Henry Spliethoff - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Henry Spliethoff
Journal of Urban Health, 2008
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
Sara Adar Raf Aerts Tetsuro Agusa Andreas Ahrens Ziyad Al-Aly Kiran Alapaty Heresh Amini Eva Ande... more Sara Adar Raf Aerts Tetsuro Agusa Andreas Ahrens Ziyad Al-Aly Kiran Alapaty Heresh Amini Eva Andersson Susan Anenberg Brice Appenzeller Raphael Arku Edward Avol Abhishek Awasthi Lesa Aylward Tina Bahadori John Balmes David Balshaw Xavier Basagaña Flores Niladri Basu Lisa Baxter Ali Behroozy Vincent Bessonneau Marie-Abele Bind Benjamin Blount Teresa Bowers Joseph Braun Michael Breen Susanne Breitner Doug Brugge Tom Bruton Carol Burns Ryan Calder David E. Cantonwine Natalie Capiro Andres Cardenas Courtney Carignan Diana Ceballos Rengie Chan Howard Chang P Chanpiwat John Cherrie Nicola Cherry Ling-Chu Chien Weihsueh Chiu Richard Clapp Maggie Clark Cassandra Clark Birgit Claus Henn Timothy W. Collins Ian Cousins Cynthia Curl Jamie DeWitt Nicole Deziel Robin Dodson David Donaire Evi Dons J. P. Douzals Tatsiana Dudzina Trevor J. B. Dummer Peter Egeghy Shelley Ehrlich Clara Eichler M. Patricia Fabian Pam Factor-Litvak Guglielmina Fantuzzi Shohreh Farzan P. M. Felix Richard Fenske Alesia Ferguson William Fisk Kelvin Fong Meredith Franklin H Frasch Scott Frickel Melissa Friesen Rebecca Fry Fernando Garcia Menendez Calvin Ge Laura Geer Ashok Giri Julie Goodman William Grant Roby Greenwald Annette Guiseppi-Elie Robert Gunier Xinbiao Guo Rima Habre Pertti (Bert) Hakkinen Otto Hänninen Erin Haynes Lucas Henneman Lori Hoepner Kate Hoffman Jane Hoppin Perry Hystad Katherine James Jiang Jiping Rachael M. Jones Robert Jones Erik Jors Christian Jung Chucri Kardous Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg Deborah Keil Jennifer Keir Molly Kile Sungkyoon Kim Ho Kim Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou John Kissel Sri Kota Hans Kromhout Margaret Kurzius-Spencer Jose Laurent Sang-Hyun Lee Chris Lim Jia Liu Miranda Loh Pawel Lorkiewicz Lisa Maier Konstantinos Makris Elizabeth Mannshardt Eva Manova Koenraad Mariën Guy Marks Lisa McKenzie Thomas McKone Kevin McNally Jaymie Meliker Lisa Melnyk Lisa Melymuk Takehiro Michikawa Klara Midander Susanna Mitro Hans Mol James Mulholland Rebecca Nachman Ana Navas-Acien Carla Ng Liza Oates Tomoko Oguri Kazunari Onishi Mary O’Rourke 12 34 56 78 90 () ;,:
Journal of Environmental Management
Sowing Seeds in the City, 2016
Environmental geochemistry and health, Jan 11, 2016
Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits.... more Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits. However, urban garden soils can contain lead (Pb) that may pose risks to human health. To help evaluate these risks, we measured Pb concentrations in soil, vegetables, and chicken eggs from New York City community gardens, and we asked gardeners about vegetable consumption and time spent in the garden. We then estimated Pb intakes deterministically and probabilistically for adult gardeners, children who spend time in the garden, and adult (non-gardener) household members. Most central tendency Pb intakes were below provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels. High contact intakes generally exceeded PTTIs. Probabilistic estimates showed approximately 40 % of children and 10 % of gardeners exceeding PTTIs. Children's exposure came primarily from dust ingestion and exposure to higher Pb soil between beds. Gardeners' Pb intakes were comparable to children's (in µg/day) but ...
Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC, Jan 4, 2015
A total of 69 soil samples from 20 community gardens in New York City (New York, USA) were collec... more A total of 69 soil samples from 20 community gardens in New York City (New York, USA) were collected and analyzed for 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon. For each garden, samples were collected from nongrowing areas (non-bed) and from vegetable-growing beds, including beds with and without visible sources of PAHs. The sum of the US Environmental Protection Agency's 16 priority PAHs ranged up to 150 mg/kg, and the median (5.4 mg/kg) and mean (14.2 mg/kg) were similar to those previously reported for urban areas in the northeast United States. Isomer ratios indicated that the main sources of PAHs were petroleum, coal, and wood combustion. The PAH concentrations were significantly and positively associated with black carbon and with modeled air PAH concentrations, suggesting a consistent relationship between historical deposition of atmospheric carbon-adsorbed PAHs and current PAH soil concentrations. Median PAH soil concentration from non-bed areas was hig...
ABSTRACT Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with lim... more ABSTRACT Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil contamination and exposures, prompting formation of a community-research collaboration under NIEHS Partnerships for Environmental Public Health. As a first step, metals analysis was conducted on composite soil samples from growing areas and a discrete sample from a non-growing area in each of 44 actively managed food-producing community gardens in NYC. Median concentrations of arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc in growing areas (5.9, 82, 0.2, 13, 35, 88, 213, 10, and 130 ppm, respectively) were lower than median values reported in NYC soil and other urban gardening studies. For all metals except lead, over 90% of the growing areas sampled were within a range of concentrations found in NYS rural soils. However, 61% of gardens had at least one growing area exceeding guidance values (based on rural background concentrations or residential exposure scenarios including gardening) for barium, lead, arsenic, chromium, or zinc (12%, 8%, 3%, 1%, 0.2% of all samples, respectively). With the exception of arsenic and copper, non-growing areas had statistically higher levels than growing areas. Factors associated with higher metals concentrations included lack of raised beds and visible presence of construction debris (e.g., brick chips), suggesting that certain existing active management practices (e.g., importing clean soil) have lowered soil metal concentrations. However, elevation of some contaminants (e.g., lead) above guidance values in communities which may already be burdened by some environmental exposures (e.g., elevated blood lead) suggests that communities could continue to benefit from exposure reduction efforts. Future activities will include working with communities to better understand potential health risks and exposure reduction strategies for soil contaminants.
Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited acce... more Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil ...
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2015
The potential for lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) transfer into vegetables was studied on old orchard ... more The potential for lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) transfer into vegetables was studied on old orchard land contaminated by lead arsenate pesticides. Root (carrot), leafy (lettuce), and vegetable fruits (green bean, tomato) were grown on seven "miniplots" with soil concentrations ranging from near background to ≈ 800 and ≈ 200 mg kg(-1) of total Pb and As, respectively. Each miniplot was divided into sub-plots and amended with 0% (control), 5% and 10% (by weight) compost and cropped for 3 years. Edible portions of each vegetable were analyzed for total Pb and As to test the effect of organic matter on transfer of these toxic elements into the crop. Vegetable Pb and As concentrations were strongly correlated to soil total Pb and As, respectively, but not to soil organic matter content or compost addition level. For Pb vegetable concentrations, carrot ≥ lettuce > bean > tomato. For As, lettuce > carrot > bean > tomato. A complementary single-year study of lettuce, arugula, spinach, and collards revealed a beneficial effect of compost in reducing both Pb and As concentrations in leafy vegetables. Comparisons of all measured vegetable concentrations to international health-based standards indicate that tomatoes can be grown without exceeding standards even in substantially Pb- and As-contaminated soils, but carrots and leafy greens may exceed standards when grown in soils with more than 100-200 mg kg(-1) Pb. Leafy greens may also exceed health-based standards in gardens where soil As is elevated, with arugula having a particularly strong tendency to accumulate As.
Raising chickens in urban areas in the US and elsewhere is becoming increasingly common. While ch... more Raising chickens in urban areas in the US and elsewhere is becoming increasingly common. While chicken eggs are a nutrient-dense food that can be part of a healthy diet, questions have arisen as to whether consuming urban chicken eggs can be an exposure pathway for lead due to its common presence in urban soils. We measured lead concentrations in chicken eggs from seven New York City community gardens and found that they were significantly associated (p < 0.005) with lead concentrations in the soil to which the chickens were exposed. Although egg lead concentrations we found were higher than those in market-basket eggs, estimates of health risk from consuming eggs with the lead concentrations we measured were generally low. However, our study chickens were exposed to soil lead concentrations no higher than about 600 mg/kg, and considerably higher lead concentrations are not uncommon in urban soils in the US. As lead exposure should be avoided when possible, efforts to reduce the ...
Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited acce... more Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil contamination and exposures, prompting formation of a community-research collaboration under NIEHS Partnerships for Environmental Public Health. As a first step, metals analysis was conducted on composite soil samples from growing areas and a discrete sample from a non-growing area in each of 44 actively managed food-producing community gardens in NYC. Median concentrations of arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc in growing areas (5.9, 82, 0.2, 13, 35, 88, 213, 10, and 130 ppm, respectively) were lower than median values reported in NYC soil and other urban gardening studies. For all metals except lead, over 90% of the growing areas sampled were within a range of concentrations found in NYS ru...
eco.confex.com
Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited acce... more Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil ...
Soil Science, 2012
Soil has been identified as a significant source of lead (Pb) exposure for both children and adul... more Soil has been identified as a significant source of lead (Pb) exposure for both children and adults. Therefore, identifying possibly contaminated soils by soil testing is important to protect public health. Soil Pb test results are usually reported as total Pb (mg kg −1 ), carried out using a concentrated nitric acid digestion procedure by hot plate (EPA method 3050) or microwave (EPA method 3051) followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry to determine total Pb in the digest. However, this procedure is both time-consuming and expensive, sometimes costing homeowners and gardeners over $50 per sample. To make soil Pb testing more economically accessible to homeowners and gardeners, several university soil-testing laboratories offer less expensive screening tests designed to estimate total soil Pb. The first objective of this study was to compare three commonly used screening tests, modified Morgan (MM), Mehlich 3 (M3), and 1 M nitric acid (HNO 3 ), to the standard total Pb testing method (EPA method 3051) to find which extractant is the most reliable predictor of total Pb. The second objective was to investigate the effect that different degrees of soil grinding have on the total Pb test and the extracted Pb concentration measured from the 1 M HNO 3 test. Results indicate that the strongest predictor of total Pb is 1 M HNO 3 , followed by M3, and MM, and that thorough grinding is necessary if using less than five grams of soil in a Pb test, in order to adequately homogenize Pbcontaminated samples and achieve acceptable testing reproducibility.
Journal of Urban Health, 2008
Journal of Urban Health, 2008
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
Sara Adar Raf Aerts Tetsuro Agusa Andreas Ahrens Ziyad Al-Aly Kiran Alapaty Heresh Amini Eva Ande... more Sara Adar Raf Aerts Tetsuro Agusa Andreas Ahrens Ziyad Al-Aly Kiran Alapaty Heresh Amini Eva Andersson Susan Anenberg Brice Appenzeller Raphael Arku Edward Avol Abhishek Awasthi Lesa Aylward Tina Bahadori John Balmes David Balshaw Xavier Basagaña Flores Niladri Basu Lisa Baxter Ali Behroozy Vincent Bessonneau Marie-Abele Bind Benjamin Blount Teresa Bowers Joseph Braun Michael Breen Susanne Breitner Doug Brugge Tom Bruton Carol Burns Ryan Calder David E. Cantonwine Natalie Capiro Andres Cardenas Courtney Carignan Diana Ceballos Rengie Chan Howard Chang P Chanpiwat John Cherrie Nicola Cherry Ling-Chu Chien Weihsueh Chiu Richard Clapp Maggie Clark Cassandra Clark Birgit Claus Henn Timothy W. Collins Ian Cousins Cynthia Curl Jamie DeWitt Nicole Deziel Robin Dodson David Donaire Evi Dons J. P. Douzals Tatsiana Dudzina Trevor J. B. Dummer Peter Egeghy Shelley Ehrlich Clara Eichler M. Patricia Fabian Pam Factor-Litvak Guglielmina Fantuzzi Shohreh Farzan P. M. Felix Richard Fenske Alesia Ferguson William Fisk Kelvin Fong Meredith Franklin H Frasch Scott Frickel Melissa Friesen Rebecca Fry Fernando Garcia Menendez Calvin Ge Laura Geer Ashok Giri Julie Goodman William Grant Roby Greenwald Annette Guiseppi-Elie Robert Gunier Xinbiao Guo Rima Habre Pertti (Bert) Hakkinen Otto Hänninen Erin Haynes Lucas Henneman Lori Hoepner Kate Hoffman Jane Hoppin Perry Hystad Katherine James Jiang Jiping Rachael M. Jones Robert Jones Erik Jors Christian Jung Chucri Kardous Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg Deborah Keil Jennifer Keir Molly Kile Sungkyoon Kim Ho Kim Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou John Kissel Sri Kota Hans Kromhout Margaret Kurzius-Spencer Jose Laurent Sang-Hyun Lee Chris Lim Jia Liu Miranda Loh Pawel Lorkiewicz Lisa Maier Konstantinos Makris Elizabeth Mannshardt Eva Manova Koenraad Mariën Guy Marks Lisa McKenzie Thomas McKone Kevin McNally Jaymie Meliker Lisa Melnyk Lisa Melymuk Takehiro Michikawa Klara Midander Susanna Mitro Hans Mol James Mulholland Rebecca Nachman Ana Navas-Acien Carla Ng Liza Oates Tomoko Oguri Kazunari Onishi Mary O’Rourke 12 34 56 78 90 () ;,:
Journal of Environmental Management
Sowing Seeds in the City, 2016
Environmental geochemistry and health, Jan 11, 2016
Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits.... more Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits. However, urban garden soils can contain lead (Pb) that may pose risks to human health. To help evaluate these risks, we measured Pb concentrations in soil, vegetables, and chicken eggs from New York City community gardens, and we asked gardeners about vegetable consumption and time spent in the garden. We then estimated Pb intakes deterministically and probabilistically for adult gardeners, children who spend time in the garden, and adult (non-gardener) household members. Most central tendency Pb intakes were below provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels. High contact intakes generally exceeded PTTIs. Probabilistic estimates showed approximately 40 % of children and 10 % of gardeners exceeding PTTIs. Children's exposure came primarily from dust ingestion and exposure to higher Pb soil between beds. Gardeners' Pb intakes were comparable to children's (in µg/day) but ...
Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC, Jan 4, 2015
A total of 69 soil samples from 20 community gardens in New York City (New York, USA) were collec... more A total of 69 soil samples from 20 community gardens in New York City (New York, USA) were collected and analyzed for 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon. For each garden, samples were collected from nongrowing areas (non-bed) and from vegetable-growing beds, including beds with and without visible sources of PAHs. The sum of the US Environmental Protection Agency's 16 priority PAHs ranged up to 150 mg/kg, and the median (5.4 mg/kg) and mean (14.2 mg/kg) were similar to those previously reported for urban areas in the northeast United States. Isomer ratios indicated that the main sources of PAHs were petroleum, coal, and wood combustion. The PAH concentrations were significantly and positively associated with black carbon and with modeled air PAH concentrations, suggesting a consistent relationship between historical deposition of atmospheric carbon-adsorbed PAHs and current PAH soil concentrations. Median PAH soil concentration from non-bed areas was hig...
ABSTRACT Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with lim... more ABSTRACT Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil contamination and exposures, prompting formation of a community-research collaboration under NIEHS Partnerships for Environmental Public Health. As a first step, metals analysis was conducted on composite soil samples from growing areas and a discrete sample from a non-growing area in each of 44 actively managed food-producing community gardens in NYC. Median concentrations of arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc in growing areas (5.9, 82, 0.2, 13, 35, 88, 213, 10, and 130 ppm, respectively) were lower than median values reported in NYC soil and other urban gardening studies. For all metals except lead, over 90% of the growing areas sampled were within a range of concentrations found in NYS rural soils. However, 61% of gardens had at least one growing area exceeding guidance values (based on rural background concentrations or residential exposure scenarios including gardening) for barium, lead, arsenic, chromium, or zinc (12%, 8%, 3%, 1%, 0.2% of all samples, respectively). With the exception of arsenic and copper, non-growing areas had statistically higher levels than growing areas. Factors associated with higher metals concentrations included lack of raised beds and visible presence of construction debris (e.g., brick chips), suggesting that certain existing active management practices (e.g., importing clean soil) have lowered soil metal concentrations. However, elevation of some contaminants (e.g., lead) above guidance values in communities which may already be burdened by some environmental exposures (e.g., elevated blood lead) suggests that communities could continue to benefit from exposure reduction efforts. Future activities will include working with communities to better understand potential health risks and exposure reduction strategies for soil contaminants.
Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited acce... more Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil ...
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2015
The potential for lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) transfer into vegetables was studied on old orchard ... more The potential for lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) transfer into vegetables was studied on old orchard land contaminated by lead arsenate pesticides. Root (carrot), leafy (lettuce), and vegetable fruits (green bean, tomato) were grown on seven "miniplots" with soil concentrations ranging from near background to ≈ 800 and ≈ 200 mg kg(-1) of total Pb and As, respectively. Each miniplot was divided into sub-plots and amended with 0% (control), 5% and 10% (by weight) compost and cropped for 3 years. Edible portions of each vegetable were analyzed for total Pb and As to test the effect of organic matter on transfer of these toxic elements into the crop. Vegetable Pb and As concentrations were strongly correlated to soil total Pb and As, respectively, but not to soil organic matter content or compost addition level. For Pb vegetable concentrations, carrot ≥ lettuce > bean > tomato. For As, lettuce > carrot > bean > tomato. A complementary single-year study of lettuce, arugula, spinach, and collards revealed a beneficial effect of compost in reducing both Pb and As concentrations in leafy vegetables. Comparisons of all measured vegetable concentrations to international health-based standards indicate that tomatoes can be grown without exceeding standards even in substantially Pb- and As-contaminated soils, but carrots and leafy greens may exceed standards when grown in soils with more than 100-200 mg kg(-1) Pb. Leafy greens may also exceed health-based standards in gardens where soil As is elevated, with arugula having a particularly strong tendency to accumulate As.
Raising chickens in urban areas in the US and elsewhere is becoming increasingly common. While ch... more Raising chickens in urban areas in the US and elsewhere is becoming increasingly common. While chicken eggs are a nutrient-dense food that can be part of a healthy diet, questions have arisen as to whether consuming urban chicken eggs can be an exposure pathway for lead due to its common presence in urban soils. We measured lead concentrations in chicken eggs from seven New York City community gardens and found that they were significantly associated (p < 0.005) with lead concentrations in the soil to which the chickens were exposed. Although egg lead concentrations we found were higher than those in market-basket eggs, estimates of health risk from consuming eggs with the lead concentrations we measured were generally low. However, our study chickens were exposed to soil lead concentrations no higher than about 600 mg/kg, and considerably higher lead concentrations are not uncommon in urban soils in the US. As lead exposure should be avoided when possible, efforts to reduce the ...
Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited acce... more Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil contamination and exposures, prompting formation of a community-research collaboration under NIEHS Partnerships for Environmental Public Health. As a first step, metals analysis was conducted on composite soil samples from growing areas and a discrete sample from a non-growing area in each of 44 actively managed food-producing community gardens in NYC. Median concentrations of arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc in growing areas (5.9, 82, 0.2, 13, 35, 88, 213, 10, and 130 ppm, respectively) were lower than median values reported in NYC soil and other urban gardening studies. For all metals except lead, over 90% of the growing areas sampled were within a range of concentrations found in NYS ru...
eco.confex.com
Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited acce... more Urban gardens provide affordable, fresh produce to communities, including those with limited access to healthy food. However, urban gardening may increase exposure to lead and other soil contaminants. Gardeners have asked for support in assessing soil ...
Soil Science, 2012
Soil has been identified as a significant source of lead (Pb) exposure for both children and adul... more Soil has been identified as a significant source of lead (Pb) exposure for both children and adults. Therefore, identifying possibly contaminated soils by soil testing is important to protect public health. Soil Pb test results are usually reported as total Pb (mg kg −1 ), carried out using a concentrated nitric acid digestion procedure by hot plate (EPA method 3050) or microwave (EPA method 3051) followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry to determine total Pb in the digest. However, this procedure is both time-consuming and expensive, sometimes costing homeowners and gardeners over $50 per sample. To make soil Pb testing more economically accessible to homeowners and gardeners, several university soil-testing laboratories offer less expensive screening tests designed to estimate total soil Pb. The first objective of this study was to compare three commonly used screening tests, modified Morgan (MM), Mehlich 3 (M3), and 1 M nitric acid (HNO 3 ), to the standard total Pb testing method (EPA method 3051) to find which extractant is the most reliable predictor of total Pb. The second objective was to investigate the effect that different degrees of soil grinding have on the total Pb test and the extracted Pb concentration measured from the 1 M HNO 3 test. Results indicate that the strongest predictor of total Pb is 1 M HNO 3 , followed by M3, and MM, and that thorough grinding is necessary if using less than five grams of soil in a Pb test, in order to adequately homogenize Pbcontaminated samples and achieve acceptable testing reproducibility.
Journal of Urban Health, 2008