Haruna Yusuph - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Haruna Yusuph

Journal of Interdisciplinary Histopathology, 2013

ABSTRACT Objective: Cervical cancer which affects relatively young women of child bearing age is ... more ABSTRACT Objective: Cervical cancer which affects relatively young women of child bearing age is considered to be the second most common cancer in women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developing countries, a reflection of global health inequity. There are more than 450,000 newly diagnosed cases annually with over a quarter of million deaths recorded out of which over 80 percent are from the developing countries especially Africa, South Asia, South and Central America, and the Caribbean, with an exponential rise expected from this figure by 2020. The preventive measures available (Pap smear and HPV vaccine) aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, has been shown to be very effective but difficult to implement especially in the developing countries partly due to lack of resources and mainly lack of government commitment amongst other things. This forms the basis of this review to look at the position of HPV vaccine in the prevention of cancer of the cervix. Methods: In the course of this write-up, relevant literatures were reviewed using manual library search, relevant websites and internet articles. The key words employed were: cervical cancer, human papilloma virus, pap smear and vaccination. Results: It has been shown that, where resources permits, combining HPV vaccine in combination with pap smear screening methods especially to high risk group would greatly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cancer of the cervix. Conclusions: Although there are so many essential questions still unanswered, considering the havoc caused by this preventable gynaecological malignancy and coupled with the ever increasing costs of its treatment, the advantages of using HPV vaccine in addition to routine Pap smear as a means of preventing cancer of the cervix greatly outweighs the disadvantages. However, there is the need for caution to be adhered to when it comes to large scale vaccination programs in view of the fact that sufficient evidence is still lacking on the safety of the vaccines in the long-term.

East African Medical Journal, 2021

Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Oct 15, 2011

The HIV/AIDS situation in Nigeria has undergone a lot of transformation following a long period t... more The HIV/AIDS situation in Nigeria has undergone a lot of transformation following a long period that was plagued by superstition and denial. The HIV Sero Prevalence Sentinel Surveys were conducted among the antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees in Nigeria being considered to be a homogenous community of persons with steady sexual partners. Included in the survey were pregnant women aged between 15 to 49 years of age from rural and urban areas across all the 36 states of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The clinic attendance pattern at enrollment from one of the HIV/AIDS care clinics in the zone was also added, to highlight the burden of the problem. The recent survey revealed that the National prevalence of HIV stands at 4.1%, although there are centers that recorded prevalence rates far greater than the national average in many zones of the country. We later discussed the epidemiology of the disease in the northeast region with some peculiarities that encourage the spread of HIV/AIDS, especially related to this part of Nigeria.

African Journal of Health Professions Education, 2014

Background. Nearly three decades after the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a... more Background. Nearly three decades after the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemics continue to pose significant challenges to low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective. To assess medical and dental students’ willingness to perform specific techniques and procedures on people living with AIDS (PLWA). Methods. A survey was done among medical and dental students ( N =304) at a Nigerian University using a 21-item questionnaire that elicited responses on sociodemographic characteristics and willingness to perform specific techniques and procedures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an independent t -test were used to determine the influence of sociodemographic variables. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of willingness. Results. The cohort of medical and dental students was willing to care for PLWA. Almost all medical students were either undecided or unwilling to perform mouth-...

Background : Opportunistic infections (OIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in ... more Background : Opportunistic infections (OIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in persons living with human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection and may be an indication of failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods : This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at a large HIV clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), North-central Nigeria. Hundred patients were randomly selected from a sample frame of 320 patients on antiretroviral therapy of at least 6 months who failed ART. Results : Fifty-nine (59%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 41 ± 9 years. The median duration on ART was 7.5months IQR (6-17) and the median CD4 cell count was 139 3 cell/ml IQR (69-245). The prevalence of OIs was 26% with the following frequencies: oral/ vaginal candidiasis 39%, chronic diarrhoea 26%, dermatitis 23% and pulmonary tuberculosis 13%. Neither age, sex, ART default, hepatitis co-infection, baseline CD4 count, nor CD4 count at the time of...

BACKGROUND: The use of tuberculin skin testing in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in endemic countr... more BACKGROUND: The use of tuberculin skin testing in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in endemic countries is further complicated by human immunodeficiency virus infection therefore; other methods may be desirable to clarify uncertainties. AIM: To compare Tuberculin skin testing and serology in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.METHODOLOGY: We studied 100 cases and 100 controls. Ziehl-Nelson sputum smear staining, Mantoux technique (Tuberculin Skin Test) and ELISA were used to diagnose tuberculosis. RESULTS: Fifty three percent of the cases had HIV co-infection. The Mantoux Test had a sensitivity of 45.28% in HIV/PTB patients and 21.28% in patients with PTB only. The serological test by ELISA was positive in 28/29 (96.6%) patients who had positive Mantoux test and in 21/24 (87.5%) patients with negative Mantoux. The overall sensitivity of the serologic test was found to be 94% (63/67) with specificity of 74%, while the positive and negative predictive values were 78% and 89%, respectively wit...

The Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2010

Nigerian Hospital Practice, 2009

ABSTRACT Combination therapy, in modern medicine, has come a long way in the management of chroni... more ABSTRACT Combination therapy, in modern medicine, has come a long way in the management of chronic disorders or syndromes. Diabetes mellitus, which is rather considered a syndrome, is characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency and orresistance. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, in which insulin resistance is the prominent feature, has a higher prevalence in the population globally despite the enormous resources spent annually on research in this field. Initial treatment in patients with type 2 is often in a stepped care progression, starting with a regimen of medical therapy nutrition and exercise and progressing to therapy with oral glucose lowering agents. In type 2, patients often exhibit poor response to monotherapy thus paving way for combination therapy often using two or more agents. This forms the basis of this review on the role of combination therapy using metformin and thiazolidinediones in type 2 notwithstanding the fact that there are some pros and cons associated with the use of thiazolidinediones either alone or in combination and this remains a subject of discussion at both national and international levels. review of relevant literature was conducted using manual library search and internet articles. Other relevant websites were also visited to source forinformation. The key words employed were: diabetes mellitus, metformin, thiazolidinediones, and combination therapy. several studies show that the use of metformin and thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetic patients significantly leads to improvement in glucose control, without stimulation of insulin secretion or causing hypoglycaemia. This benefit is not without some unwanted effects which is often associated with thiazolidinediones, a subject that is still debatable in the medical circle. This review was able to underscore the importance of combination therapy using metformin and thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus as it significantly loweredfasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations; it also reasonably lowers the mean glycosylated haemoglobin and should be borne in mind that HbA1C could be unreliable in populations with high prevalence of HbSS since haemoglobinopathies influence glycosylated haemoglobin results and thus its interpretation. It also touches on the arguments associated with the use of thiazolidinediones which is still a subject of discussion at both national and international levels.Key Words- Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, Combination Therapy, Thiazolidinedione, Rosiglitazone

Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 2007

Heart failure is a chronic and progressive disorder which results due to inability of the heart t... more Heart failure is a chronic and progressive disorder which results due to inability of the heart to pump adequate blood to meet up the metabolic demands of the body. Detecting patients with heart failure could be simple but rather complex of clinical decisions as presentation could be classical or non-specific with minimal symptoms and orsigns. Management is aimed at relieving symptoms, improving quality of life, preventing hospitalisation and arresting disease progression thus prolonging survival. In addition to pharmacologic measures, non-pharmacologic ones are also employed. Relevant literature was reviewed using medical journals and also via internet. The key words employed were: Heart failure, Chronic heart failure, Diuretics, Vasodilators, Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS) and Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Canadian Cardiovascular Society, American College of Cardiology websites were also used in the course of this review. This review was able to support the use of betablockers, ACEI, ARBS, digitalis, diuretics, vasodilators and aldosterone antagonists in the management of chronic heart failure. The objectives of drug therapy in heart failure includes the short-term goals of stabilising the patient, improving haemodynamic function and conferring symptomatic improvement, as well as the long-term goal of limiting disease progression, decreasing hospital re-admission rates and improving survival. The cause needs to be established and aggravating factors identified (and where possible treated). Most of the drugs, if not all, are used in combination with one another to achieve maximal therapeutic goal. Use of some drugs could be entertained as an add-on therapy depending on any co-existing medical condition.

Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 2010

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2012

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2001

This study aimed to compare the radiographic characteristics of patients with pulmonary tuberculo... more This study aimed to compare the radiographic characteristics of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with those of HIV-negative patients. In all, 275 TB patients attending the outpatients clinics at the University Hospital/UFPE, were studied from January 1997 to March 1999. Thirty nine (14.2%) of them were HIV+, with a higher frequency of males in this group (p=0.044). Seventy-five percent of the HIV+ patients and 19% of the HIV- had a negative tuberculin test (PPD) (p < 0.001). The proportion of positive sputum smears in the two groups was similar. The radiological finding most strongly associated with co-infection was absence of cavitation (p < 0.001). It may therefore be concluded that the lack of cavitation in patients with pulmonary TB may be considered a useful indicator of the need to investigate HIV infection. This approach could contribute to increasing the effectiveness of local health services, by offering approp...

Background: The prevalence of systemic hypertension is on the increase worldwide. Clustering of

The study has determined the normal thyroid dimensions using ultrasound in Maiduguri, North-Easte... more The study has determined the normal thyroid dimensions using ultrasound in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria. 128 subjects were studied, 48.45% (62) were females and 51.55% (66) were males. The mean age of the subjects was 33.2 ±3.3 years. The mean craniocaudal, sagittal and transverse dimensions of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland in both males and females were 4.IScm, l.4Scm, 1.S3cm and 3.86cm, 1.33cm, 1.S8cm respectively. The male dimensions were higher than the female (p =0.000). The size of the right lobe of the gland was greater than the left in both sexes (p=O.OOO). The total mean values of the left and right thyroid lobes for both sexes was 4.00cm, 1.39cm and I.56ccm in craniocaudal, sagittal and transverse dimensions respectively. The values obtained in our study are slightly lower than those reported from previous studies among Caucasians.

Highland Medical Research Journal, 2004

Background: Tuberculosis remains an important infection in patients with human immunodeficiency v... more Background: Tuberculosis remains an important infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It may develop at any stage of HIV infection, but most patients have been shown to have CD4+ counts of between 200 and 500/l. Patients with higher CD4+ counts often present in \"classic\" fashion (upper zone infiltrates cavities) whereas those with low CD4+ counts are more likely to present atypically. The chest radiographic appearances of HIV-seropositive patients presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are diverse, creating difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. While some studies reported correlation between CD4+ cell counts and radiographic patterns, others have failed to demonstrate that Objectives: The aims of this study was to determine the relationship between CD4+ cell counts and the various radiographic patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. Methods: Sixty consecutive confirmed HIV-seropositive patients with newly diagn...

Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 2006

BACKGROUND There is changing pattern of presentation of tuberculosis in the era of HIV Lymphadeno... more BACKGROUND There is changing pattern of presentation of tuberculosis in the era of HIV Lymphadenopathy is one of the most important manifestations of tuberculosis, hence the need for the evaluation of its radiologic patterns. METHODS A multi-centre retrospective study of chest radiographs of 116 adult patients diagnosed bacteriologically (positive sputum smear) as pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, and Federal Medical Centre Nguru, in Bomo and Yobe States, Nigeria, respectively between April 2003 and March 2004. Lymphadenopathy was assessed in all the radiographs. RESULTS Of the one hundred and sixteen radiographs of patients analyzed, there were 83 (71.6%) males and 33 (28.4%) females with mean age of 37.99 +/- 14.11 years. A total of thirty eight patients (32.7%) presented with lymphadenopathy with the highest frequency in the left hilar region (12.9%). Bilateral hilar and paratracheal lymphadenopathy were the lowest with equal percentages (4.3%). Left, right and bilateral hilar enlargement were more common in males than females (p < 0.000) and more patients had left hilar (15) than right hilar (13) enlargement (p = 0.030). Only 3 (2.6%) out of all the patients presented with lymph node calcification. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is a rise in the prevalence of lymphadenopathy among pulmonary tuberculosis patients when compared to a previous study done in the pre-HIV era in Nigeria.

Background: Tuberculosis infection may develop at any stage of HIV infection. Pulmonary tuberculo... more Background: Tuberculosis infection may develop at any stage of HIV infection. Pulmonary tuberculosis produces a broad spectrum of radiographic abnormalities among HIV patients. Method: A cross-sectional study of the radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis in 60 consecutive confirmed HIV-seropositive patients aged between 18 and 55 years (Mean ± SD: 33.9 ± 8.42) comprising of 34 males and 26 females. Chest

Sahel Medical Journal, 2006

Results: In all, 55 patients were offered TB-related care in the hospital during the study period... more Results: In all, 55 patients were offered TB-related care in the hospital during the study period. Out of this, 37 (67.3%) were males while 18 (32.7%) were females. Their ages ranged between 15 and 73 years with a mean of 35.6 ± 12.4 years. The overall HIV prevalence ...

Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2013

Background: Studies have shown that HIV-HBV co-infected patients have an increased risk of liver-... more Background: Studies have shown that HIV-HBV co-infected patients have an increased risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality compared to their HIV-mono-infected counterparts. Furthermore, it has been reported that HIV-HBV co-infected patients have a significantly high incidence of drug-induced hepatotoxicity following commencement of HAART than HIV-mono-infected patients. Objectives: To compare the levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKPO 4) enzyme levels between HAART naïve HIV-HBV co-infected patients and their HIV-mono-infected counterparts. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study in which 142 newly diagnosed HIV/HBV co-infected and HIV mono-infected adults were investigated for alkaline aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels. Results: The study subjects comprised of 80 (56.3%) females and 62 (46.7%) males. The age range of the study population was 15-65 years. The mean ages of male and female subjects were 45.5 ± 10.5 years and 39.1 ± 7.5 years respectively (P < 0.05). Sixty-three (44.4%) study subjects were HIV/HBV co-infected while 79 (55.6%) were HIV mono-infected. The mean ALT enzyme level of HIV/HBV co-infected subjects was significantly higher than that of HIV mono-infected ones i.e., 42.12 IU/l vs. 27.86 IU/l, (P = 0.038). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean AST (30.14 IU/l vs. 29.09 IU/l, P = 0.893) and ALKPO 4 (55.86 IU/l vs. 60.97 IU/l, P = 0.205) enzyme levels between HIV-HBV co-infected and HIV mono-infected subjects albeit the two enzymes were moderately elevated in both categories of subjects. Conclusion: The significantly elevated ALT enzyme levels amongst HIV-HBV co-infected subjects suggest that HIV-HBV co-infected patients may have an increased risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality than their HIV mono-infected counterparts. Screening for serological markers of chronic HBV infection, as well as hepatic transaminase enzyme levels in all newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients is therefore recommended before commencement of HAART.

Highland Medical Research Journal, 2006

Background : Sputum examination is of great value in making a diagnosis of pulmonary TB and in fo... more Background : Sputum examination is of great value in making a diagnosis of pulmonary TB and in follow-up of patients' progress under antiTB treatment. The prevalence of smear positive cases of pulmonary TB among hospital patients differs from one place to another and reflects the level of risk posed to close contacts of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Objective : To determine the prevalence of sputum smear positive tuberculosis amongst pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Methods : This was a retrospective study in which the records of all patients treated for tuberculosis at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital between January 2001 and December 2003 were retrieved and analyzed. Information obtained from the records included demographic data and results of routine three early morning sputum specimens collected from the patients for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using Ziehl Nielsen (ZN) staining technique for the detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Results : A total of 1369 patients, among whom 815 (59.5%) were males and 554 (40.5%) were females qualified for recruitment into this study. Age group 31-40 years had the highest smear positive cases and those below 10 years had the lowest. The overall prevalence of sputum smear positive tuberculosis was 12.78%. Conclusion : The prevalence of sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis of 12.78% is lower that that of studies in other parts of Nigeria. HIV screening should be incorporated into the DOTs programme of 25 the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme. Keywords : Smear positive tuberculosis, prevalence, Nigerians Highland Medical Research Journal Vol. 3(2) 2005: 24-30