Harvey Bank - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Harvey Bank

Many forms of diabetes can be successfully treated by oral hypoglycemic drugs or by subcutaneous ... more Many forms of diabetes can be successfully treated by oral hypoglycemic drugs or by subcutaneous administration of insulin or insulin analogs. A major disadvantage of such treatment is the difficulty in adjusting the insulin dose (hence blood glucose levels) in response to food consumption. The ideal therapy would utilize a continuous feedback network which permits minute by minute surveillance of the blood glucose level with appropriate alteration of hormonal output, just as the alpha and beta cells of the islets respond in the normal individual. One approach is to reimplant islets or beta cells in patients whose islets of Langerhans are not responding at an adequate level (Lacy, 1967, 1980; Mattas, 1976, 1977). The probability of a successful transplant would be greatly enhanced if large numbers of tissue-typed islets could be cryogenically stored until an immunologically suitable diabetic recipient is available. Since viability of frozen tissue stored in liquid nitrogen is essent...

Blood, 1976

We examined the morphological and functional characteristics of human marrow erythrocytes culture... more We examined the morphological and functional characteristics of human marrow erythrocytes cultured with a recently developed methylcellulose colony assay technique. Erythrocytic cells in various stages of development were observed, and a significant degree of maturational synchrony within individual colonies was noted. By light microscopy, colonies consisting of late normoblasts appeared compact, had an orange hue attributable to their hemoglobin, and demonstrated pseudoperoxidase activity, whereas colonies composed of early erythroblasts grew less compact or in clusters of smaller cell aggregates and showed no reddish tinge. Colonies possessing intermediate features were also observed. Maturational synchrony of individual colonies was confirmed using ransmission and scanning electron microscopy. The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of most immature cells were normal. The mature erythrocytes, however, were severely microcytic and hypochromic and contained one to several Heinz bodies...

$Research paper thumbnail of Phagocytosis of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a freeze-fracture, scanning electron microscope, and thin-section investigation of membrane structure$

The Journal of Cell Biology, 1978

The changes in membrane structure of rabbit polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes during bacterial p... more The changes in membrane structure of rabbit polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes during bacterial phagocytosis was investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM), thin-section, and freeze-fracture techniques. SEM observations of bacterial attachment sites showed the involvement of limited areas of PMN membrane surface (0.01-0.25μm(2)). Frequently, these areas of attachment were located on membrane extensions. The membrane extensions were present before, during, and after the engulfment of bacteria, but were diminished in size after bacterial engulfment. In general, the results obtained with SEM and thin-section techniques aided in the interpretation of the three-dimensional freeze-fracture replicas. Freeze-fracture results revealed the PMN leukocytes had two fracture faces as determined by the relative density of intramembranous particles (IMP). Membranous extensions of the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and phagocytic vacuoles contained IMP's with a distribution and density si...

Journal of Cardiac Surgery, 1987

The ultimate aim of most cryopreservation procedures is the retention of the structural and funct... more The ultimate aim of most cryopreservation procedures is the retention of the structural and functional integrity of the frozen cells or tissue. Designing strategies for achieving high "viability" of the frozen tissue requires an appreciation of the complex physical-chemical events which occur during freezing and thawing, as well as the importance of other processing steps including tissue procurement and post-thaw processing of the tissue, all of which can adversely affect the tissue. Here we have provided a general overview of cryobiology with special emphasis on techniques for organ preservation.

Cell Motility, 1986

Previous studies of the storage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have used an empirical app... more Previous studies of the storage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have used an empirical approach to define “optimal” conditions. To date, no storage conditions have been described which satisfactorily preserve the chemotactic function of PMNs beyond 24 h. In an effort to define the precise nature of the storage lesion, we studied the chemotactic locomotion of freshly isolated PMNs and PMNs which had been suspended in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine (CPD‐Al) plasma and stored in PVC bags, at 20–22°C for 24 h. We used time‐lapse video recording and computer image analysis to quantitate the motion of PMNs migrating under agarose. The positions of individual motile cells were traced at 1‐min intervals for 5 min. The following parameters were used to quantitate migration: (1) speed (distance/min), (2)) persistence of locomotion index (velocity/speed), (3) orientation angle (the angle of the vector describing the next displacement of a cell relative lo a direct line toward the ch...

$Research paper thumbnail of Freeze fracture morphology of the tight junctions of the eccrine sweat gland from patients with cystic fibrosis$

Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 1983

The resorption of Na+ and Cl- across the duct of the human eccrine sweat gland is markedly decrea... more The resorption of Na+ and Cl- across the duct of the human eccrine sweat gland is markedly decreased in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Conceivably, a defective transcellular ion transport mechanism or an increased paracellular backflux of ions could account for the abnormal salt resorption in the sweat gland duct and other organs affected in CF. Tight junctions are thought to regulate paracellular ion flow. Specifically, the number of junctional elements observed by freeze fracture are believed to correspond with the extent of paracellular transport. We compared the freeze fracture morphology of tight junctions of eccrine sweat glands taken from 11 control and seven CF patients. In an attempt to "fingerprint" the junctions morphometrically, the following parameters were measured: the number of strands, the depth of the junction from the apical to the basal strand, the angle of intersection between strands, and the mean distance along a strand between intersections ...

Annals of clinical and laboratory science

When neutrophils are isolated from the circulation the first function to begin to deteriorate is ... more When neutrophils are isolated from the circulation the first function to begin to deteriorate is chemotaxis. To characterize the loss of chemotaxis that occurs during storage, a computer-assisted video motion analysis of neutrophils responding to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was used in an agarose assay. The chemotactic speed, velocity, and orientation angle were measured, and a persistence of locomotion index (velocity/speed) and chemotropic index (cosine of the orientation angle) were calculated for fresh neutrophils and neutrophils stored in plasma at 20 to 22 degrees C for 24 hours. The data reveal that: (1) the frequency distribution of speed for individual stored cells had a different shape than that of fresh cells owing to a subpopulation of stored cells (approximately 35 percent) which migrated at a slower mean speed; (2) the frequency distribution of orientation for fresh cells is not normally distributed and contains a subpopulation (approximately nine perc...

Cardiac Valve Allografts 1962–1987, 1988

To perfect methods for the freezing, storage and subsequent transplantation of cells and tissues,... more To perfect methods for the freezing, storage and subsequent transplantation of cells and tissues, it is important to set the criteria for success at the outset. Therefore one or more criteria should be defined which accurately maintain the ability of the system to carry on its physiological function. For example, a frozen-thawed vein should be capable of performing as a conduit after implantation. The vein should not be prone to stenosis, aneurysms, or leakage around the suture lines, and should ideally be non-thrombogenic. Since thrombosis and vascular tone is dependent upon the presence of an intact endothelial lining, a viable cryopreserved allograft should have an intact endothelial lining. For heart valves, the presence of a high percentage of the fibroblasts which are capable of resynthesizing the collagenous matrix of the valve, as well as maintaining the mechanical integrity, is the primary consideration. The viability of any tissue after cryopreservation is dependent in part upon handling during procurement and prefreezing storage. Any exposure to non-physiological conditions, such as ischemia, hypoxia, or anoxia causes direct toxicity to most cell types or sensitizes the cells to the subsequent stresses of freezing and thawing. Careful selection of the cryobiological variables can minimize but not eliminate the loss in viability. Major considerations include the type of cryoprotective agent used, the concentration of that agent, the temperature of exposure, cooling rate, warming rate, osmotic effects, media effects, and dilution scheme.

American Journal of Anatomy, 1981

The human eccrine sweat gland contains two anatomically and functionally discrete segments: the s... more The human eccrine sweat gland contains two anatomically and functionally discrete segments: the secretory coil, which produces an isotonic or slightly hypertonic precursor fluid, and the coiled duct, which reabsorbs Na+ and Cl- to yield a hypotonic sweat. We examined the freeze-fracture morphology of tight junctions from isolated secretory coil and coiled duct segments to assess indirectly the contribution of paracellular ion transport in secretion and resorption in the sweat gland. In the secretory coil, tight junctions of the intercellular canaliculus and main lumen consisted of approximately 9 and 6, closely spaced, parallel or anastomosing elements, respectively. Tight junctions of the coiled duct were similar in appearance to those at the main lumen of the secretory coil. In both the secretory coil and coiled duct, and average of 2 to 3, widely spaced junctional elements were usually observed basolateral to the closely spaced junctional elements in the region corresponding to the location of the zonula adherens in Epon sections. The complexity of the tight junctions of the secretory coil exceeded what we expected for an epithelium secreting an isosmotic fluid. The elaborate tight junctions of the coiled duct support other evidence for an intermediate to high transepithelial resistance.

Experimental Cell Research, 1974

Preimplantation stage rabbit embryos were successfully frozen to-196°C. The effects of various co... more Preimplantation stage rabbit embryos were successfully frozen to-196°C. The effects of various cooling rates, warming rates, thawing procedures, dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations and developmental stages were examined to determine their effects on the survival of Dutch-Belted rabbit embryos. When these factors were optimized, 65 % of the frozen embryos developed to the blastocyst stage in vitro. Some of these embryos developed into fetuses upon reimplantation to a foster mother.

Diabetologia, 1987

A rapid fluorometfic method has been developed to evaluate the viability of isolated islet cells.... more A rapid fluorometfic method has been developed to evaluate the viability of isolated islet cells. The assay differentiates between viable and nonviable cells by the simultaneous use of the inclusion and exclusion dyes acridine orange and propidium iodide. When viewed by fluorescent microscopy, viable cells fluoresce green, while nonviable cells fluoresce bright red. Although the acridine orange and propidium iodide assay measures membrane integrity, the results of this assay correlate with other measures of cell viability. Compared to trypan blue exclusion, this assay is easier to read, more stable, and has fewer staining artifacts. The assay enables the rapid estimation of the viability of a population of islet cells prior to time-consuming experiments rather than retrospectively. This assay can also be used with intact islets. Stained islets can be divided into three distinct groups: green fluorescing islets contain insulin, red fluorescing islets contain little or no insulin and a third class of islets containing some non-viable cells fluoresce red, green, and yellow. The yellow colour is due to the superimposition of red and green fluorescing cells.

Developmental Biology, 1978

... P. FlTZHARRIS,t HARVEY BANK,I AND DAVID H. BERNANKE* *Department of Anatomy, Texas Tech Unive... more ... P. FlTZHARRIS,t HARVEY BANK,I AND DAVID H. BERNANKE* *Department of Anatomy, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas 79409, and Departments of Anatomy and Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29401 ...

Cryobiology, 1987

It is now known, when a tissue allograft is transplanted, that antigen recognition alone is not s... more It is now known, when a tissue allograft is transplanted, that antigen recognition alone is not sufficient for lymphocyte activation in the host. "Passenger" leucocytes (antigen-presenting cells) present in the donor tissue are now recognized as a major immunogenic stimulus. Removal of these contaminating leucocytes, using a variety of procedures, has enabled the immunogenicity of allografts to be reduced, thus enhancing the survival of tissue allografts. This initial study explores the possibility of using a cryobiological approach to modulating the immunogenicity of tissues by virtue of the well-recognized differential susceptibility of different cell types to freezing injury. The investigation was prompted by demonstrations that pancreatic islets can secrete insulin in response to a graded glucose challenge after cryopreservation using relatively fast cooling rates which would be expected to be suboptimal for leucocyte survival. Batches of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes, or peritoneal exudate cells (macrophages) were cooled at 0.3, 1, 5, 20, 75, or 200 degrees C/min using three different cryopreservation protocols reported to yield viable pancreatic islets. Cell survival was evaluated in terms of the numbers of cells recovered after freezing as well as a fluorometric viability assay which assessed the membrane integrity of cells. Optimum survival of both lymphocytes and macrophages after freezing and thawing was found at cooling rates in the range of 0.3 to 5 degrees C/min. A significant number (10-40%) of these lymphoid cells survived freezing at 20 degrees C/min and only after cooling at rates greater than 75 degrees C/min was survival reduced to a negligible level.

Cryobiology, 1983

Conventional methods of isolating islets of Langerhans rely upon the differential sensitivity of ... more Conventional methods of isolating islets of Langerhans rely upon the differential sensitivity of the pancreatic acinar tissue vs islets to enzymatic dissociation by crude collagenase, however, the yield of intact islets obtainable with this technique is quite low. Higher yields of islets can be obtained with pharmacological or surgical methods which either destroy acinar cells or cause them to release their zymogen granules. However, because of the requirement to pretreat the donor, these methods cannot be scaled-up for potential clinical use. To overcome the limitations of the conventional isolation procedures, we exploited the differential sensitivity of acinar cells and islet cells to freezing damage. Using this approach we are able to isolate greater than 2500 islets from the pancreas of a single rat. Basically, we rapidly mince pancreatic tissue, subject the tissue to a short collagenase digestion, briefly freeze the tissue at -30 degrees C in the presence of glycerol, and immediately thaw it. Subsequent enzyme treatment digests the residual acinar tissue, collagen, DNA, and proteins. Preliminary results indicate that the islets are morphologically indistinguishable from islets isolated using conventional digestion techniques.

Diabetologia, 1979

Isolated rat Islets of Langerhans have been frozen to and stored at-196 ~ After thawing, these is... more Isolated rat Islets of Langerhans have been frozen to and stored at-196 ~ After thawing, these islets were capable of secreting near normal levels of insulin in response to graded glucose challenge. Maximal retention of functional viability as measured by the ability of the islets to secrete insulin in response to a glucose challenge was obtained after freezing islets at a cooling rate of approximately 75 ~ per minute in the presence of 1.0 mol/l dimethyl sulfoxol followed by warming at rates of > 3.5~ The critical freezing parameters include the time and temperature of exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide, the rate of cooling, the temperature of the post-thaw dilution from the freezing medium and the presence of serum in the dilution medium.

In Vitro Aspects of Erythropoiesis, 1978

Recently, cryogenic preservation of mammalian cells has emerged as a useful technique in biomedic... more Recently, cryogenic preservation of mammalian cells has emerged as a useful technique in biomedical research as well as in clinical medicine. Development of a consistent method for cryopreservation of human marrow function would be of value in: (a) providing a constant source of viable human marrow cells for research in the pathophysiology of human hemopoiesis, and (b) facilitating transplantation of allogeneic marrow. Bone marrow transplantation is recognized as an effective treatment modality in such diseases as aplastic anemia and potentially in acute leukemia.

The Anatomical Record, 1977

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) incubated three to eight minutes a t 37OC in medium containi... more Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) incubated three to eight minutes a t 37OC in medium containing 1 x M of the ionophore antibiotic A23187 released their cytoplasmic granules into the extracellular medium. Transmission electron microscopy of treated cells showed microfilament bundles extending between adjacent granules within the cytoplasm and between granules and the plasma membrane. Tiny dense projections (beads) 8-12 nm in diameter were observed along segments of the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane with a periodicity of 20-30 nm. These beads were observed on the plasma membrane only in the vicinity of intra-or extracytoplasmic granules. The structural relationships of the beads with the plasma membrane microfilaments suggest they play a role in the process of ionophore-induced granule release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The ionophore antibiotic A23187, extracted from cultures of Streptomyces chartreusensis, has been shown to alter the permeability of biological membranes to calcium (Reed and Lardy, '72). Such phenomena as lymphocyte mitogenesis (Hovi et al., '76; Luckasen et al., '74), salivary gland secretion (Prince et al., '731, leukocyte chemotaxis (Estensen et al., '76; Wilkinson '751, lymphocyte agglutination (Poste and Nicholson, '76) and capping (Poste and Nicholson, '76; Schreiner and Unanue, '76) have been shown to be initiated, or otherwise affected by the changes in intracellular calcium levels induced by this ionophore. Recent biochemical evidence has indicated that this ionophore enhanced secretion of the specific granule enzyme, lysozyme, from human neutrophils, thus implicating calcium in the induction of its release (Estensen et al., '76; Goldstein et al., '74). In the present report, transmission and scanning electron microscopy were employed to assess the structural changes that occur during granule release in rabbit PMN's exposed to the ionophore A23187.