Harvey Anderson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Harvey Anderson
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
Objectives Diet during pregnancy programs the mother and offspring post-weaning (PW). Folic acid ... more Objectives Diet during pregnancy programs the mother and offspring post-weaning (PW). Folic acid (FA, synthetic folate) mediates DNA methylation (DNAm) reactions and high intakes, simulating those consumed by American women, lead to epigenetic dysregulation of energy metabolic pathways. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), the bioactive folate form, has gained popularity as a supplement due to direct cellular uptake and utilization and does not increase unmetabolized FA (UMFA). However, a comparison of folate forms on in utero programming of offspring or maternal health has not been reported. Our objectives were to compare the effects of folate dose (low vs high) and form (FA vs 5MTHF) during pregnancy on DNAm potential, and the early and later PW phenotype of Wistar rat mothers and female offspring (mothers-to-be). Methods Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 22/group) were fed an AIN93G diet with recommended FA (1X, 2mg/kg diet), 5X-FA or equimolar 5MTHF. Dams were fed 1X-FA during lactation an...
![Research paper thumbnail of High Intakes of [6S]-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid Compared with Folic Acid during Pregnancy Programs Central and Peripheral Mechanisms Favouring Increased Food Intake and Body Weight of Mature Female Offspring](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101639530/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Nutrients
Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) is recommended as an alternative to... more Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) is recommended as an alternative to folic acid (FA) in prenatal supplements. This study compared equimolar gestational FA and MTHF diets on energy regulation of female offspring. Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended (2 mg/kg diet) or 5-fold (5X) intakes of MTHF or FA. At weaning, female offspring were fed a 45% fat diet until 19 weeks. The 5X-MTHF offspring had higher body weight (>15%), food intake (8%), light-cycle energy expenditure, and lower activity compared to 5X-FA offspring (p < 0.05). Both the 5X offspring had higher plasma levels of the anorectic hormone leptin at birth (60%) and at 19 weeks (40%), and lower liver weight and total liver lipids compared to the 1X offspring (p < 0.05). Hypothalamic mRNA expression of leptin receptor (ObRb) was lower, and of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (Socs3) was higher in the 5X-MTHF offspring (p < 0.05), suggesting central leptin dysregulatio...
The Journal of Nutrition, 2021
Background North American women consume high folic acid (FA), but most are not meeting the adequa... more Background North American women consume high folic acid (FA), but most are not meeting the adequate intakes for choline. High-FA gestational diets induce an obesogenic phenotype in rat offspring. It is unclear if imbalances between FA and other methyl-nutrients (i.e., choline) account for these effects. Objective This study investigated the interaction of choline and FA in gestational diets on food intake, body weight, one-carbon metabolism, and hypothalamic gene expression in male Wistar rat offspring. Methods Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended choline and FA [RCRF; 1-fold, control] or high (5-fold) FA with choline at 0.5-fold [low choline and high folic acid (LCHF)], 1-fold [recommended choline and high folic acid (RCHF)], or 2.5-fold [high choline and high folic acid (HCHF)]. Male offspring were weaned to an RCRF diet for 20 wk. Food intake, weight gain, plasma energy-regulatory hormones, brain and plasma one-carbon metabolites, and RNA sequencing (RNA...
The Journal of Nutrition, 2020
Background Increasing the total protein content and reducing the casein to whey ratio in milks co... more Background Increasing the total protein content and reducing the casein to whey ratio in milks consumed with breakfast cereal reduce postprandial blood glucose (BG). Objectives We aimed to explore associations between plasma amino acids (AAs), BG, and glucoregulatory hormones. Methods In this repeated-measures design, 12 healthy adults consumed cereal (58 g) and milks (250 mL) with 3.1 wt% or high 9.3 wt% protein concentrations and with casein to whey ratios of either 80:20 or 40:60. Blood was collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, 140, 170, and 200 min for measurement of the primary outcome, BG, and for the exploratory outcomes such as plasma AA, gastric emptying, insulin (INS), and glucoregulatory hormones. Measures were made prior to and after an ad libitum lunch at 120 min. Exploratory correlations were conducted to determine associations between outcomes. Results Pre-lunch plasma AA groups [total (TAA), essential (EAA), BCAA, and nonessential (NEAA)] were higher after 9.3 wt% than 3.1 wt...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2017
The objective was to compare the effect of liquid, semi-solid, and solid dairy products and a non... more The objective was to compare the effect of liquid, semi-solid, and solid dairy products and a nondairy beverage when consumed with glycemic carbohydrate on subjective appetite, food intake (FI), and post-prandial glycemia (PPG) in healthy older adults. Thirty healthy men and women (14 males and 16 females; age: 64.6 ± 2.4 y; BMI: 25.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study. Treatments were one of 250 mL of 2% fat milk and soy beverage, 175 g of 2% Greek yogurt, and 30 g of Cheddar cheese consumed as part of an isocaloric (380 kcal) meal with bread and jam. Water alone served as the energy-free control for subjective appetite. At 180 min after consumption, the participants were fed an ad libitum meal to measure FI. Subjective appetite, blood glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals both before (post-treatment) and after the meal (postmeal). Cheese and yogurt resulted in lower post-treatment blood glucose than milk and soy beverage when consum...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2017
The objective was to compare the effect of dairy and nondairy beverages when consumed with carboh... more The objective was to compare the effect of dairy and nondairy beverages when consumed with carbohydrate at breakfast on subjective appetite, food intake (FI), and postprandial glycemia (PPG) in healthy young adults. Twenty-six healthy males and females (13 males and 13 females; 23.0 ± 2.6 years; BMI: 22.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study. They consumed nonisocaloric amounts (250 mL) of almond beverage, soy beverage, 1% fat milk, yogurt beverage, and water (control) with cereal and 120 min later, an ad libitum meal. Subjective appetite, PPG, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals before and after the meal at which FI was measured. Post-treatment blood glucose was lowest following soy beverage compared with all treatments but was not different from milk (p = 0.0002). There were no differences between any other treatments. However, over the first hour, PPG for all treatments was 27% lower compared with water (p < 0.0001). Milk and yogurt beve...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2016
Maternal intake of multivitamins or folic acid above the basal dietary requirement alters the gro... more Maternal intake of multivitamins or folic acid above the basal dietary requirement alters the growth and metabolic trajectory of rat offspring. We hypothesized that a modest increase in the folic acid content of maternal diets would alter the offspring’s metabolic phenotype, and that these effects could be corrected by matching the folic acid content of the offspring’s diet with that of the maternal diet. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were placed on a control or a 2.5× folic acid-supplemented diet prior to mating and during pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, pups from each maternal diet group were randomized to the control or to the 2.5× folic acid-supplemented diet for 25 weeks. Male pups from dams fed the folic acid-supplemented diet were 3.7% heavier than those from control-fed dams and had lower mRNA expression for leptin receptor Obrb isoform (Lepr) (11%) and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) (14%). In contrast, female pups from folic acid-supplemented dams were 5% lighter than thos...
The Journal of nutrition, 2004
The objective of these 4 studies was to describe the effects of protein source, time of consumpti... more The objective of these 4 studies was to describe the effects of protein source, time of consumption, quantity, and composition of protein preloads on food intake in young men. Young men were fed isolates of whey, soy protein, or egg albumen in sweet and flavored beverages (400 mL) and provided a pizza meal 1-2 h later. Compared with the water control, preloads (45-50 g) of whey and soy protein, but not egg albumen, suppressed food intake at a pizza meal consumed 1 h later. Meal energy intake after egg albumen and soy, but not after control or whey treatments, was greater when the treatments were given in the late morning (1100 h) compared with earlier (0830-0910 h). Suppression of food intake after whey protein, consumed as either the intact protein or as peptides, extended to 2 h. Altering the composition of the soy preload (50 g) by reducing the soy protein content to 25 g and by adding 25 g of either glucose or amylose led to a loss in suppression of food intake by the preload. E...
Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis, 2010
Journal of Osteoporosis, 2013
Rats fed gestational diets high in multivitamin or folate produce offspring of altered phenotypes... more Rats fed gestational diets high in multivitamin or folate produce offspring of altered phenotypes. We hypothesized that female rat offspring born to dams fed a gestational diet high in folic acid (HFol) have compromised bone health and that feeding the offspring the same HFol diet attenuates these effects. Pregnant rats were fed diets with either recommended folic acid (RFol) or 10-fold higher folic acid (HFol) amounts. Female offspring were weaned to either the RFol or HFol diet for 17 weeks. HFol maternal diet resulted in lower offspring body weights (6%,P=0.03) and, after adjusting for body weight and femoral length, smaller femoral area (2%,P=0.03), compared to control diet. After adjustments, HFol pup diet resulted in lower mineral content (7%,P=0.01) and density (4%,P=0.002) of lumbar vertebra 4 without differences in strength. An interaction between folate content of the dam and pup diets revealed that a mismatch resulted in lower femoral peak load strength (P=0.01) and stiff...
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2009
Diets containing beans have been associated with a lower risk of obesity and overweight in severa... more Diets containing beans have been associated with a lower risk of obesity and overweight in several dietary surveys. These results suggest a benefit might be derived from beans and other pulses, possibly due to improved satiety or satiation and therefore lowering energy intake. Such a hypothesis has not been tested. To investigate the effect of processing, recipe, and pulse variety on short-term food intake (FI), subjective appetite, and glycemic response after pulse consumption in healthy young men. Three experiments were conducted. In a randomized repeated-measures design, young men aged 18-35 years with a body mass index of 20-25 kg/m(2) were fed the test treatments. In experiment 1 (n = 14), navy beans canned in Canada or in the United Kingdom were compared with homemade navy beans and 300 ml of glucose drink, each containing 50 g of available carbohydrate. In experiment 2 (n = 14), canned navy beans in tomato sauce, maple style, with pork and molasses, and homemade navy beans with pork and molasses were compared with white bread, each containing 50 g of available carbohydrate. In experiment 3 (n = 15), 4 equicaloric (300-kcal) treatments of pulses were compared with both a white bread and water control. Blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured from immediately before consumption of the treatment to 120 minutes later when FI from a pizza meal was measured. All caloric treatments decreased subjective appetite. In no experiment did any pulse treatment lower FI at 120 minutes compared with white bread or result in lower cumulative FI (sum of calories from treatment and pizza meal) compared with either 50 g of available carbohydrate as a glucose drink (experiment 1) or from white bread (experiment 2) or compared with equal food energy from white bread (experiment 3). Glycemic response to navy beans was affected by recipe, but not processing, and as with the other pulses, it was lower than with white bread. An inverse relationship was observed between glycemic response and both subjective appetite and FI at 120 minutes in experiment 3 (r = -0.4, p = 0.001) but not in experiments 1 (r = 0.1, p = 0.62) and 2 (r = 0.2, p = 0.10). The short-term effect of pulse consumption on subjective appetite and FI at a meal 120 minutes later and in cumulative food intake was determined primarily by energy content and was little influenced by composition, processing, recipe, or variety. Thus, the epidemiological associations between frequent pulse consumption and lower risk of obesity and overweight are not explained by short-term effect of pulses on satiety and FI.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009
Background: In cohort studies, insoluble fiber has been associated with a reduced risk of obesity... more Background: In cohort studies, insoluble fiber has been associated with a reduced risk of obesity and diabetes; however, compared with soluble fiber, its role in the regulation of short-term food intake (FI) and satiety has received little attention. Objective: Our aim was to compare the effects of a high-insolublefiber (HF) cereal with a low-fiber (LF) cereal on FI, subjective appetite (SA), and plasma glucose (PG) in healthy individuals. Design: Males and females (n ¼ 32) were randomly assigned to consume 60 g of either HF (26 g insoluble fiber, 120 kcal) or LF (1 g fiber, 217 kcal) breakfast cereal. Pre-and postlunch SA and PG were measured regularly for 4 h, and ad libitum FI was measured at 3 h. Results: The prelunch SA area under the curve did not differ between the 2 cereals, but when expressed as change in appetite per kilocalorie of cereal, HF suppressed SA more than did LF (217.6 6 1.8 compared with 210.0 6 1.1 mm Á min Á kcal 21 , respectively; P , 0.01). Lunchtime FI did not differ between cereals, but cumulative energy intake (cereal 1 lunch) was lower after the HF than after the LF cereal (1330 6 57 compared with 1422 6 66 kcal, respectively; P ¼ 0.01). The prelunch PG area under the curve (P , 0.0001) and the immediate postlunch PG (P ¼ 0.01) were lower after HF cereal consumption. Conclusions: An HF breakfast cereal contributes to a cumulative reduction in breakfast and lunch energy intake, possibly due to its high satiety value per kilocalorie. A short-term benefit of the HF cereal, compared with LF cereal, was lower PG concentration before and immediately after lunch.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010
Background: Starch composition and rate of digestion are determinants of blood glucose concentrat... more Background: Starch composition and rate of digestion are determinants of blood glucose concentrations and food intake (FI). Objective: Our objective was to describe relations between estimates of digestibility of starches by the in vitro Englyst method and their effect on blood glucose concentrations, subjective appetite, and FI in young men. Design: Subjects consumed 5 soups containing 50 g maltodextrin, whole-grain, high-amylose, regular cornstarch, or no added starch at 1-wk intervals. Ad libitum FI was measured at 30 min (experiment 1) or 120 min (experiment 2) later, which were the estimated times of digestion of a rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and slowly digestible starch, respectively. Blood glucose concentrations and appetite were measured pre-and postmeal. Results: At 30 min, FI was reduced by maltodextrin only [86% RDS, 12% resistant starch (RS); P , 0.05], but at 120 min FI was reduced by whole-grain (24% RDS, 66% RS), high-amylose corn (40% RDS, 48% RS), and regular corn (27% RDS, 39% RS) (P , 0.0001). The premeal blood glucose concentration at 30 and 120 min was highest and lowest after maltodextrin treatment, respectively (P , 0.0001). After the meal, the blood glucose area under the curve at 30 min was lower after all starch treatments (P , 0.05), but at 120 min the blood glucose area under the curve was lower only after the regular cornstarch treatment (P , 0.05). Premeal appetite decreased by all treatments (P , 0.05). Conclusion: The in vitro estimates of starch digestibility by the Englyst method predicted the effects of starch composition on blood glucose concentrations and FI in young men 30 and 120 min after consumption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00980941 for experiment 1 and NCT00988689 for experiment 2.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010
Background: Dairy protein ingestion before a meal reduces food intake and, when consumed with car... more Background: Dairy protein ingestion before a meal reduces food intake and, when consumed with carbohydrate, reduces blood glucose. Objective: The objective was to describe the effect of whey protein (WP) or its hydrolysate (WPH) when consumed before a meal on food intake, pre-and postmeal satiety, and concentrations of blood glucose and insulin in healthy young adults. Design: Two randomized crossover studies were conducted. WP (10-40 g) in 300 mL water was provided in experiment 1, and WP (5-40 g) and WPH (10 g) in 300 mL water were provided in experiment 2. At 30 min after consumption, the subjects were fed an ad libitum pizza meal (experiment 1) or a preset pizza meal (12 kcal/kg, experiment 2). Satiety, blood glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals both before and after the meals. Results: In experiment 1, 20-40 g WP suppressed food intake (P , 0.0001) and 10-40 g WP reduced postmeal blood glucose concentrations and the area under the curve (AUC) (P , 0.05). In experiment 2, 10-40 g WP, but not WPH, reduced postmeal blood glucose AUC and insulin AUC in a dose-dependent manner (P , 0.05). The ratio of cumulative blood glucose to insulin AUCs (0-170 min) was reduced by !10 g WP but not by 10 g WPH. Conclusions: WP consumed before a meal reduces food intake, postmeal blood glucose and insulin, and the ratio of cumulative blood glucose to insulin AUCs in a dose-dependent manner. Intact WP, but not WPH, contributes to blood glucose control by both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00988377 and NCT00988182.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2008
The effect of high multivitamin intake during pregnancy on the metabolic phenotype of rat offspri... more The effect of high multivitamin intake during pregnancy on the metabolic phenotype of rat offspring was investigated. Pregnant Wistar rats ( n = 10 per group) were fed the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamin (RV) content or a 10-fold increase [high vitamin (HV) content]. In experiment 1, male and female offspring were followed for 12 wk after weaning; in experiment 2, only males were followed for 28 wk. Body weight (BW) was measured weekly. Every 4 wk, after an overnight fast, food intake over 1 h was measured 30 min after a gavage of glucose or water. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed every 3–5 wk. Postweaning fasting glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and systolic blood pressure were measured. No difference in BW at birth or litter size was observed. Food intake was greater in males born to HV dams ( P < 0.05), and at 28 wk after weaning, BW was 8% higher ( P < 0.05) and fat pad mass was 27% higher ( P < 0.05). Food intake reduction after...
AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2005
Protein ingestion after injection of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 (Ex-4... more Protein ingestion after injection of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 (Ex-4) causes hyperglycemia in rats. The objectives of this study were to determine the components of protein digestion responsible for this effect and to associate it with changes in the concentrations of other metabolites and hormones. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, food-deprived rats were gavaged with intact whey (WP) or albumin protein, their hydrolysates, amino acid mixtures (1 g/2.5 ml), or water 5 min after injection of either PBS or Ex-4 (0.5 μg/rat). Tail vein blood was analyzed for glucose over 2 h. In the second experiment, food-deprived rats were gavaged with WP with or without Ex-4. Groups of conscious rats were killed by decapitation either before, or at selected times after gavage. Plasma concentrations of glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, insulin, glucagon, and leptin were measured. In experiment 1, blood glucose was higher when ...
Journal of Nutrition, Jul 1, 2003
National food supply data and dietary surveys are essential to estimate nutrient intakes and moni... more National food supply data and dietary surveys are essential to estimate nutrient intakes and monitor trends, yet there are few published studies estimating added sugars consumption. The purpose of this report was to estimate and trend added sugars intakes and their contribution to total energy intake among Canadians by, first, using Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) nutrition survey data of intakes of sugars in foods and beverages, and second, using Statistics Canada availability data and adjusting these for wastage to estimate intakes. Added sugars intakes were estimated from CCHS data by categorizing the sugars content of food groups as either added or naturally occurring. Added sugars accounted for approximately half of total sugars consumed. Annual availability data were obtained from Statistics Canada CANSIM database. Estimates for added sugars were obtained by summing the availability of "sugars and syrups" with availability of "soft drinks" (proxy for high fructose corn syrup) and adjusting for waste. Analysis of both survey and availability data suggests that added sugars average 11%-13%
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
Objectives Diet during pregnancy programs the mother and offspring post-weaning (PW). Folic acid ... more Objectives Diet during pregnancy programs the mother and offspring post-weaning (PW). Folic acid (FA, synthetic folate) mediates DNA methylation (DNAm) reactions and high intakes, simulating those consumed by American women, lead to epigenetic dysregulation of energy metabolic pathways. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), the bioactive folate form, has gained popularity as a supplement due to direct cellular uptake and utilization and does not increase unmetabolized FA (UMFA). However, a comparison of folate forms on in utero programming of offspring or maternal health has not been reported. Our objectives were to compare the effects of folate dose (low vs high) and form (FA vs 5MTHF) during pregnancy on DNAm potential, and the early and later PW phenotype of Wistar rat mothers and female offspring (mothers-to-be). Methods Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 22/group) were fed an AIN93G diet with recommended FA (1X, 2mg/kg diet), 5X-FA or equimolar 5MTHF. Dams were fed 1X-FA during lactation an...
Nutrients
Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) is recommended as an alternative to... more Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) is recommended as an alternative to folic acid (FA) in prenatal supplements. This study compared equimolar gestational FA and MTHF diets on energy regulation of female offspring. Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended (2 mg/kg diet) or 5-fold (5X) intakes of MTHF or FA. At weaning, female offspring were fed a 45% fat diet until 19 weeks. The 5X-MTHF offspring had higher body weight (>15%), food intake (8%), light-cycle energy expenditure, and lower activity compared to 5X-FA offspring (p < 0.05). Both the 5X offspring had higher plasma levels of the anorectic hormone leptin at birth (60%) and at 19 weeks (40%), and lower liver weight and total liver lipids compared to the 1X offspring (p < 0.05). Hypothalamic mRNA expression of leptin receptor (ObRb) was lower, and of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (Socs3) was higher in the 5X-MTHF offspring (p < 0.05), suggesting central leptin dysregulatio...
The Journal of Nutrition, 2021
Background North American women consume high folic acid (FA), but most are not meeting the adequa... more Background North American women consume high folic acid (FA), but most are not meeting the adequate intakes for choline. High-FA gestational diets induce an obesogenic phenotype in rat offspring. It is unclear if imbalances between FA and other methyl-nutrients (i.e., choline) account for these effects. Objective This study investigated the interaction of choline and FA in gestational diets on food intake, body weight, one-carbon metabolism, and hypothalamic gene expression in male Wistar rat offspring. Methods Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended choline and FA [RCRF; 1-fold, control] or high (5-fold) FA with choline at 0.5-fold [low choline and high folic acid (LCHF)], 1-fold [recommended choline and high folic acid (RCHF)], or 2.5-fold [high choline and high folic acid (HCHF)]. Male offspring were weaned to an RCRF diet for 20 wk. Food intake, weight gain, plasma energy-regulatory hormones, brain and plasma one-carbon metabolites, and RNA sequencing (RNA...
The Journal of Nutrition, 2020
Background Increasing the total protein content and reducing the casein to whey ratio in milks co... more Background Increasing the total protein content and reducing the casein to whey ratio in milks consumed with breakfast cereal reduce postprandial blood glucose (BG). Objectives We aimed to explore associations between plasma amino acids (AAs), BG, and glucoregulatory hormones. Methods In this repeated-measures design, 12 healthy adults consumed cereal (58 g) and milks (250 mL) with 3.1 wt% or high 9.3 wt% protein concentrations and with casein to whey ratios of either 80:20 or 40:60. Blood was collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, 140, 170, and 200 min for measurement of the primary outcome, BG, and for the exploratory outcomes such as plasma AA, gastric emptying, insulin (INS), and glucoregulatory hormones. Measures were made prior to and after an ad libitum lunch at 120 min. Exploratory correlations were conducted to determine associations between outcomes. Results Pre-lunch plasma AA groups [total (TAA), essential (EAA), BCAA, and nonessential (NEAA)] were higher after 9.3 wt% than 3.1 wt...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2017
The objective was to compare the effect of liquid, semi-solid, and solid dairy products and a non... more The objective was to compare the effect of liquid, semi-solid, and solid dairy products and a nondairy beverage when consumed with glycemic carbohydrate on subjective appetite, food intake (FI), and post-prandial glycemia (PPG) in healthy older adults. Thirty healthy men and women (14 males and 16 females; age: 64.6 ± 2.4 y; BMI: 25.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study. Treatments were one of 250 mL of 2% fat milk and soy beverage, 175 g of 2% Greek yogurt, and 30 g of Cheddar cheese consumed as part of an isocaloric (380 kcal) meal with bread and jam. Water alone served as the energy-free control for subjective appetite. At 180 min after consumption, the participants were fed an ad libitum meal to measure FI. Subjective appetite, blood glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals both before (post-treatment) and after the meal (postmeal). Cheese and yogurt resulted in lower post-treatment blood glucose than milk and soy beverage when consum...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2017
The objective was to compare the effect of dairy and nondairy beverages when consumed with carboh... more The objective was to compare the effect of dairy and nondairy beverages when consumed with carbohydrate at breakfast on subjective appetite, food intake (FI), and postprandial glycemia (PPG) in healthy young adults. Twenty-six healthy males and females (13 males and 13 females; 23.0 ± 2.6 years; BMI: 22.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study. They consumed nonisocaloric amounts (250 mL) of almond beverage, soy beverage, 1% fat milk, yogurt beverage, and water (control) with cereal and 120 min later, an ad libitum meal. Subjective appetite, PPG, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals before and after the meal at which FI was measured. Post-treatment blood glucose was lowest following soy beverage compared with all treatments but was not different from milk (p = 0.0002). There were no differences between any other treatments. However, over the first hour, PPG for all treatments was 27% lower compared with water (p < 0.0001). Milk and yogurt beve...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2016
Maternal intake of multivitamins or folic acid above the basal dietary requirement alters the gro... more Maternal intake of multivitamins or folic acid above the basal dietary requirement alters the growth and metabolic trajectory of rat offspring. We hypothesized that a modest increase in the folic acid content of maternal diets would alter the offspring’s metabolic phenotype, and that these effects could be corrected by matching the folic acid content of the offspring’s diet with that of the maternal diet. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were placed on a control or a 2.5× folic acid-supplemented diet prior to mating and during pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, pups from each maternal diet group were randomized to the control or to the 2.5× folic acid-supplemented diet for 25 weeks. Male pups from dams fed the folic acid-supplemented diet were 3.7% heavier than those from control-fed dams and had lower mRNA expression for leptin receptor Obrb isoform (Lepr) (11%) and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) (14%). In contrast, female pups from folic acid-supplemented dams were 5% lighter than thos...
The Journal of nutrition, 2004
The objective of these 4 studies was to describe the effects of protein source, time of consumpti... more The objective of these 4 studies was to describe the effects of protein source, time of consumption, quantity, and composition of protein preloads on food intake in young men. Young men were fed isolates of whey, soy protein, or egg albumen in sweet and flavored beverages (400 mL) and provided a pizza meal 1-2 h later. Compared with the water control, preloads (45-50 g) of whey and soy protein, but not egg albumen, suppressed food intake at a pizza meal consumed 1 h later. Meal energy intake after egg albumen and soy, but not after control or whey treatments, was greater when the treatments were given in the late morning (1100 h) compared with earlier (0830-0910 h). Suppression of food intake after whey protein, consumed as either the intact protein or as peptides, extended to 2 h. Altering the composition of the soy preload (50 g) by reducing the soy protein content to 25 g and by adding 25 g of either glucose or amylose led to a loss in suppression of food intake by the preload. E...
Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis, 2010
Journal of Osteoporosis, 2013
Rats fed gestational diets high in multivitamin or folate produce offspring of altered phenotypes... more Rats fed gestational diets high in multivitamin or folate produce offspring of altered phenotypes. We hypothesized that female rat offspring born to dams fed a gestational diet high in folic acid (HFol) have compromised bone health and that feeding the offspring the same HFol diet attenuates these effects. Pregnant rats were fed diets with either recommended folic acid (RFol) or 10-fold higher folic acid (HFol) amounts. Female offspring were weaned to either the RFol or HFol diet for 17 weeks. HFol maternal diet resulted in lower offspring body weights (6%,P=0.03) and, after adjusting for body weight and femoral length, smaller femoral area (2%,P=0.03), compared to control diet. After adjustments, HFol pup diet resulted in lower mineral content (7%,P=0.01) and density (4%,P=0.002) of lumbar vertebra 4 without differences in strength. An interaction between folate content of the dam and pup diets revealed that a mismatch resulted in lower femoral peak load strength (P=0.01) and stiff...
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2009
Diets containing beans have been associated with a lower risk of obesity and overweight in severa... more Diets containing beans have been associated with a lower risk of obesity and overweight in several dietary surveys. These results suggest a benefit might be derived from beans and other pulses, possibly due to improved satiety or satiation and therefore lowering energy intake. Such a hypothesis has not been tested. To investigate the effect of processing, recipe, and pulse variety on short-term food intake (FI), subjective appetite, and glycemic response after pulse consumption in healthy young men. Three experiments were conducted. In a randomized repeated-measures design, young men aged 18-35 years with a body mass index of 20-25 kg/m(2) were fed the test treatments. In experiment 1 (n = 14), navy beans canned in Canada or in the United Kingdom were compared with homemade navy beans and 300 ml of glucose drink, each containing 50 g of available carbohydrate. In experiment 2 (n = 14), canned navy beans in tomato sauce, maple style, with pork and molasses, and homemade navy beans with pork and molasses were compared with white bread, each containing 50 g of available carbohydrate. In experiment 3 (n = 15), 4 equicaloric (300-kcal) treatments of pulses were compared with both a white bread and water control. Blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured from immediately before consumption of the treatment to 120 minutes later when FI from a pizza meal was measured. All caloric treatments decreased subjective appetite. In no experiment did any pulse treatment lower FI at 120 minutes compared with white bread or result in lower cumulative FI (sum of calories from treatment and pizza meal) compared with either 50 g of available carbohydrate as a glucose drink (experiment 1) or from white bread (experiment 2) or compared with equal food energy from white bread (experiment 3). Glycemic response to navy beans was affected by recipe, but not processing, and as with the other pulses, it was lower than with white bread. An inverse relationship was observed between glycemic response and both subjective appetite and FI at 120 minutes in experiment 3 (r = -0.4, p = 0.001) but not in experiments 1 (r = 0.1, p = 0.62) and 2 (r = 0.2, p = 0.10). The short-term effect of pulse consumption on subjective appetite and FI at a meal 120 minutes later and in cumulative food intake was determined primarily by energy content and was little influenced by composition, processing, recipe, or variety. Thus, the epidemiological associations between frequent pulse consumption and lower risk of obesity and overweight are not explained by short-term effect of pulses on satiety and FI.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009
Background: In cohort studies, insoluble fiber has been associated with a reduced risk of obesity... more Background: In cohort studies, insoluble fiber has been associated with a reduced risk of obesity and diabetes; however, compared with soluble fiber, its role in the regulation of short-term food intake (FI) and satiety has received little attention. Objective: Our aim was to compare the effects of a high-insolublefiber (HF) cereal with a low-fiber (LF) cereal on FI, subjective appetite (SA), and plasma glucose (PG) in healthy individuals. Design: Males and females (n ¼ 32) were randomly assigned to consume 60 g of either HF (26 g insoluble fiber, 120 kcal) or LF (1 g fiber, 217 kcal) breakfast cereal. Pre-and postlunch SA and PG were measured regularly for 4 h, and ad libitum FI was measured at 3 h. Results: The prelunch SA area under the curve did not differ between the 2 cereals, but when expressed as change in appetite per kilocalorie of cereal, HF suppressed SA more than did LF (217.6 6 1.8 compared with 210.0 6 1.1 mm Á min Á kcal 21 , respectively; P , 0.01). Lunchtime FI did not differ between cereals, but cumulative energy intake (cereal 1 lunch) was lower after the HF than after the LF cereal (1330 6 57 compared with 1422 6 66 kcal, respectively; P ¼ 0.01). The prelunch PG area under the curve (P , 0.0001) and the immediate postlunch PG (P ¼ 0.01) were lower after HF cereal consumption. Conclusions: An HF breakfast cereal contributes to a cumulative reduction in breakfast and lunch energy intake, possibly due to its high satiety value per kilocalorie. A short-term benefit of the HF cereal, compared with LF cereal, was lower PG concentration before and immediately after lunch.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010
Background: Starch composition and rate of digestion are determinants of blood glucose concentrat... more Background: Starch composition and rate of digestion are determinants of blood glucose concentrations and food intake (FI). Objective: Our objective was to describe relations between estimates of digestibility of starches by the in vitro Englyst method and their effect on blood glucose concentrations, subjective appetite, and FI in young men. Design: Subjects consumed 5 soups containing 50 g maltodextrin, whole-grain, high-amylose, regular cornstarch, or no added starch at 1-wk intervals. Ad libitum FI was measured at 30 min (experiment 1) or 120 min (experiment 2) later, which were the estimated times of digestion of a rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and slowly digestible starch, respectively. Blood glucose concentrations and appetite were measured pre-and postmeal. Results: At 30 min, FI was reduced by maltodextrin only [86% RDS, 12% resistant starch (RS); P , 0.05], but at 120 min FI was reduced by whole-grain (24% RDS, 66% RS), high-amylose corn (40% RDS, 48% RS), and regular corn (27% RDS, 39% RS) (P , 0.0001). The premeal blood glucose concentration at 30 and 120 min was highest and lowest after maltodextrin treatment, respectively (P , 0.0001). After the meal, the blood glucose area under the curve at 30 min was lower after all starch treatments (P , 0.05), but at 120 min the blood glucose area under the curve was lower only after the regular cornstarch treatment (P , 0.05). Premeal appetite decreased by all treatments (P , 0.05). Conclusion: The in vitro estimates of starch digestibility by the Englyst method predicted the effects of starch composition on blood glucose concentrations and FI in young men 30 and 120 min after consumption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00980941 for experiment 1 and NCT00988689 for experiment 2.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010
Background: Dairy protein ingestion before a meal reduces food intake and, when consumed with car... more Background: Dairy protein ingestion before a meal reduces food intake and, when consumed with carbohydrate, reduces blood glucose. Objective: The objective was to describe the effect of whey protein (WP) or its hydrolysate (WPH) when consumed before a meal on food intake, pre-and postmeal satiety, and concentrations of blood glucose and insulin in healthy young adults. Design: Two randomized crossover studies were conducted. WP (10-40 g) in 300 mL water was provided in experiment 1, and WP (5-40 g) and WPH (10 g) in 300 mL water were provided in experiment 2. At 30 min after consumption, the subjects were fed an ad libitum pizza meal (experiment 1) or a preset pizza meal (12 kcal/kg, experiment 2). Satiety, blood glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals both before and after the meals. Results: In experiment 1, 20-40 g WP suppressed food intake (P , 0.0001) and 10-40 g WP reduced postmeal blood glucose concentrations and the area under the curve (AUC) (P , 0.05). In experiment 2, 10-40 g WP, but not WPH, reduced postmeal blood glucose AUC and insulin AUC in a dose-dependent manner (P , 0.05). The ratio of cumulative blood glucose to insulin AUCs (0-170 min) was reduced by !10 g WP but not by 10 g WPH. Conclusions: WP consumed before a meal reduces food intake, postmeal blood glucose and insulin, and the ratio of cumulative blood glucose to insulin AUCs in a dose-dependent manner. Intact WP, but not WPH, contributes to blood glucose control by both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00988377 and NCT00988182.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2008
The effect of high multivitamin intake during pregnancy on the metabolic phenotype of rat offspri... more The effect of high multivitamin intake during pregnancy on the metabolic phenotype of rat offspring was investigated. Pregnant Wistar rats ( n = 10 per group) were fed the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamin (RV) content or a 10-fold increase [high vitamin (HV) content]. In experiment 1, male and female offspring were followed for 12 wk after weaning; in experiment 2, only males were followed for 28 wk. Body weight (BW) was measured weekly. Every 4 wk, after an overnight fast, food intake over 1 h was measured 30 min after a gavage of glucose or water. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed every 3–5 wk. Postweaning fasting glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and systolic blood pressure were measured. No difference in BW at birth or litter size was observed. Food intake was greater in males born to HV dams ( P < 0.05), and at 28 wk after weaning, BW was 8% higher ( P < 0.05) and fat pad mass was 27% higher ( P < 0.05). Food intake reduction after...
AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2005
Protein ingestion after injection of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 (Ex-4... more Protein ingestion after injection of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 (Ex-4) causes hyperglycemia in rats. The objectives of this study were to determine the components of protein digestion responsible for this effect and to associate it with changes in the concentrations of other metabolites and hormones. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, food-deprived rats were gavaged with intact whey (WP) or albumin protein, their hydrolysates, amino acid mixtures (1 g/2.5 ml), or water 5 min after injection of either PBS or Ex-4 (0.5 μg/rat). Tail vein blood was analyzed for glucose over 2 h. In the second experiment, food-deprived rats were gavaged with WP with or without Ex-4. Groups of conscious rats were killed by decapitation either before, or at selected times after gavage. Plasma concentrations of glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, insulin, glucagon, and leptin were measured. In experiment 1, blood glucose was higher when ...
Journal of Nutrition, Jul 1, 2003
National food supply data and dietary surveys are essential to estimate nutrient intakes and moni... more National food supply data and dietary surveys are essential to estimate nutrient intakes and monitor trends, yet there are few published studies estimating added sugars consumption. The purpose of this report was to estimate and trend added sugars intakes and their contribution to total energy intake among Canadians by, first, using Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) nutrition survey data of intakes of sugars in foods and beverages, and second, using Statistics Canada availability data and adjusting these for wastage to estimate intakes. Added sugars intakes were estimated from CCHS data by categorizing the sugars content of food groups as either added or naturally occurring. Added sugars accounted for approximately half of total sugars consumed. Annual availability data were obtained from Statistics Canada CANSIM database. Estimates for added sugars were obtained by summing the availability of "sugars and syrups" with availability of "soft drinks" (proxy for high fructose corn syrup) and adjusting for waste. Analysis of both survey and availability data suggests that added sugars average 11%-13%