Hasan Aziz - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Hasan Aziz

Research paper thumbnail of Part 2: Uric acid-plasma lipid correlations

Research paper thumbnail of Uric acid and serum lipids in cerebrovascular disease; 2. Uric acid--plasma lipid correlations

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1970

Research paper thumbnail of Temperature Changes Following Air Encephalography

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1969

TEMPERATURE CHANGES FOLLOWING AIR ENCEPHALOGRAPHY SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING the introduction of air into... more TEMPERATURE CHANGES FOLLOWING AIR ENCEPHALOGRAPHY SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING the introduction of air into the cerebro-spinal pathways are common. These include headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and sweating. Of the vital signs, the pulse rate may increase or decrease and the respiratory rate is commonly accelerated. It is less commonly recognized that fever may accompany the above symptoms, and in these circumstances the clinical picture is one of severe meningeal irritation which may mimic bacterial meningitis. Although Bickerstaff, 1,2 has shown that these signs of meningeal irritation are constantly accompanied by a striking pleocytosis and raised protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) both during and after the procedure, studies of the temperature response to air encephalography (A.E.G.) have been surprisingly few. 3,4 Since neither of these papers employed a control series of patients, we felt that a further study of temperature change in response to A.E.G. was necessary, with particular reference to a control group of patients subjected to lumbar puncture (L.P.) without the introduction of air. In contrast to retrospective investigation it was felt that a prospective study would provide more useful information about this problem.

Research paper thumbnail of Uric acid and plasma lipids in cerebrovascular disease Part I, prevalence of hyperuricaemia

BMJ, 1969

Serum uric acid levels measured by the phosphotungstic sodium cyanide method have been estimated ... more Serum uric acid levels measured by the phosphotungstic sodium cyanide method have been estimated in 60 patients suffering from a cerebrovascular incident. Patients with diseases known to predispose to hyperuricaemia were excluded. Twenty-five per cent. of patients with acute strokes had hyperuricaemia, and this did not appear to be a transitory phenomenon. These findings suggest that hyperuricaenia may be one of the factors in the pathogenesis of atheroma. "La goutte est aux art6res ce que le rhumatisme est aux cceurs " (Huchard, 1899).

Research paper thumbnail of Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy treatment gap

Epilepsia, 2015

Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy tre... more Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy treatment gap ACKNOWLEDGMENT None.

Research paper thumbnail of Epilepsy in Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of THE MUSLIM RELIGION AND REFERENCE TO EPILEPSY The basic belief-system in Islam includes the

The perception of epilepsy in the Muslim world can be viewed through three dimensions, i.e. Musli... more The perception of epilepsy in the Muslim world can be viewed through three dimensions, i.e. Muslim religion and reference to epilepsy, epilepsy in Islamic medical literature, and the current perception of epilepsy in Muslim

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of epilepsy in Muslim history; with current scenario

The basic belief-system in Islam includes the following concepts: There is one Creator of the Uni... more The basic belief-system in Islam includes the following concepts: There is one Creator of the Universe (God; “Allah” in Arabic). From among the humans, the Creator chooses suitable people to act as messengers (Prophets) who enact and exemplify the Divine Commandments in the cultural context. The divine Message is bestowed upon the prophets in the form of inspirations and orders, which on compilation have produced The Holy Books viz. The Torah, The Bible and The Quran. According to The Quran, Abraham was the first Muslim (“Muslim” meaning a person who submits and obeys totally to the commands of the Creator). The other prophets according to The Quran are being Moses, Christ, Soloman, Jacob, Joseph and many others (p.b.u.h). It is obligatory that all the prophets and The Holy Books must remain sacred for all Muslims. The Holy Book bestowed upon Prophet Muhammad is The Holy Quran in which any word, which is equivalent of ‘Epilepsy’, is not written anywhere. It should be noted that The ...

Research paper thumbnail of Epilepsy treatment gap and stigma reduction in Pakistan: A tested public awareness model

Research paper thumbnail of Did Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) have epilepsy? A neurological analysis

Epilepsy & Behavior

The Prophet of Islam is one of the several famous religious figures who allegedly suffered from e... more The Prophet of Islam is one of the several famous religious figures who allegedly suffered from epilepsy. Early Greek chronicler Theophanes was one of the first to mention that the revelations of The Prophet were episodes of epilepsy, sparking a debate that has continued to date. This argument, for the most part, was confined to historic literary writings only until it was quoted by some eminent neurologists of recent times. They suggested probable diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy, adding credibility to the historical claims. Material and method: Review of works of some prominent historians, orientalists, literati from previous twelve centuries, and recent neurologists who believed The Prophet to be epileptic was done. The resource material that influenced them to believe this was likewise examined. Other archived literature including Hadith, the primary resource material that provides detailed information about the day-today happenings in The Prophet's life with books on the life of The Prophet by orientalists and Muslim historians describing such features during revelations and other events, was scrutinized. Documentations of these events from all resources were compared and analyzed from a neurological perspective. Results: The author on analysis found literature indicating faulty translations of the original Arabic text into Latin as one of the reason for misleading conclusions. Verbatim translations of Arabic phrases used symbolically have taken away the exact construal giving it a wrong perspective. Similarly, The Prophet's peri-revelation episodes as they appear in Hadith when evaluated from a neurological perspective suggest that The Prophet did not have epilepsy. Conclusion: A judicious analysis of the features on which the historians and literati based their suspicion to label The Prophet epileptic, provides little supportive evidence when analyzed from a neurological perspective. Without judicious analysis of clinical data chances of misdiagnosis tend to be fairly high.

Research paper thumbnail of Report on a Population Survey of Mental Retardation in Pakistan

International Journal of Mental Health, 1981

Research paper thumbnail of Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on some Palestinian soils—the natural ion exchangers

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2005

Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°... more Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°C by a batch process. The sorption data are analyzed in terms of sorption isotherm, the Langmuir equation, the distribution coefficient and various thermodynamic parameters. The adsorption data are in close agreement with the Langmuir equation at both temperatures. Sorption of lead(II) is higher

Research paper thumbnail of Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on some Palestinian soils—the natural ion exchangers

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2005

Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°... more Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°C by a batch process. The sorption data are analyzed in terms of sorption isotherm, the Langmuir equation, the distribution coefficient and various thermodynamic parameters. The adsorption data are in close agreement with the Langmuir equation at both temperatures. Sorption of lead(II) is higher

Research paper thumbnail of The neuromyopathy of hypothyroidism Some new observations

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 1969

3. (3) evidence of segmental denervation in a peripheral nerve biopsy from the same case. ... The... more 3. (3) evidence of segmental denervation in a peripheral nerve biopsy from the same case. ... The significance of these observations is discussed in the light of the previous literature. ... Adams et al., 1963R.D. Adams, D. Denny-Brown and CM Pearson, Diseases of Muscle (2nd ed.), ...

Research paper thumbnail of Peripheral neuropathy in metachromatich leucodystrophy

BMJ, 1968

... These clinical findings can be attributed to definite histo-pathological changes observed at ... more ... These clinical findings can be attributed to definite histo-pathological changes observed at necropsy and nerve biopsy (Thieffry and Lyon, 1959; Hagberg, Sourander, and Thoren, 1962 ; Webster, 1962). ... HASAN Aziz, MB, MRCPED. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Vasopressin in Prevention of Lumbar Puncture Headache

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of steroid hormones in women with mild catamenial epilepsy

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC

Background: In view of considerable differences of opinion regarding the reproductive steroid hor... more Background: In view of considerable differences of opinion regarding the reproductive steroid hormonal pathogenesis in catamenial epilepsy, hormonal analysis of estrogen and progesterone in catamenial epileptics for a precise correlation is of significant importance. Methods: Clinical, neurological and physiological assessments, and radioimmunoassay of plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone a day prior to the onset of menstruation were carried out in noncatamenial and mild catamenial epileptics having multiple frequency tonic-clonic (primary and secondary generalized) seizures. Results: Highly significant rise (p > 0.0001) of estradiol-17β was obtained for catamenial epileptics compared to normal subjects as well as noncatamenial epileptics (p > 0.02). However, nonsignificant fluctuations of progesterone were found for both catamenial and noncatamenial epileptics against normal subjects as well as catamenial versus noncatamenial epileptics. Conclusions: The present report suggests that estradiol have a precise role in the mild premenstrual exacerbation of seizures. However, no significant change in progesterone levels might have been due to mild exacerbation of seizures in these patients. Furthermore, we suggest the importance of how we collect and categorize the data and which pathophysiologic process/ clinicobiological mechanism is involved in patients with catamenial epilepsy. Contradictory results in literature may be related to differential levels of excitation/inhibition equilibrium during various cycle phases. More precise studies including the determination of the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs, however, are required.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and neurological study of women with precatamenial epilepsy

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan: JCPSP

To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy pat... more To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy patients. Case series. Department of Neurology (formerly Neuropsychiatry), Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from July 1991 to November 2001. Present study included 33 untreated pericatamenial (n: 23, age: 12-40 years, menstrual cycles: 147) and precatamenial (n: 10, age: 13-32 years, menstrual cycles: 70) epileptics with tonic-clonic seizures. Clinical features and seizure dispersion were evaluated during premenstruation, menstruation, and postmenstruation phases. Women with precatamenial epilepsy had highly significant mean phase day seizures during premenstruation versus other phases, whereas women with pericatamenial epilepsy did not show any significant variations. Premenstrual seizures were found significantly more and others as significantly less in % number in precatamenials compared to those in pericatamenials. Furthermore, precatamenial epileptics with primary generalized seizures were significantly higher in % number and secondary generalized seizures as significantly lower against those in pericatamenial epileptics. All precatamenial epileptics under study had incontinence compared to 65% pericatamenial epileptics that had incontinence. Majority of the patients in both groups showed post-ictal headache. The present report describes the extent of exacerbation of premenstrual tonic-clonic seizures with clinical features. These investigations may help in understanding partly the complexity of catamenial/precatamenial/ pericatamenial/noncatamenial seizures, and similarities and dissimilarities between pericatamenial and precise precatamenial seizures.

Research paper thumbnail of Report on a Population Survey of Mental Retardation in Pakistan

International Journal of Mental Health, 1981

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and neurological study of women with precatamenial epilepsy

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2007

To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy pat... more To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy patients. Case series. Department of Neurology (formerly Neuropsychiatry), Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from July 1991 to November 2001. Present study included 33 untreated pericatamenial (n: 23, age: 12-40 years, menstrual cycles: 147) and precatamenial (n: 10, age: 13-32 years, menstrual cycles: 70) epileptics with tonic-clonic seizures. Clinical features and seizure dispersion were evaluated during premenstruation, menstruation, and postmenstruation phases. Women with precatamenial epilepsy had highly significant mean phase day seizures during premenstruation versus other phases, whereas women with pericatamenial epilepsy did not show any significant variations. Premenstrual seizures were found significantly more and others as significantly less in % number in precatamenials compared to those in pericatamenials. Furthermore, precatamenial epileptics with primary ge...

Research paper thumbnail of Part 2: Uric acid-plasma lipid correlations

Research paper thumbnail of Uric acid and serum lipids in cerebrovascular disease; 2. Uric acid--plasma lipid correlations

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1970

Research paper thumbnail of Temperature Changes Following Air Encephalography

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1969

TEMPERATURE CHANGES FOLLOWING AIR ENCEPHALOGRAPHY SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING the introduction of air into... more TEMPERATURE CHANGES FOLLOWING AIR ENCEPHALOGRAPHY SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING the introduction of air into the cerebro-spinal pathways are common. These include headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and sweating. Of the vital signs, the pulse rate may increase or decrease and the respiratory rate is commonly accelerated. It is less commonly recognized that fever may accompany the above symptoms, and in these circumstances the clinical picture is one of severe meningeal irritation which may mimic bacterial meningitis. Although Bickerstaff, 1,2 has shown that these signs of meningeal irritation are constantly accompanied by a striking pleocytosis and raised protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) both during and after the procedure, studies of the temperature response to air encephalography (A.E.G.) have been surprisingly few. 3,4 Since neither of these papers employed a control series of patients, we felt that a further study of temperature change in response to A.E.G. was necessary, with particular reference to a control group of patients subjected to lumbar puncture (L.P.) without the introduction of air. In contrast to retrospective investigation it was felt that a prospective study would provide more useful information about this problem.

Research paper thumbnail of Uric acid and plasma lipids in cerebrovascular disease Part I, prevalence of hyperuricaemia

BMJ, 1969

Serum uric acid levels measured by the phosphotungstic sodium cyanide method have been estimated ... more Serum uric acid levels measured by the phosphotungstic sodium cyanide method have been estimated in 60 patients suffering from a cerebrovascular incident. Patients with diseases known to predispose to hyperuricaemia were excluded. Twenty-five per cent. of patients with acute strokes had hyperuricaemia, and this did not appear to be a transitory phenomenon. These findings suggest that hyperuricaenia may be one of the factors in the pathogenesis of atheroma. "La goutte est aux art6res ce que le rhumatisme est aux cceurs " (Huchard, 1899).

Research paper thumbnail of Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy treatment gap

Epilepsia, 2015

Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy tre... more Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy treatment gap ACKNOWLEDGMENT None.

Research paper thumbnail of Epilepsy in Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of THE MUSLIM RELIGION AND REFERENCE TO EPILEPSY The basic belief-system in Islam includes the

The perception of epilepsy in the Muslim world can be viewed through three dimensions, i.e. Musli... more The perception of epilepsy in the Muslim world can be viewed through three dimensions, i.e. Muslim religion and reference to epilepsy, epilepsy in Islamic medical literature, and the current perception of epilepsy in Muslim

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of epilepsy in Muslim history; with current scenario

The basic belief-system in Islam includes the following concepts: There is one Creator of the Uni... more The basic belief-system in Islam includes the following concepts: There is one Creator of the Universe (God; “Allah” in Arabic). From among the humans, the Creator chooses suitable people to act as messengers (Prophets) who enact and exemplify the Divine Commandments in the cultural context. The divine Message is bestowed upon the prophets in the form of inspirations and orders, which on compilation have produced The Holy Books viz. The Torah, The Bible and The Quran. According to The Quran, Abraham was the first Muslim (“Muslim” meaning a person who submits and obeys totally to the commands of the Creator). The other prophets according to The Quran are being Moses, Christ, Soloman, Jacob, Joseph and many others (p.b.u.h). It is obligatory that all the prophets and The Holy Books must remain sacred for all Muslims. The Holy Book bestowed upon Prophet Muhammad is The Holy Quran in which any word, which is equivalent of ‘Epilepsy’, is not written anywhere. It should be noted that The ...

Research paper thumbnail of Epilepsy treatment gap and stigma reduction in Pakistan: A tested public awareness model

Research paper thumbnail of Did Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) have epilepsy? A neurological analysis

Epilepsy & Behavior

The Prophet of Islam is one of the several famous religious figures who allegedly suffered from e... more The Prophet of Islam is one of the several famous religious figures who allegedly suffered from epilepsy. Early Greek chronicler Theophanes was one of the first to mention that the revelations of The Prophet were episodes of epilepsy, sparking a debate that has continued to date. This argument, for the most part, was confined to historic literary writings only until it was quoted by some eminent neurologists of recent times. They suggested probable diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy, adding credibility to the historical claims. Material and method: Review of works of some prominent historians, orientalists, literati from previous twelve centuries, and recent neurologists who believed The Prophet to be epileptic was done. The resource material that influenced them to believe this was likewise examined. Other archived literature including Hadith, the primary resource material that provides detailed information about the day-today happenings in The Prophet's life with books on the life of The Prophet by orientalists and Muslim historians describing such features during revelations and other events, was scrutinized. Documentations of these events from all resources were compared and analyzed from a neurological perspective. Results: The author on analysis found literature indicating faulty translations of the original Arabic text into Latin as one of the reason for misleading conclusions. Verbatim translations of Arabic phrases used symbolically have taken away the exact construal giving it a wrong perspective. Similarly, The Prophet's peri-revelation episodes as they appear in Hadith when evaluated from a neurological perspective suggest that The Prophet did not have epilepsy. Conclusion: A judicious analysis of the features on which the historians and literati based their suspicion to label The Prophet epileptic, provides little supportive evidence when analyzed from a neurological perspective. Without judicious analysis of clinical data chances of misdiagnosis tend to be fairly high.

Research paper thumbnail of Report on a Population Survey of Mental Retardation in Pakistan

International Journal of Mental Health, 1981

Research paper thumbnail of Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on some Palestinian soils—the natural ion exchangers

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2005

Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°... more Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°C by a batch process. The sorption data are analyzed in terms of sorption isotherm, the Langmuir equation, the distribution coefficient and various thermodynamic parameters. The adsorption data are in close agreement with the Langmuir equation at both temperatures. Sorption of lead(II) is higher

Research paper thumbnail of Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on some Palestinian soils—the natural ion exchangers

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2005

Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°... more Sorption equilibria of lead(II) on two different types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°C by a batch process. The sorption data are analyzed in terms of sorption isotherm, the Langmuir equation, the distribution coefficient and various thermodynamic parameters. The adsorption data are in close agreement with the Langmuir equation at both temperatures. Sorption of lead(II) is higher

Research paper thumbnail of The neuromyopathy of hypothyroidism Some new observations

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 1969

3. (3) evidence of segmental denervation in a peripheral nerve biopsy from the same case. ... The... more 3. (3) evidence of segmental denervation in a peripheral nerve biopsy from the same case. ... The significance of these observations is discussed in the light of the previous literature. ... Adams et al., 1963R.D. Adams, D. Denny-Brown and CM Pearson, Diseases of Muscle (2nd ed.), ...

Research paper thumbnail of Peripheral neuropathy in metachromatich leucodystrophy

BMJ, 1968

... These clinical findings can be attributed to definite histo-pathological changes observed at ... more ... These clinical findings can be attributed to definite histo-pathological changes observed at necropsy and nerve biopsy (Thieffry and Lyon, 1959; Hagberg, Sourander, and Thoren, 1962 ; Webster, 1962). ... HASAN Aziz, MB, MRCPED. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Vasopressin in Prevention of Lumbar Puncture Headache

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of steroid hormones in women with mild catamenial epilepsy

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC

Background: In view of considerable differences of opinion regarding the reproductive steroid hor... more Background: In view of considerable differences of opinion regarding the reproductive steroid hormonal pathogenesis in catamenial epilepsy, hormonal analysis of estrogen and progesterone in catamenial epileptics for a precise correlation is of significant importance. Methods: Clinical, neurological and physiological assessments, and radioimmunoassay of plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone a day prior to the onset of menstruation were carried out in noncatamenial and mild catamenial epileptics having multiple frequency tonic-clonic (primary and secondary generalized) seizures. Results: Highly significant rise (p > 0.0001) of estradiol-17β was obtained for catamenial epileptics compared to normal subjects as well as noncatamenial epileptics (p > 0.02). However, nonsignificant fluctuations of progesterone were found for both catamenial and noncatamenial epileptics against normal subjects as well as catamenial versus noncatamenial epileptics. Conclusions: The present report suggests that estradiol have a precise role in the mild premenstrual exacerbation of seizures. However, no significant change in progesterone levels might have been due to mild exacerbation of seizures in these patients. Furthermore, we suggest the importance of how we collect and categorize the data and which pathophysiologic process/ clinicobiological mechanism is involved in patients with catamenial epilepsy. Contradictory results in literature may be related to differential levels of excitation/inhibition equilibrium during various cycle phases. More precise studies including the determination of the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs, however, are required.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and neurological study of women with precatamenial epilepsy

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan: JCPSP

To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy pat... more To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy patients. Case series. Department of Neurology (formerly Neuropsychiatry), Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from July 1991 to November 2001. Present study included 33 untreated pericatamenial (n: 23, age: 12-40 years, menstrual cycles: 147) and precatamenial (n: 10, age: 13-32 years, menstrual cycles: 70) epileptics with tonic-clonic seizures. Clinical features and seizure dispersion were evaluated during premenstruation, menstruation, and postmenstruation phases. Women with precatamenial epilepsy had highly significant mean phase day seizures during premenstruation versus other phases, whereas women with pericatamenial epilepsy did not show any significant variations. Premenstrual seizures were found significantly more and others as significantly less in % number in precatamenials compared to those in pericatamenials. Furthermore, precatamenial epileptics with primary generalized seizures were significantly higher in % number and secondary generalized seizures as significantly lower against those in pericatamenial epileptics. All precatamenial epileptics under study had incontinence compared to 65% pericatamenial epileptics that had incontinence. Majority of the patients in both groups showed post-ictal headache. The present report describes the extent of exacerbation of premenstrual tonic-clonic seizures with clinical features. These investigations may help in understanding partly the complexity of catamenial/precatamenial/ pericatamenial/noncatamenial seizures, and similarities and dissimilarities between pericatamenial and precise precatamenial seizures.

Research paper thumbnail of Report on a Population Survey of Mental Retardation in Pakistan

International Journal of Mental Health, 1981

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and neurological study of women with precatamenial epilepsy

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2007

To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy pat... more To describe clinical features and seizure dispersion in precatamenial/pericatamenial epilepsy patients. Case series. Department of Neurology (formerly Neuropsychiatry), Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from July 1991 to November 2001. Present study included 33 untreated pericatamenial (n: 23, age: 12-40 years, menstrual cycles: 147) and precatamenial (n: 10, age: 13-32 years, menstrual cycles: 70) epileptics with tonic-clonic seizures. Clinical features and seizure dispersion were evaluated during premenstruation, menstruation, and postmenstruation phases. Women with precatamenial epilepsy had highly significant mean phase day seizures during premenstruation versus other phases, whereas women with pericatamenial epilepsy did not show any significant variations. Premenstrual seizures were found significantly more and others as significantly less in % number in precatamenials compared to those in pericatamenials. Furthermore, precatamenial epileptics with primary ge...