Hiten Patel - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Hiten Patel

European Urology, 2007

We have witnessed revolutionary advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human dis... more We have witnessed revolutionary advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases; however, debilitating illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and diseases of the nervous system (eg, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) continue to deprive people of health, independence, and well-being. The discovery by e u r o p e a n u r o l o g y 5 1 a v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e u r o p e a n u r o l o g y . c o m

Tumor Biology, 2007

Chemokines are small, secreted proteins and are now the largest known cytokine family. They media... more Chemokines are small, secreted proteins and are now the largest known cytokine family. They mediate their effects through a family of G-protein-coupled receptors and were initially recognized for their ability to act as chemo-attractants and activators of specific types of leucocytes in a variety of immune and inflammatory responses. However, during the past 5 years there has been a chemokine revolution in cancer and all scientists and clinicians in oncology-related fields are now aware of their crucial role at all stages of neoplastic transformation and progression. The most important chemokine ligand-receptor interaction is that of the CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1, SDF-1) ligand with its exclusive receptor CXCR4; this interaction has a pivotal role in the directional migration of cancer cells during the metastatic process. This has been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments in addition to retrospective clinical studies. These findings have exciting implications in the field of cancer therapeutics, with several small molecule CXCR4 antagonists having been developed, which may provide clinical benefit in the therapy of cancer metastasis. Interestingly, it is likely that the effect of the anti-HER2 antibody [trastuzumab (Herceptin] in breast cancer involves downregulation of the CXCR4 receptor. Unfortunately, a major problem is that chemokine receptors are expressed in other cells within the body, particularly those of the immune system and it is not clear what effects long-term CXCR4 antagonism could have on innate and adaptive immunity. However, there is little doubt that the great strides made in elucidating the complex relationship between chemokines and their role in cancer will soon translate into significant survival benefits for patients.

Surgical Oncology-oxford, 2009

Robotic prostatectomy training as part of mainstream surgical training will be difficult. The pri... more Robotic prostatectomy training as part of mainstream surgical training will be difficult. The primary problems revolve around the inconsistencies of standard sugery. Many surgeons are still in the learning curve, as is the understanding of the true capabilities of the robot. The important elements of robotic surgery actually enhance basic laparoscopic techniques. The prostate has been shown to be an organ where this new technology has a niche. As we move toward cross specialty use the robot although extremely expensive, may be the best way to train the laparoscopic surgeon of the future.

Bju International, 2006

... Rochester, NY, USA. *Correspondence: HITEN RH PATEL,. *Correspondence: HitenPatel, Urology, I... more ... Rochester, NY, USA. *Correspondence: HITEN RH PATEL,. *Correspondence: HitenPatel, Urology, Institute of Urology, University College London, London, UK. e-mail: hrhpatel@hotmail.com. Publication History. Issue published online ...

Surgical Oncology-oxford, 2006

Morbidity and mortality due to prostate cancer are mainly a result of prostate cancer metastases.... more Morbidity and mortality due to prostate cancer are mainly a result of prostate cancer metastases. After the initial neoplastic transformation of cells, the process of metastasis involves a series of sequential steps, which involve neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, loss of adhesion with migration away from the primary tumour and entry into the systemic vasculature or lymphatics. Metastatic growth in sites such as lymph nodes and bone marrow then involves the specific non-random homing of prostate cancer cells. An appreciation and understanding of this metastatic cascade in relation to prostate cancer is clinically important in order to stratify men with prostate cancer into prognostic groups. Moreover, it is crucial in the future development of therapies that can prevent metastases.

British Journal of Surgery, 2001

Background:A variety of techniques have been employed for the detection of occult tumour cells in... more Background:A variety of techniques have been employed for the detection of occult tumour cells in the blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes of patients with colorectal cancer. This review examines the methods used, results obtained and the clinical significance of studies in this field.A variety of techniques have been employed for the detection of occult tumour cells in the blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes of patients with colorectal cancer. This review examines the methods used, results obtained and the clinical significance of studies in this field.Methods:A Medline literature search was performed using the terms colorectal cancer, minimal residual disease, micrometastasis, polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry; further references were obtained from key articles.A Medline literature search was performed using the terms colorectal cancer, minimal residual disease, micrometastasis, polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry; further references were obtained from key articles.Results:Immunocytochemical examination of bone marrow is the benchmark for detecting clinically significant occult disease. Larger standardized studies are required to confirm the prognostic significance of molecular assays for the detection of tumour cells in blood and bone marrow. The prognostic significance of lymph node tumour cells detected by either immunohistochemical or molecular methods awaits further affirmation.Immunocytochemical examination of bone marrow is the benchmark for detecting clinically significant occult disease. Larger standardized studies are required to confirm the prognostic significance of molecular assays for the detection of tumour cells in blood and bone marrow. The prognostic significance of lymph node tumour cells detected by either immunohistochemical or molecular methods awaits further affirmation.Conclusion:Standardization of terminology and techniques used, combined with large prospective clinical studies, is required if detection of occult residual disease is to become a prognostic marker for recurrence in colorectal cancer. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society LtdStandardization of terminology and techniques used, combined with large prospective clinical studies, is required if detection of occult residual disease is to become a prognostic marker for recurrence in colorectal cancer. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd

Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2000

Two genes encoding thioredoxin are found on the Escherichia coli genome. Both of them are capable... more Two genes encoding thioredoxin are found on the Escherichia coli genome. Both of them are capable of reducing protein disulfide bonds in vivo and in vitro. The catalytic site contains a Cys-X 1 -X 2 -Cys motif in a so-called thioredoxin fold. Thioredoxin 2 has two additional pairs of cysteines in a non-conserved N-terminal domain. This domain does not appear to be important for the function of thioredoxin 2 in donating electrons to ribonucleotide reductase, 3-phosphoadenylsulfate-reductase, or the periplasmic disulfide isomerase DsbC. Our results suggests that the two thioredoxins are equivalent for most of the in vivo functions that were tested. On the other hand, transcriptional regulation is different. The expression of trxC is regulated by the transcriptional activator OxyR in response to oxidative stress. Oxidized OxyR binds directly to the trxC promoter and induces its expression in response to elevated hydrogen peroxide levels or the disruption of one or several of the cytoplasmic redox pathways. Mutants lacking thioredoxins 1 and 2 are more resistant to high levels of hydrogen peroxide, whereas they are more sensitive to diamide, a disulfide bond-inducing agent.

Urology, 2011

Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) has become the definitive standard of care for treatment of most sm... more Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) has become the definitive standard of care for treatment of most small renal masses. 1 Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) has been the traditional approach to minimally invasive NSS and has demonstrated decreased morbidity and equivalent long term oncologic outcomes compared to open surgery for T1 lesions. 2, 3 However, the technical and ergonomic challenge of laparoscopic suturing has limited the dissemination of LPN and has led to overuse of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy when NSS may be feasible. 4 Robotic technology has recently been applied to minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (MIPN) with the goal of facilitating renorrhaphy and reducing the learning curve (LC) for intracorporeal suturing.