Karl Hennig - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Karl Hennig

Personality and Individual Differences, 2015

Over three decades of theory and research has sought to highlight the notion of relational orient... more Over three decades of theory and research has sought to highlight the notion of relational orientation as central to women's well-being. While researchers have extensively examined the negative outcomes of women's relational orientation, relations with positive outcomes has gone little explored and largely assumed as present. The purpose of the current study is to examine social competence and satisfaction associated with women's relational orientation. Previously unacquainted female participants (N = 160) completed measures of relational orientation, a dyadic interaction task, and were then asked to evaluate the quality of the interaction. Results supported a mitigation (versus trade-off) model in which facets of women's relational orientation are differentially related to relationship competence and satisfaction. Structural equation modelling was used to examine overall fit along with specific actor and partner effects. Specific results are interpreted within the mitigation model of relational orientation, contributing to our understanding of women's well-being.

Research on developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence ... more Research on developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence that discrepancies exist between parents and their youth around individual preferences, social conventions, and personal values. In immigrant families, these issues may be compounded by cultural change. Indeed, some research has found that immigrant parent-youth dyads diverge in their heritage and settlement culture orientations and have different personal values priorities. These discrepancies, in turn, are related to poorer youth and family adjustment. In recent years, some studies have proposed that facets of the parent-youth relationship may buffer the experience of maladjustment as a function of cultural discrepancies. This program of research had two general aims: (1) to examine the extent to which immigrant Arab Canadian youth perceive cultural discrepancies between themselves and their parents, as well as how they relate to individual and familial adjustment; and (2) to identify ...

Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the accul... more Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the acculturation gap-distress model with an immigrant Arab Canadian sample. Consistent with this model, immigrant Arab youth (n = 113) perceived acculturation gaps between themselves and their parents with respect to their heritage and settlement cultural orientation and values. Some of these gaps, in turn, were associated with poorer outcomes. Extending the model, we found that the most problematic acculturation gaps were those in which the youth perceived themselves to be more oriented to Arab culture and values than their parents. We also found some support for the moderating role of parent-youth relationships. This study was the first to apply the acculturation gap-distress model to an immigrant Arab population, which is a particularly important contribution following the Arab Spring.

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Despite its strong relation to depression and theorized development across childhood and adolesce... more Despite its strong relation to depression and theorized development across childhood and adolescence, cognitive schema organization has not been explored in early adolescence, a sensitive developmental period for first depression onset. Schema organization is theorized to derive from childhood cognitive internalizations of caregiving relationships, such as critical parenting experiences (e.g., Young et al. in Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. Guilford Press, New York, 2003). Thus, the current investigation considers the organization of positive and negative schemas with youth’s perceptions of parental warmth and psychological control and self-reported emotional functioning. Participants were 198 boys and girls aged 9–14 years who completed the Psychological Distance Scaling Task, measures of perceptions of parenting behaviors, anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms. Consistent with hypotheses, higher depression, but not anxiety symptoms were associated with a loosely-interco...

Research in developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence ... more Research in developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence indicating that discrepancies in orientation between immigrant parents and their children regarding heritage and settlement cultures are linked with poorer youth and family adjustment. Investigators have however assumed that discrepancies arose from youth embracing their settlement culture while their parents continued to embrace their heritage culture. The use of absolute difference scores to measure discrepancies precluded any investigation into the actual direction of those discrepancies. The current study used a hierarchical regression approach to examine youth and perceived parent discrepancies among 119 Arab youth who had migrated with their parents. Discrepancies were examined for cultural orientation (Arab, Canadian) and personal values (Conservation, Openness). Results indicated that a substantial portion of the child-perceived parent discrepancies were in the contrary direction...

Journal of Moral Education, 1999

This paper addresses the polarisation among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regardin... more This paper addresses the polarisation among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regarding the relative signi® cance of parents and peers in children' s moral development and, in particular, the short shrift given the family context by cognitive± developmental theory. W e contend that parents do play a signi® cant role in this area of their children' s development. Research ® ndings from tw o studies are presented which indicate that parents' interaction styles, ego functioning and level of moral reasoning used in discussion are predictive of children' s subsequent moral reasoning development. The ® ndings also illustrate the role of affective factors, in contrast to the contemporary emphasis on moral rationality, and the relevance of real-life dilemmas, in contrast to the paradigmatic reliance on hypothetical dilemmas. Implications of these ® ndings for our understanding of the role of parenting style in children' s moral development and for further research are discussed.

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the accul... more Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the acculturation gap-distress model with an immigrant Arab Canadian sample. Consistent with this model, immigrant Arab emerging adults (n = 113) perceived acculturation gaps between themselves and their parents with respect to their heritage and settlement culture orientation and values. Some of these gaps, in turn, were associated with poorer outcomes. Extending the model, the most problematic acculturation gaps were those in which the emerging adult perceived themselves to be more oriented to Arab culture and values than their parents. We also found some support for the moderating role of parent-emerging adult relationships.

The Canadian journal of human sexuality

Journal of Research in Personality, 2008

To better understand the greater prevalence of depression among women, compared to men, we explor... more To better understand the greater prevalence of depression among women, compared to men, we explored the darker side of accommodating others by examining where maladaptive relational constructs fit within a general structural framework provided by the interpersonal circumplex and 5-factor model of personality. Participants were four samples of undergraduate students (Ns = 302-2070) who completed questionnaires. Results indicated two clusters of maladaptive items: Submission with Connection and Submission without Connection. In general, the most maladaptive relational constructs were concentrated in the first cluster and were located in the low agency, low communion region of the interpersonal circumplex.

Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, Jan 18, 2014

Using a multidomain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the accult... more Using a multidomain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the acculturation gap-distress model with an immigrant Arab Canadian sample. Consistent with this model, immigrant Arab emerging adults (n = 113) perceived acculturation gaps between themselves and their parents with respect to their heritage and settlement culture orientation and values. Some of these gaps, in turn, were associated with poorer outcomes. Extending the model, the most problematic acculturation gaps were those in which the emerging adult perceived themselves to be more oriented to Arab culture and values than their parents. We also found some support for the moderating role of parent-emerging adult relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004

People's conceptions of different types of moral exemplarity were examined in an attempt to augme... more People's conceptions of different types of moral exemplarity were examined in an attempt to augment the current emphasis on moral rationality with a fuller understanding of moral personality. In Study 1 (with 805 adults), a free-listing procedure was used to generate the attributes of 3 types of moral exemplars (just, brave, and caring). In Study 2 (with 401 undergraduates), prototypicality-and personality-rating procedures were used to generate a personality profile for each type of moral exemplar and to examine the relations among them. In Study 3 (with 240 undergraduates), a similarity-sorting procedure was used to identify the typologies implicit in people's understanding of these different types of moral exemplarity. The findings indicate that moral excellence can be exemplified in rather divergent ways and that understanding of moral functioning would be enhanced by attention to this wider range of moral virtues.

Developmental Psychology, 2001

The consolidation/transition model conceptualizes development as entailing a cyclical pattern of ... more The consolidation/transition model conceptualizes development as entailing a cyclical pattern of alternating consolidation and transition phases and posits that stage advance is predicted by a specific distribution of reasoning across stages indicative of disequilibrium (more reasoning above than below the mode, with a high degree of mixture). The validity of this model was examined in the context of moral reasoning development with the use of standard statistical techniques as well as Bayesian techniques that can better account for classification error. In this longitudinal study, 64 children and adolescents participated in 5 annual administrations of the Moral Judgment Interview. The distribution of their reasoning across stages was used to predict subsequent development. The results support the hypotheses regarding cyclical patterns of change and predictors of stage transition and demonstrate the utility of Bayesian techniques for evaluating developmental change.

Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013

Cognitive models of child psychopathology rarely consider positive schemas in models of risk. Thi... more Cognitive models of child psychopathology rarely consider positive schemas in models of risk. This study presents the new Positive Schema Questionnaire (PSQ) for youth, evaluating relations of positive schema themes to depression, anxiety, and resilience. Adolescent boys (n = 84) and girls (n = 88), aged 9-14 (M = 11.44), completed the PSQ, and measures of negative schemas, depression, anxiety, and resilience. Exploratory factor analyses of the PSQ supported a five-factor structure including themes of: Self-Efficacy, Optimism, Trust, Success, and Worthiness. Supporting its discriminant validity, the PSQ predicted additional variance in depression, anxiety, and resilience, beyond that predicted by negative schemas. Furthermore, the content specificity model as envisioned for negative schemas, was found to apply to positive schemas, with themes of Worthiness most predictive of depression and Self-Efficacy most predictive of anxiety and resilience. Findings have implications for incorporating positive schemas into cognitive models of psychopathology.

Child Development, 2000

This study addressed the polarization among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regardin... more This study addressed the polarization among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regarding the relative significance of parents and peers in children's developing moral maturity. The sample was composed of 60 target children from late childhood and midadolescence, 60 parents, and 60 friends who participated in parent/child and friend/child dyadic discussions of a series of moral conflicts. The quality of parents' and friends' verbal interactions, ego functioning, and level of moral reasoning in these discussions was used to predict the rate of children's moral reasoning development over a 4-year longitudinal interval. Results revealed that interactions with both parents and peers were predictive of children's development but that these two types of relationships influence development in rather different ways. Implications of the findings for the understanding of these socialization agents' roles in moral development are discussed.

Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science-revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 1997

The growing number of single-parent families has not been matched by an increase in our understan... more The growing number of single-parent families has not been matched by an increase in our understanding of their family functioning. This study examined parent/child perceptions of relationships and actual interactions as a function of family structure. Participants were 28 Grade 10 adolescents and 28 parents, representing matched groups of mothers and fathers from one- and two-parent families. They completed a

Personality and Individual Differences, 2015

Over three decades of theory and research has sought to highlight the notion of relational orient... more Over three decades of theory and research has sought to highlight the notion of relational orientation as central to women's well-being. While researchers have extensively examined the negative outcomes of women's relational orientation, relations with positive outcomes has gone little explored and largely assumed as present. The purpose of the current study is to examine social competence and satisfaction associated with women's relational orientation. Previously unacquainted female participants (N = 160) completed measures of relational orientation, a dyadic interaction task, and were then asked to evaluate the quality of the interaction. Results supported a mitigation (versus trade-off) model in which facets of women's relational orientation are differentially related to relationship competence and satisfaction. Structural equation modelling was used to examine overall fit along with specific actor and partner effects. Specific results are interpreted within the mitigation model of relational orientation, contributing to our understanding of women's well-being.

Research on developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence ... more Research on developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence that discrepancies exist between parents and their youth around individual preferences, social conventions, and personal values. In immigrant families, these issues may be compounded by cultural change. Indeed, some research has found that immigrant parent-youth dyads diverge in their heritage and settlement culture orientations and have different personal values priorities. These discrepancies, in turn, are related to poorer youth and family adjustment. In recent years, some studies have proposed that facets of the parent-youth relationship may buffer the experience of maladjustment as a function of cultural discrepancies. This program of research had two general aims: (1) to examine the extent to which immigrant Arab Canadian youth perceive cultural discrepancies between themselves and their parents, as well as how they relate to individual and familial adjustment; and (2) to identify ...

Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the accul... more Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the acculturation gap-distress model with an immigrant Arab Canadian sample. Consistent with this model, immigrant Arab youth (n = 113) perceived acculturation gaps between themselves and their parents with respect to their heritage and settlement cultural orientation and values. Some of these gaps, in turn, were associated with poorer outcomes. Extending the model, we found that the most problematic acculturation gaps were those in which the youth perceived themselves to be more oriented to Arab culture and values than their parents. We also found some support for the moderating role of parent-youth relationships. This study was the first to apply the acculturation gap-distress model to an immigrant Arab population, which is a particularly important contribution following the Arab Spring.

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Despite its strong relation to depression and theorized development across childhood and adolesce... more Despite its strong relation to depression and theorized development across childhood and adolescence, cognitive schema organization has not been explored in early adolescence, a sensitive developmental period for first depression onset. Schema organization is theorized to derive from childhood cognitive internalizations of caregiving relationships, such as critical parenting experiences (e.g., Young et al. in Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. Guilford Press, New York, 2003). Thus, the current investigation considers the organization of positive and negative schemas with youth’s perceptions of parental warmth and psychological control and self-reported emotional functioning. Participants were 198 boys and girls aged 9–14 years who completed the Psychological Distance Scaling Task, measures of perceptions of parenting behaviors, anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms. Consistent with hypotheses, higher depression, but not anxiety symptoms were associated with a loosely-interco...

Research in developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence ... more Research in developmental, family, and cross-cultural psychology has consistently found evidence indicating that discrepancies in orientation between immigrant parents and their children regarding heritage and settlement cultures are linked with poorer youth and family adjustment. Investigators have however assumed that discrepancies arose from youth embracing their settlement culture while their parents continued to embrace their heritage culture. The use of absolute difference scores to measure discrepancies precluded any investigation into the actual direction of those discrepancies. The current study used a hierarchical regression approach to examine youth and perceived parent discrepancies among 119 Arab youth who had migrated with their parents. Discrepancies were examined for cultural orientation (Arab, Canadian) and personal values (Conservation, Openness). Results indicated that a substantial portion of the child-perceived parent discrepancies were in the contrary direction...

Journal of Moral Education, 1999

This paper addresses the polarisation among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regardin... more This paper addresses the polarisation among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regarding the relative signi® cance of parents and peers in children' s moral development and, in particular, the short shrift given the family context by cognitive± developmental theory. W e contend that parents do play a signi® cant role in this area of their children' s development. Research ® ndings from tw o studies are presented which indicate that parents' interaction styles, ego functioning and level of moral reasoning used in discussion are predictive of children' s subsequent moral reasoning development. The ® ndings also illustrate the role of affective factors, in contrast to the contemporary emphasis on moral rationality, and the relevance of real-life dilemmas, in contrast to the paradigmatic reliance on hypothetical dilemmas. Implications of these ® ndings for our understanding of the role of parenting style in children' s moral development and for further research are discussed.

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the accul... more Using a multi-domain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the acculturation gap-distress model with an immigrant Arab Canadian sample. Consistent with this model, immigrant Arab emerging adults (n = 113) perceived acculturation gaps between themselves and their parents with respect to their heritage and settlement culture orientation and values. Some of these gaps, in turn, were associated with poorer outcomes. Extending the model, the most problematic acculturation gaps were those in which the emerging adult perceived themselves to be more oriented to Arab culture and values than their parents. We also found some support for the moderating role of parent-emerging adult relationships.

The Canadian journal of human sexuality

Journal of Research in Personality, 2008

To better understand the greater prevalence of depression among women, compared to men, we explor... more To better understand the greater prevalence of depression among women, compared to men, we explored the darker side of accommodating others by examining where maladaptive relational constructs fit within a general structural framework provided by the interpersonal circumplex and 5-factor model of personality. Participants were four samples of undergraduate students (Ns = 302-2070) who completed questionnaires. Results indicated two clusters of maladaptive items: Submission with Connection and Submission without Connection. In general, the most maladaptive relational constructs were concentrated in the first cluster and were located in the low agency, low communion region of the interpersonal circumplex.

Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, Jan 18, 2014

Using a multidomain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the accult... more Using a multidomain and bidimensional approach, the present study applied and extended the acculturation gap-distress model with an immigrant Arab Canadian sample. Consistent with this model, immigrant Arab emerging adults (n = 113) perceived acculturation gaps between themselves and their parents with respect to their heritage and settlement culture orientation and values. Some of these gaps, in turn, were associated with poorer outcomes. Extending the model, the most problematic acculturation gaps were those in which the emerging adult perceived themselves to be more oriented to Arab culture and values than their parents. We also found some support for the moderating role of parent-emerging adult relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004

People's conceptions of different types of moral exemplarity were examined in an attempt to augme... more People's conceptions of different types of moral exemplarity were examined in an attempt to augment the current emphasis on moral rationality with a fuller understanding of moral personality. In Study 1 (with 805 adults), a free-listing procedure was used to generate the attributes of 3 types of moral exemplars (just, brave, and caring). In Study 2 (with 401 undergraduates), prototypicality-and personality-rating procedures were used to generate a personality profile for each type of moral exemplar and to examine the relations among them. In Study 3 (with 240 undergraduates), a similarity-sorting procedure was used to identify the typologies implicit in people's understanding of these different types of moral exemplarity. The findings indicate that moral excellence can be exemplified in rather divergent ways and that understanding of moral functioning would be enhanced by attention to this wider range of moral virtues.

Developmental Psychology, 2001

The consolidation/transition model conceptualizes development as entailing a cyclical pattern of ... more The consolidation/transition model conceptualizes development as entailing a cyclical pattern of alternating consolidation and transition phases and posits that stage advance is predicted by a specific distribution of reasoning across stages indicative of disequilibrium (more reasoning above than below the mode, with a high degree of mixture). The validity of this model was examined in the context of moral reasoning development with the use of standard statistical techniques as well as Bayesian techniques that can better account for classification error. In this longitudinal study, 64 children and adolescents participated in 5 annual administrations of the Moral Judgment Interview. The distribution of their reasoning across stages was used to predict subsequent development. The results support the hypotheses regarding cyclical patterns of change and predictors of stage transition and demonstrate the utility of Bayesian techniques for evaluating developmental change.

Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013

Cognitive models of child psychopathology rarely consider positive schemas in models of risk. Thi... more Cognitive models of child psychopathology rarely consider positive schemas in models of risk. This study presents the new Positive Schema Questionnaire (PSQ) for youth, evaluating relations of positive schema themes to depression, anxiety, and resilience. Adolescent boys (n = 84) and girls (n = 88), aged 9-14 (M = 11.44), completed the PSQ, and measures of negative schemas, depression, anxiety, and resilience. Exploratory factor analyses of the PSQ supported a five-factor structure including themes of: Self-Efficacy, Optimism, Trust, Success, and Worthiness. Supporting its discriminant validity, the PSQ predicted additional variance in depression, anxiety, and resilience, beyond that predicted by negative schemas. Furthermore, the content specificity model as envisioned for negative schemas, was found to apply to positive schemas, with themes of Worthiness most predictive of depression and Self-Efficacy most predictive of anxiety and resilience. Findings have implications for incorporating positive schemas into cognitive models of psychopathology.

Child Development, 2000

This study addressed the polarization among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regardin... more This study addressed the polarization among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regarding the relative significance of parents and peers in children's developing moral maturity. The sample was composed of 60 target children from late childhood and midadolescence, 60 parents, and 60 friends who participated in parent/child and friend/child dyadic discussions of a series of moral conflicts. The quality of parents' and friends' verbal interactions, ego functioning, and level of moral reasoning in these discussions was used to predict the rate of children's moral reasoning development over a 4-year longitudinal interval. Results revealed that interactions with both parents and peers were predictive of children's development but that these two types of relationships influence development in rather different ways. Implications of the findings for the understanding of these socialization agents' roles in moral development are discussed.

Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science-revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 1997

The growing number of single-parent families has not been matched by an increase in our understan... more The growing number of single-parent families has not been matched by an increase in our understanding of their family functioning. This study examined parent/child perceptions of relationships and actual interactions as a function of family structure. Participants were 28 Grade 10 adolescents and 28 parents, representing matched groups of mothers and fathers from one- and two-parent families. They completed a