Hina Upadhyay - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Hina Upadhyay
Fungi and their Role in Sustainable Development: Current Perspectives, 2018
Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manus... more Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manuscripts, journals and files), wood (household furniture, library and museum furniture), textiles (household and museum specimens) and cultural heritage (storage spaces of museums, monument walls, ceilings, statues and wall paintings) is a serious problem throughout the world. It has been observed that fungi of the class Ascomycetes, followed by Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes are mostly responsible for such type of damages. Moreover, fungal spores are allergenic and may produce mycotoxins. They enter the human body through inhalation or dermal contact and may cause severe diseases such as air-tract infections, mycosis, asthma and immune system problems. Several physical and chemical methods and specimen treatment regimens, depending on the type and intensity of infection, have been suggested from time to time. The objective of this chapter is to create awareness on the aforementioned fungal biodeterioration phenomena and also to deal with precautionary and protective control measures to prolong the shelf-life of the household objects, museum specimens, historic monuments, objects and archaeological sites.
Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology
This study focuses on land suitability analysis, wherein the land best suitable for rice crop cul... more This study focuses on land suitability analysis, wherein the land best suitable for rice crop cultivation was identified in the Gangetic plains of India. The project was done with the help of a geographical information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria analysis approach using the Q-GIS long-term version (free software). Annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, slope, and the distance from rivers were the criteria selected for creating the suitability map. The suitability factors were ranked with the help of an analytical hierarchical process. The resultants were then used to construct the suitability map using QGIS long-term release version. One factor which can alter our results obtained here is the use of river distance as a criterion. In this paper, we wanted to see which areas will be highly suitable for rice cultivation if only the river water is used for irrigation. This is done to avoid the overexploitation of the groundwater resources for irrigation which nevertheless is depleting at an alarming rate in India. The maximum distance for river water irrigation was taken as 20 km. Although, after using distance from the river as a criterion, our results show that the Gangetic plain is moderately suitable for rice cultivation.
![Research paper thumbnail of Studies on the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of barley [Hordeum vulgare (L.)] under central plain region of Punjab](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88236487/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2021
A field experiment was conducted at Instructional farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agric... more A field experiment was conducted at Instructional farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya during kharif season 2018 to evaluate the effect of effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield, and economics of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Basmati. The treatments consisted of different sources of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer viz., T1 (100:40:30 kg ha-1 N2, P2O5, K2O) kg ha-1 , T2 (75% NPK + 25% N through vermicompost),T3 (75% NPK + 25% N through FYM), T4 (50%NPK+25%N through vermicompost FYM), T5 (50% NPK + 50% N through FYM), T6 (50% NPK + 50% N through vermicompost), T7 (125% NPK (RDF) T8 (100% NPK + 25% N through FYM) T9 (100% NPK + 25% vermicompost).among all the treatments, application of 100% NPK+25% vermicompost (T9) registered taller plant, no. tillers-2 , Number of Panicle m-2 , grain per panicle and Length of panicle (cm), protein content, kernel length, kernel breadth, hulling %, milling %, Grain yield and straw yield followed by treatment having T8 (100%NPK +25% N through FYM). Maximum net return (Rs.) and benefit cost ratio recorded in the treatment having 100% NPK+25% vermicompost (T9).
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, May 1, 2021
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2021
Crude oil being a a dark sticky liquid is heterogeneous mixture of varying molecular weight from ... more Crude oil being a a dark sticky liquid is heterogeneous mixture of varying molecular weight from which various petroleum products are extracted. There are various technological processes which are used for refining it into consumer products like paraffin oils, gasoline, lubricants, vaseline, asphalt, domestic fuel oil and polymers. The biological, chemical, and geochemical transformations are responsible for formation of crude oil. Several microorganisms are associated with the crude oil formation. The type of substrate and microorganism(ie aerobic or anaerobic) are major parameters responsible for degradation of different petroleum products. For these microorganisms the main source of carbon in crude oil are hydrocarbons which are both aliphatic and aromatic, but also include organic compounds that are mostly the products of crude oil biodegradation. These micro organisms find application in enhancement of oil production using microbiological methods. The present review highlights ...
Although zinc is considered as micronutrient it has a vital role in plant growth. Among all metal... more Although zinc is considered as micronutrient it has a vital role in plant growth. Among all metals, the largest number of proteins required zinc for their catalytic function. Zinc-binding proteins make up nearly 10% of all protein in biological systems. Zinc plays a vital role in biological systems like structural integrity of membrane and contribution to protein synthesis also gene expression. According to FAO that zinc is considered as most commonly deficient in agriculture soils about 50%. Sometimes add more phosphorus may lead to the deficient of zinc in the soil for some reason. In plants zinc deficient can be noticed by the leaf chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, bronzing of leaves, resetting of leaves, stunting of plants, dwarf leaves, malformed leaves. Zinc deficient soil can as treat well in many ways and the most used method is the application of zinc-containing fertilizers. Zinc sulphate is a widely used fertilizer. If soils are untreated it may cause up to 40% yield lo...
Information geometry provides a geometric approach to families of statistical models. The key geo... more Information geometry provides a geometric approach to families of statistical models. The key geometric structures are the Fisher quadratic form and the Amari-Chentsov tensor. In statistics, the notion of sufficient statistic expresses the criterion for passing from one model to another without loss of information. This leads to the question how the geometric structures behave under such sufficient statistics. While this is well studied in the finite sample size case, in the infinite case, we encounter technical problems concerning the appropriate topologies. Here, we introduce notions of parametrized measure models and tensor fields on them that exhibit the right behavior under statistical transformations. Within this framework, we can then handle the topological issues and show that the Fisher metric and the Amari-Chentsov tensor on statistical models in the class of symmetric 2-tensor fields and 3-tensor fields can be uniquely (up to a constant) characterized by their invariance under sufficient statistics, thereby achieving a full generalization of the original result of Chentsov to infinite sample sizes. More generally, we decompose Markov morphisms between statistical models in terms of statistics. In particular, a monotonicity result for the Fisher information naturally follows.
In order to fulfill the increasing demands of the teaming millions for food security, the reckles... more In order to fulfill the increasing demands of the teaming millions for food security, the reckless use of synthetic fertilizers and frequent burning of agricultural wastes (stubble) has also increased. The repercussions of these anthropogenic activities are pollution of soil, water and air, which has simultaneously culminated into health issues. Although, agriculture alone contributes to 17–18% of Indian GDP but also, generates 350 million tonnes of waste every year. Crop waste (stubble) burning releases several noxious gases (CO2, CH4, NO and SO2) and particulate matter that pollute the environment. Composting of agriculture waste and organic farming are eco-friendly, feasible, cost-effective, economical, green-techniques which ensures better yields and sustainable agriculture without harming the humans, livestock and the environment. This review discourages the use of chemical fertilizers and stubble burning and encourages composting of food and agriculture and agro-industrial was...
Plant Archives, 2021
Production from various crops including plants has been declined due to different kinds of abioti... more Production from various crops including plants has been declined due to different kinds of abiotic and biotic stresses. To tackle these stresses several researches have been conducted to access their effectiveness. Recently some microorganisms have been found that they have capability to affect the stress tolerance potential of the plant. Some strains of bacteria and fungi have been found promising in this concern. To use them at short term basis, it is necessary to develop them simple and effective manner. Many research experiments advocated that Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may help in improving abiotic stressed plants by increasing nutrient uptake, molecular, physiological, biochemical and ultra-structural changes. Present paper is highlighting the sources, production of bioactive compounds, their role in abiotic stress management of agroecosystem and its importance in sustainable nutrient management. Furthermore, Bio active compounds are potential alternatives to these man-made ...
Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manus... more Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manuscripts, journals and files), wood (household furniture, library and museum furniture), textiles (household and museum specimens) and cultural heritage (storage spaces of museums, monument walls, ceilings, statues and wall paintings) is a serious problem throughout the world. It has been observed that fungi of the class Ascomycetes, followed by Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes are mostly responsible for such type of damages. Moreover, fungal spores are allergenic and may produce mycotoxins. They enter the human body through inhalation or dermal contact and may cause severe diseases such as air-tract infections, mycosis, asthma and immune system problems. Several physical and chemical methods and specimen treatment regimens, depending on the type and intensity of infection, have been suggested from time to time. The objective of this chapter is to create awareness on the aforementioned funga...
Fungi are widespread and found in various ecological conditions. Many fungi are beneficial in nat... more Fungi are widespread and found in various ecological conditions. Many fungi are beneficial in nature due to their use in biodegradation and biodeterioration processes. However, they are also responsible for causing diseases in plants. Many pathogenic fungi cause severe diseases during different stages of plant growth and development. To combat this synthetic fungicides are used, but these negatively impact on the environment and further lead to the development of more virulent phytopathogenic strains. However, many beneficial microbes produce bioactive molecules (secondary metabolites) that can affect plant interactions with their pathogens. Secondary metabolites containing antibiotic compounds work by inhibiting other microorganisms, thus competing for nutrition. Indeed, some of these compounds have been found to play an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases. Moreover, metabolites originated from several biocontrol agents also induce systemic acquired resistance in pla...
Different microorganisms have a considerable and important role in maintenance and prevention of ... more Different microorganisms have a considerable and important role in maintenance and prevention of cultural heritage buildings or different materials from deterioration. They have key role in deterioration processes. So, there is an urgent need to upgrade and apply new technologies and methods to identify the responsible microorganisms and manage them by using eco-friendly methods. However, there is a common consent that microorganisms play a significant role in the deterioration of cultural heritage, along with the same few microbes also play a significant role as a biocleaning agents, for the conservation of such type of materials. Recent research is carried out in this field where few microbial especially bacterial strains have been utilized as bio cleaning agents, which are frequently used in the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage. In this book chapter, we are highlighting the concerned common deteriorating agents and its control by using different strategies, with ...
Different kinds of crops have been grown since ancient times. Initially, when the cultivation of ... more Different kinds of crops have been grown since ancient times. Initially, when the cultivation of crops started at that time, the production is limited to a specific location. As time passes and countries start trading with each other, the seeds of the crops are distributed from their primary centre of origin to another secondary centre of origin. It is very important to know the geographical distribution of the particular crop species to other countries. Various scientists give their opinion on the geographical distribution of a particular crop. However, we only follow that view by having the data authenticated along with their view. The geographical distribution also helps to understand the origin of a particular plant species. It also helps to understand the pattern of farming around the world and the diversification of crops. From this, we can also estimate how crops are grown around the world to form major crop belts.
Fungal organisms are responsible agent for the weakening and degradation of natural material, dis... more Fungal organisms are responsible agent for the weakening and degradation of natural material, diseases in plants, creatures, and individuals. Although the type of mould and degree of infestation will depend upon the particular conditions and available nutrients. Despite the fact that the kind of shape and level of pervasion will rely on the specific conditions and accessible supplements. An aerobiological survey of vegetable and fruit market of Gwalior, India, was led amid January to December, 2012 to decide different fungal pathogens exhibit in the climate utilizing the petriplate introduction technique. A total of 28 types of fungal species belonging to 12 genera were recorded during the present investigation period. The minimum concentration (74 fungal species) was recorded in the month of June and maximum (280 fungal species) in September. The dominant fungal types belong to Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium herbarum, ‘Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Rhizopus nigricans, Penicill...
Chemical pesticides are used to control fungi, bacteria, insects, plant diseases, and weeds. Synt... more Chemical pesticides are used to control fungi, bacteria, insects, plant diseases, and weeds. Synthetic pesticides may regulate several kinds of insect pests effectively and completely; however, they have a negative impact on biodiversity and the entire ecosystem. Biopesticides are currently introduced in the market, produced from natural materials, especially from local flora and microorganism. By using such kind of materials, use of lethal and harmful, man-made synthetic chemicals can be reduced to a great extent. The materials used during production of biopesticides may be secondary metabolites of different organisms. Biopesticides may be readily available from commonly occurring natural materials like fungi, animals, bacteria, and some plant products. Apart from this, another example of plant-based biopesticides includes chili, garlic, ginger, neem, and their products. These are some of the best one, considered as effective biopesticides. However, such formulations are facing cha...
Waste generated from agriculture, it’s application and management are so important. Developing co... more Waste generated from agriculture, it’s application and management are so important. Developing countries like India need proper waste management strategies to mitigate the harmful effects caused by agriculture waste. Previously, under favorable conditions, this plant waste and biomass was either burnt or naturally turned into organic fertilizer. Agricultural biomass, on the other hand, is used for a variety of other purposes. As a result, it was necessary to propose some agricultural waste management techniques. However, the main justification for handling agricultural waste is that it is both environmentally and economically beneficial. This paper will illustrate agricultural waste management techniques that can be implemented so that every individual is aware of and take full advantage of the various options for plant waste recycling and further use for increased economic benefit.
Increasing trend in concentration of atmospheric green house gases (GHGs) and consequent global w... more Increasing trend in concentration of atmospheric green house gases (GHGs) and consequent global warming is alarming, and requires adaptation and mitigation options. Climate-resilient and low-emission future can be built upon a long-term global goal for emission reductions. Reducing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere by enhancing the rates of removal of the atmospheric CO2 through carbon sequestration is considered as one of the best climate change mitigation strategy. Plants can sequester carbon through assimilation of carbohydrates in photosynthesis which will be stored in the biomass and will add to different pools of carbon subsequently. Farmers’ adaptation to climate change-through changes in farming practices, cropping patterns, and use of new technologies will help to mitigate the adverse impact. The cropping systems and the management practices that could provide C input higher than the above critical level are likely to sustain the SOC level and maintain good soil health in...
New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread root colonization fungi associated wit... more Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread root colonization fungi associated with more than 80% of the roots of higher plants. The current multiplication methods of mycorrhizal species under root organ culture (ROC) have now become an efficient alternative for the cultivation of specific secondary metabolite compounds. AMF species under ROC produce more viable pure AMF spores, and the presence of several vesicles with extensive intraradical mycelium may further exhibit higher inoculum potential. Many types of research have revealed that AMF fungi lead to significant changes in the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites that originate from aromatic and medicinal plants of greater economic interest. However, many works of literature further described constraint regarding the production of metabolites under natural conditions. The study revealed that ROC could be a better option for the commercial production of specific secondary metabolites (SM). This review surveys the results of current studies and concludes that inoculation with specific arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can increase the concentration of secondary metabolites that have industrial, medicinal, and pharmaceutical potential.
Fungi and their Role in Sustainable Development: Current Perspectives, 2018
Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manus... more Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manuscripts, journals and files), wood (household furniture, library and museum furniture), textiles (household and museum specimens) and cultural heritage (storage spaces of museums, monument walls, ceilings, statues and wall paintings) is a serious problem throughout the world. It has been observed that fungi of the class Ascomycetes, followed by Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes are mostly responsible for such type of damages. Moreover, fungal spores are allergenic and may produce mycotoxins. They enter the human body through inhalation or dermal contact and may cause severe diseases such as air-tract infections, mycosis, asthma and immune system problems. Several physical and chemical methods and specimen treatment regimens, depending on the type and intensity of infection, have been suggested from time to time. The objective of this chapter is to create awareness on the aforementioned fungal biodeterioration phenomena and also to deal with precautionary and protective control measures to prolong the shelf-life of the household objects, museum specimens, historic monuments, objects and archaeological sites.
Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology
This study focuses on land suitability analysis, wherein the land best suitable for rice crop cul... more This study focuses on land suitability analysis, wherein the land best suitable for rice crop cultivation was identified in the Gangetic plains of India. The project was done with the help of a geographical information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria analysis approach using the Q-GIS long-term version (free software). Annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, slope, and the distance from rivers were the criteria selected for creating the suitability map. The suitability factors were ranked with the help of an analytical hierarchical process. The resultants were then used to construct the suitability map using QGIS long-term release version. One factor which can alter our results obtained here is the use of river distance as a criterion. In this paper, we wanted to see which areas will be highly suitable for rice cultivation if only the river water is used for irrigation. This is done to avoid the overexploitation of the groundwater resources for irrigation which nevertheless is depleting at an alarming rate in India. The maximum distance for river water irrigation was taken as 20 km. Although, after using distance from the river as a criterion, our results show that the Gangetic plain is moderately suitable for rice cultivation.
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2021
A field experiment was conducted at Instructional farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agric... more A field experiment was conducted at Instructional farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya during kharif season 2018 to evaluate the effect of effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield, and economics of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Basmati. The treatments consisted of different sources of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer viz., T1 (100:40:30 kg ha-1 N2, P2O5, K2O) kg ha-1 , T2 (75% NPK + 25% N through vermicompost),T3 (75% NPK + 25% N through FYM), T4 (50%NPK+25%N through vermicompost FYM), T5 (50% NPK + 50% N through FYM), T6 (50% NPK + 50% N through vermicompost), T7 (125% NPK (RDF) T8 (100% NPK + 25% N through FYM) T9 (100% NPK + 25% vermicompost).among all the treatments, application of 100% NPK+25% vermicompost (T9) registered taller plant, no. tillers-2 , Number of Panicle m-2 , grain per panicle and Length of panicle (cm), protein content, kernel length, kernel breadth, hulling %, milling %, Grain yield and straw yield followed by treatment having T8 (100%NPK +25% N through FYM). Maximum net return (Rs.) and benefit cost ratio recorded in the treatment having 100% NPK+25% vermicompost (T9).
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, May 1, 2021
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2021
Crude oil being a a dark sticky liquid is heterogeneous mixture of varying molecular weight from ... more Crude oil being a a dark sticky liquid is heterogeneous mixture of varying molecular weight from which various petroleum products are extracted. There are various technological processes which are used for refining it into consumer products like paraffin oils, gasoline, lubricants, vaseline, asphalt, domestic fuel oil and polymers. The biological, chemical, and geochemical transformations are responsible for formation of crude oil. Several microorganisms are associated with the crude oil formation. The type of substrate and microorganism(ie aerobic or anaerobic) are major parameters responsible for degradation of different petroleum products. For these microorganisms the main source of carbon in crude oil are hydrocarbons which are both aliphatic and aromatic, but also include organic compounds that are mostly the products of crude oil biodegradation. These micro organisms find application in enhancement of oil production using microbiological methods. The present review highlights ...
Although zinc is considered as micronutrient it has a vital role in plant growth. Among all metal... more Although zinc is considered as micronutrient it has a vital role in plant growth. Among all metals, the largest number of proteins required zinc for their catalytic function. Zinc-binding proteins make up nearly 10% of all protein in biological systems. Zinc plays a vital role in biological systems like structural integrity of membrane and contribution to protein synthesis also gene expression. According to FAO that zinc is considered as most commonly deficient in agriculture soils about 50%. Sometimes add more phosphorus may lead to the deficient of zinc in the soil for some reason. In plants zinc deficient can be noticed by the leaf chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, bronzing of leaves, resetting of leaves, stunting of plants, dwarf leaves, malformed leaves. Zinc deficient soil can as treat well in many ways and the most used method is the application of zinc-containing fertilizers. Zinc sulphate is a widely used fertilizer. If soils are untreated it may cause up to 40% yield lo...
Information geometry provides a geometric approach to families of statistical models. The key geo... more Information geometry provides a geometric approach to families of statistical models. The key geometric structures are the Fisher quadratic form and the Amari-Chentsov tensor. In statistics, the notion of sufficient statistic expresses the criterion for passing from one model to another without loss of information. This leads to the question how the geometric structures behave under such sufficient statistics. While this is well studied in the finite sample size case, in the infinite case, we encounter technical problems concerning the appropriate topologies. Here, we introduce notions of parametrized measure models and tensor fields on them that exhibit the right behavior under statistical transformations. Within this framework, we can then handle the topological issues and show that the Fisher metric and the Amari-Chentsov tensor on statistical models in the class of symmetric 2-tensor fields and 3-tensor fields can be uniquely (up to a constant) characterized by their invariance under sufficient statistics, thereby achieving a full generalization of the original result of Chentsov to infinite sample sizes. More generally, we decompose Markov morphisms between statistical models in terms of statistics. In particular, a monotonicity result for the Fisher information naturally follows.
In order to fulfill the increasing demands of the teaming millions for food security, the reckles... more In order to fulfill the increasing demands of the teaming millions for food security, the reckless use of synthetic fertilizers and frequent burning of agricultural wastes (stubble) has also increased. The repercussions of these anthropogenic activities are pollution of soil, water and air, which has simultaneously culminated into health issues. Although, agriculture alone contributes to 17–18% of Indian GDP but also, generates 350 million tonnes of waste every year. Crop waste (stubble) burning releases several noxious gases (CO2, CH4, NO and SO2) and particulate matter that pollute the environment. Composting of agriculture waste and organic farming are eco-friendly, feasible, cost-effective, economical, green-techniques which ensures better yields and sustainable agriculture without harming the humans, livestock and the environment. This review discourages the use of chemical fertilizers and stubble burning and encourages composting of food and agriculture and agro-industrial was...
Plant Archives, 2021
Production from various crops including plants has been declined due to different kinds of abioti... more Production from various crops including plants has been declined due to different kinds of abiotic and biotic stresses. To tackle these stresses several researches have been conducted to access their effectiveness. Recently some microorganisms have been found that they have capability to affect the stress tolerance potential of the plant. Some strains of bacteria and fungi have been found promising in this concern. To use them at short term basis, it is necessary to develop them simple and effective manner. Many research experiments advocated that Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may help in improving abiotic stressed plants by increasing nutrient uptake, molecular, physiological, biochemical and ultra-structural changes. Present paper is highlighting the sources, production of bioactive compounds, their role in abiotic stress management of agroecosystem and its importance in sustainable nutrient management. Furthermore, Bio active compounds are potential alternatives to these man-made ...
Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manus... more Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution. The fungal deterioration of paper materials (books, manuscripts, journals and files), wood (household furniture, library and museum furniture), textiles (household and museum specimens) and cultural heritage (storage spaces of museums, monument walls, ceilings, statues and wall paintings) is a serious problem throughout the world. It has been observed that fungi of the class Ascomycetes, followed by Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes are mostly responsible for such type of damages. Moreover, fungal spores are allergenic and may produce mycotoxins. They enter the human body through inhalation or dermal contact and may cause severe diseases such as air-tract infections, mycosis, asthma and immune system problems. Several physical and chemical methods and specimen treatment regimens, depending on the type and intensity of infection, have been suggested from time to time. The objective of this chapter is to create awareness on the aforementioned funga...
Fungi are widespread and found in various ecological conditions. Many fungi are beneficial in nat... more Fungi are widespread and found in various ecological conditions. Many fungi are beneficial in nature due to their use in biodegradation and biodeterioration processes. However, they are also responsible for causing diseases in plants. Many pathogenic fungi cause severe diseases during different stages of plant growth and development. To combat this synthetic fungicides are used, but these negatively impact on the environment and further lead to the development of more virulent phytopathogenic strains. However, many beneficial microbes produce bioactive molecules (secondary metabolites) that can affect plant interactions with their pathogens. Secondary metabolites containing antibiotic compounds work by inhibiting other microorganisms, thus competing for nutrition. Indeed, some of these compounds have been found to play an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases. Moreover, metabolites originated from several biocontrol agents also induce systemic acquired resistance in pla...
Different microorganisms have a considerable and important role in maintenance and prevention of ... more Different microorganisms have a considerable and important role in maintenance and prevention of cultural heritage buildings or different materials from deterioration. They have key role in deterioration processes. So, there is an urgent need to upgrade and apply new technologies and methods to identify the responsible microorganisms and manage them by using eco-friendly methods. However, there is a common consent that microorganisms play a significant role in the deterioration of cultural heritage, along with the same few microbes also play a significant role as a biocleaning agents, for the conservation of such type of materials. Recent research is carried out in this field where few microbial especially bacterial strains have been utilized as bio cleaning agents, which are frequently used in the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage. In this book chapter, we are highlighting the concerned common deteriorating agents and its control by using different strategies, with ...
Different kinds of crops have been grown since ancient times. Initially, when the cultivation of ... more Different kinds of crops have been grown since ancient times. Initially, when the cultivation of crops started at that time, the production is limited to a specific location. As time passes and countries start trading with each other, the seeds of the crops are distributed from their primary centre of origin to another secondary centre of origin. It is very important to know the geographical distribution of the particular crop species to other countries. Various scientists give their opinion on the geographical distribution of a particular crop. However, we only follow that view by having the data authenticated along with their view. The geographical distribution also helps to understand the origin of a particular plant species. It also helps to understand the pattern of farming around the world and the diversification of crops. From this, we can also estimate how crops are grown around the world to form major crop belts.
Fungal organisms are responsible agent for the weakening and degradation of natural material, dis... more Fungal organisms are responsible agent for the weakening and degradation of natural material, diseases in plants, creatures, and individuals. Although the type of mould and degree of infestation will depend upon the particular conditions and available nutrients. Despite the fact that the kind of shape and level of pervasion will rely on the specific conditions and accessible supplements. An aerobiological survey of vegetable and fruit market of Gwalior, India, was led amid January to December, 2012 to decide different fungal pathogens exhibit in the climate utilizing the petriplate introduction technique. A total of 28 types of fungal species belonging to 12 genera were recorded during the present investigation period. The minimum concentration (74 fungal species) was recorded in the month of June and maximum (280 fungal species) in September. The dominant fungal types belong to Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium herbarum, ‘Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Rhizopus nigricans, Penicill...
Chemical pesticides are used to control fungi, bacteria, insects, plant diseases, and weeds. Synt... more Chemical pesticides are used to control fungi, bacteria, insects, plant diseases, and weeds. Synthetic pesticides may regulate several kinds of insect pests effectively and completely; however, they have a negative impact on biodiversity and the entire ecosystem. Biopesticides are currently introduced in the market, produced from natural materials, especially from local flora and microorganism. By using such kind of materials, use of lethal and harmful, man-made synthetic chemicals can be reduced to a great extent. The materials used during production of biopesticides may be secondary metabolites of different organisms. Biopesticides may be readily available from commonly occurring natural materials like fungi, animals, bacteria, and some plant products. Apart from this, another example of plant-based biopesticides includes chili, garlic, ginger, neem, and their products. These are some of the best one, considered as effective biopesticides. However, such formulations are facing cha...
Waste generated from agriculture, it’s application and management are so important. Developing co... more Waste generated from agriculture, it’s application and management are so important. Developing countries like India need proper waste management strategies to mitigate the harmful effects caused by agriculture waste. Previously, under favorable conditions, this plant waste and biomass was either burnt or naturally turned into organic fertilizer. Agricultural biomass, on the other hand, is used for a variety of other purposes. As a result, it was necessary to propose some agricultural waste management techniques. However, the main justification for handling agricultural waste is that it is both environmentally and economically beneficial. This paper will illustrate agricultural waste management techniques that can be implemented so that every individual is aware of and take full advantage of the various options for plant waste recycling and further use for increased economic benefit.
Increasing trend in concentration of atmospheric green house gases (GHGs) and consequent global w... more Increasing trend in concentration of atmospheric green house gases (GHGs) and consequent global warming is alarming, and requires adaptation and mitigation options. Climate-resilient and low-emission future can be built upon a long-term global goal for emission reductions. Reducing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere by enhancing the rates of removal of the atmospheric CO2 through carbon sequestration is considered as one of the best climate change mitigation strategy. Plants can sequester carbon through assimilation of carbohydrates in photosynthesis which will be stored in the biomass and will add to different pools of carbon subsequently. Farmers’ adaptation to climate change-through changes in farming practices, cropping patterns, and use of new technologies will help to mitigate the adverse impact. The cropping systems and the management practices that could provide C input higher than the above critical level are likely to sustain the SOC level and maintain good soil health in...
New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread root colonization fungi associated wit... more Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread root colonization fungi associated with more than 80% of the roots of higher plants. The current multiplication methods of mycorrhizal species under root organ culture (ROC) have now become an efficient alternative for the cultivation of specific secondary metabolite compounds. AMF species under ROC produce more viable pure AMF spores, and the presence of several vesicles with extensive intraradical mycelium may further exhibit higher inoculum potential. Many types of research have revealed that AMF fungi lead to significant changes in the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites that originate from aromatic and medicinal plants of greater economic interest. However, many works of literature further described constraint regarding the production of metabolites under natural conditions. The study revealed that ROC could be a better option for the commercial production of specific secondary metabolites (SM). This review surveys the results of current studies and concludes that inoculation with specific arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can increase the concentration of secondary metabolites that have industrial, medicinal, and pharmaceutical potential.