rendered visible, power structures are revealed, employees are respected and the various perspectives on the treatment are awarded legitimate attention. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the nurses and physicians in all three intensive care units for letting me enter their routine workday, and for sharing their thoughts and experiences with me with openness and honesty. Without their open-heartedness and generosity this project would not have been possible. I also wish to thank the heads of departments who granted me access to the hospitals and the intensive care units. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Professor Per Nortvedt and Professor Reidun Førde at the Section for Medical Ethics, UiO, my supervisors, who have generously shared their knowledge and provided continuous support and constructive criticism throughout the whole project. Drawing on their involvement in clinical ethics and prioritisations in the medical field, they have engaged me in rewarding discussions and showed me their unfailing confidence, and their commitment to and concern for the study have been of invaluable help in the research process. They have supported me in believing that I could pull this project through, even in times when it appeared too difficult. Many thanks also to Professor Jan Helge Solbakk, who in 2003 in his position as leader of the Section for Medical Ethics, admitted me as a pre-qualifying student. I am also grateful for his numerous knowledgeable contributions throughout the PhD project. I will give a special thanks to Professor Knut Erik Tranøy who read my manuscript in an early phase of this project. Thanks for your wisdom and generosity. I also want to thank the dean, all my colleagues and research fellows at Akershus University College, the Faculty of Nursing Education and the Section for Medical Ethics, for their collegial support and good times! You have all been of great significance to me! A special appreciation to Kristine Johaug and Nils Smith Erichsen, my employers at the intensive care unit, Akershus University Hospital for being such good leaders and for your valuable support, from starting my master's degree studies and throughout my doctoral work. Many thanks to Marianne Bahus, Berit Støre Brinchmann, Heidi Jerpseth, Anne Cathrine Naess, Terje Takle and André Sjåvåg for reading my manuscripts and sharing their knowledge on legal, nursing, medical, methodological and linguistic matters. Also many thanks for good moments and much laughter. Thanks to Svanhild Storbråten and her staff Erik Hansen, Ruth Johnson and Karin Lillehei in Akasie kurs og Veiledning for translation and proofreading of manuscripts. Throughout these years on our many common walks with our beautiful dogs, my good friend Cecile Bjørgo, has inspired me with her interest in my project, with rewarding discussions, insistent questions, reflections and friendship. Thank you for your important contributions. A big thank you to those close important persons and friends in my everyday life, who make my days bright! And finally, my very special gratitude and appreciation go to my three children: Ingvild, Guro and Bendik, who are always by my side. What would I have done without you! A special thanks to Bendik, who is irreplaceable when it comes to technological matters! The warmest gratitude of all goes to my mother Reidun, who has always been there for me.

Research paper thumbnail of Hva er god publiseringsetikk?

Sykepleien Forskning, 2014